طهماسب مظاهری

Operational risks are considered as one of the most basic challenges in managing financial systems. Therefore, the development of a mathematical model that is responsible for decision-making and introducing the best strategies for effective management of operational risks in banks is considered as an effective step in this field. The present study, based on the "descriptive-analytical" research method with "Development of a comprehensive multi-criteria decision-making mathematical model" has provided a standard and provable mechanism for optimal decision-making and effective decision-making for effective management of operational risks at the banking system. The "statistical population" of the present study includes; "Central Bank", "Banks and financial-credit institutions affiliated with the public and private sectors". The volume of the statistical population is 250 elements. The time domain of the research for the period is 1395-1400. The input information required to create the managers and senior experts of the banks has been collected with the help of a questionnaire and based on the Delphi-fuzzy method. Questionnaires designed according to the adapted framework for classifying the factors and stimuli of the bank's operational risk were designed in six groups of origin, and distributed among experts. The present study used multi-criteria fuzzy group decision making (FMCGDM) and fuzzy TOPSIS (FTOPSIS) techniques to analyze the data.

Economic uncertainty and foreign investment have always been the focus of researchers, policymakers and investors, but what has been overlooked is the measurement of economic uncertainty with a focus on foreign investment. Therefor the purpose of this study is to design an investment conditions uncertainty index by identifying the economic factors affecting FDI inflows in the largest owners of gas reserves including. For this purpose, first the economic variables affecting foreign direct investment are modeled and identified using annual data from 1997 to 2017 of Russia, Iran and Qatar and the Feasible Generalized Least Squares method in the data panel. According to the results, GDP growth, inflation, real interest rate, stock market capitalization and trade openness have significant effect on foreign direct investment. After identifying influential variables, using monthly and seasonal data for the maximum available time period, after estimating the types of GARCH models and determining the optimal model for each variable, the optimal criterion of their fluctuations is calculated. Finally, using the obtained criteria and weighting based on the results of the panel model, Investment conditions uncertainty index for each country is constructed. According to the results, Trend of mentioned index clearly shows the fluctuations due to economic changes in different countries and its compliance with macroeconomic, monetary and fiscal policies adopted by governments, so that, it can be a useful guide for our country's policymakers, It also provides an appropriate scale for assessing the uncertainty of countries by policymakers, investors and researchers at macro and micro level.

Political and economic policymakers believe that the development of good governance plays a key role in the political and economic development of countries. Therefore, it is important to identify the effective factors on the efficiency of good governance in order to adopt appropriate policies for promoting the political and economic system, because through the promotion of good governance, economic growth can be achieved. According to the views of institutionalist economists, one of the factors influencing institutional development is the independence of the central bank. Central Bank autonomy, through the creation of institutional structures and institutions, changes the other variables, such as state financial discipline, increased transparency and accountability, and these mechanisms help to improve good governance. In this study, the relationship between central bank independence and good governance indicators using GMM method and correlation coefficient during the period of 2002 to 2017 were investigated. In this research, the International Risk Management Index (ICRG) has been used as a good governance indicator, which includes ranking 22 variables in three sub-categories of different political risks, financial risk and economic risk, and the Mathew Index 2006) has been used as an indicator of the independence of the central bank. The Central Bank's Independence Index has been analyzed in three areas of monetary policy independence, political independence and financial independence. The findings of the research showed that the independence of the central bank has a significant effect on good governance, so that the increase in the independence of monetary policy, political independence and financial independence leads to a decrease in political, financial and economic risk.

In this study, the relationship between central bank independence and good governance indices was investigated using focal correlation analysis and correlation coefficient over the period 2002-2004. In this study, the International Risk Guidance Index (ICRG) was used as an index of good governance, which included ranking of 22 variables in three different subgroups of political risk, financial risk and economic risk. The MATI index (2006) has been used as an indicator of central bank independence. The index examines central bank independence in the three areas of monetary policy independence, political independence and financial independence. The findings of the study show that central bank independence has a significant relationship with good governance such that increase in monetary policy independence, political independence and financial independence lead to decrease in political, financial and economic risk.

  The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the structure of regulations regarding non-banking activities on liquidity of the banking industry in 107 developing countries from 2000 to 2012. The dependent variable in this study is the ratio of cash assets and short-term investments on current deposits and short-term bank debts. While the independent variables include the limitation on non-banking financial activities and banks' commercial activities such as insurance, stock and real state and also investment in non-banking firms.. The effects of macroeconomic and industry-specific variables are also studied. Due to the changeable nature of the variables, dynamic analysis of panel data and the GMM method are used for data analysis. The results showed that there is asignificantly positive relationship between commerce-finance-banking restrictions and banking liquidity. However, there is no significant relationship between regulation of capital market, insurance market and real state market and banking liquidity respectively. The results of the present research showed that the more strict regulation of the non-bank financial activities, the more significantly positive effect on the liquidity situation of the banks. Besides, more stringent regulatory structure regarding banks commerce activities has a positive and significant relationship with liquidity.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of regulations governing the type of banking activities on the performance of the banking sector in developing countries during the period from 2000 to 2012. In this regard, the effects of non-bank financial and commerce activities restrictions on their capital adequacy ratio are measured. The GMM method has been used to analyze the data due to the endogeneity problem of variables. The results show that the strict restrictions on the banks' activities in the capital and insurance market do not have a significant effect on the capital adequacy ratio. In addition, the more the stricter activities restriction in the real estate sector, the more significantly improved the ratio of capital adequacy. In contrast, increased stringency in non-bank financial activities generally has a negative effect on capital adequacy ratio. Also, increasing the stringency of the restrictions on banking-commerce activities has a negative effect on the of capital adequacy ratio.