فهرست مطالب عاطفه دهقان توران پشتی

ccording to Simmel, the city is a sociological reality that has acquired spatial limits, and the reason for the development of cities is to meet the basic needs of coexistence and social interaction. without vitality, our cities today will be only a biological complex. Responding to the social needs of human beings and creating the necessary opportunities for living requires the presence of space and behavioral setting. with this point of view, the city and urban spaces become an inclusive concept. By spending a short time in the public spaces of today's cities, especially Shiraz, we see that the cities have lost their sense of invitation. A glance at the public spaces of today's cities, especially Shiraz, shows that cities have lost their sense of invitation. Streets, as places where social interactions and urban vibrancy reach their maximum quantity and quality, have become only a space for cars. the aim of the current research is to explain the relationship between the constituent components of urban space quality and vitality with regard to the mediation of behavioral setting. The studied area is Maali Abad Street located in District 6 of Shiraz Municipality. The reasons for choosing Maali Abad Street as a research sample can be explained by the attractiveness of shopping, Strong business context, a significant presence of people, The presence of various commercial, cultural and administrative uses in the street, The existence of strong elements and connections at the beginning and end of the street, many food shops along the sidewalks of the street, High volume of activities at different hours of the day and night, Density of commercial activities and expressed the predominance of the functional role over the access role of this street. By adopting a Deductive approach, this study tries to explain the causal relationships between the selected variables. In this study, a survey strategy was used to collect data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis, Hypothesis testing, and research model evaluation. Since variance-based structural equation modeling is used for complex models, it does not have a limit on the sample size and is not sensitive to the non-normality of the distribution, we used it in the present study. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 400 people was selected. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS software. The results indicate that the environmental, socio-cultural and behavioral setting, considering their interrelation, explain component along with the behavioral setting explains 46.5% of the variance of the socio-cultural component. This means that the improvement in the environmental component leads to the improvement in the social-cultural and behavioral setting, and for these two components, it will increase the vitality in Ma'ali Abad Street. As Jacobs has stated, the principle of diversity of activity in a region and the volume of human flow agree as a suitable representative for urban vitality.

Jane Jacobs's quest for urban vitality has had an undoubted impact on researchers and urban planners, yet her theory has received little attention in many parts of the world. Where Jacobs's principles for urban vitality fit well with the traditional features of these urban settlements. Even if their core nature has been gradually challenged under the pattern of modernity. Numerous studies have been conducted in the past few years with the aim of experimentally testing Jacobs's ideas. In this study, we examined urban vitality in District 6 of Shiraz Municipality from Jacobs's point of view. Urban vitality analysis in the form of a systemic approach allows spatial interpretation of the study area. The results were determined in 4 groups (high vitality, moderate vitality, low vitality and no vitality) using grouping method and k-means algorithm.

Urban vitality means that the city provides a safe place for its residents to live and can provide all the necessary activities for them. Since the 1950s, the study of urban space has become more accurate. One of these theories is Jane Jacobs's theory of diversity.

In order to study Jane Jacobs' ideas about urban vitality from a practical point of view, six conditions have been considered: concentration, diversity, contact opportunity, the need for aged buildings, accessibility and border vacuums. These 6 conditions can be extracted based on 11 observable variables and the JANE index can be created. After collecting all the variables and fixing the problems in the data, the variables were examined at the block level. In order to integrate the 11 original variables to their corresponding urban vitality conditions, we have created six scores. Lastly, in order to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the spatial distribution of JANE results, four categories have been identified based on the Grouping Analysis tool available in ESRI ArcGIS 10.5.

Concentration and Diversity go hand-by-hand in Jane Jacobs’ arguments on urban vitality. High levels of concentration are found in areas where building density, housing, and population overlap. This is especially evident on both sides of MaliAbad Street. In addition to this axis, the concentration can be seen in the area of the old neighborhood of Qasrdasht. MaliAbad Street and the old Qasrdasht neighborhood also scored the highest points in other indicators.
we have synthesized the five conditions of urban vitality in the JANE Index. Higher values of this index correspond to areas that are more likely to nest vibrant street life.

The results show that in fact, a small part of District 6 of Shiraz Municipality; It has high vitality (2.5%) and medium vitality (17.5%). Meanwhile, a significant share of the territory of Shiraz Municipality District 6 in this study is classified in the group of low vitality (36%) and lack of vitality (44%).

The general sense that arises in a person after perception of the specific environment is called "sense of place", which is one of the important factors in urban planning and management. The present research was conducted with the aim of development and psychometrically measuring the employees’ "Sense of Place Scale in Urban Neighborhood" in Karmandan neighborhood of Zanjan city.

The current research is of a methodological type. At first, a wide review of the texts related to the research subject, including library documents and scientific articles from 2012 to 2021, was conducted and by analyzing them in the form of a data extraction form, “Sense of Place Scale on Urban Neighborhood” was developed. Then, the content validity ratio and the content validity index of the scale were done by asking the opinions of 15 experts in the fields of architecture and urban planning with the purposeful sampling method using the snowball method. Construct validity was measured by exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, and divergent validity by distributing the scale among 480 residents of Zanjan city employees' neighborhood using convenience sampling method. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability were calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 22, Amos. 24 and PLS. 3 software.

In the qualitative part, "Sense of Place Scale in Urban Neighborhood" was developed with 50 items. In the quantitative part, content validity ratio and content validity index were measured, and 18 terms were removed, and 32 items remained. Construct validity was conducted by exploratory factor analysis with 480 residents of Zanjan's employees' neighborhood and the results showed 3 subscales: Semantic (perceptual-emotional), spatial (form-physical) and social (functional-activity). Convergent validity was 0.52 and divergent validity was 0.78. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient for 3 semantic (perceptual-emotional), spatial (Form-physical) and social (functional-activity) subscales were 0.83, 0.87 and 0.87, and for the scale was 0.93 respectively.

"Sense of Place Scale in Urban Neighborhood" is valid and reliable with 32 statements and 3 subscales. It is suggested to use the designed scale in related research about sense of place on urban neighborhood.

Social sustainability is one of the most important factors in urban planning and management, and it requires a valid and reliable instrument. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of development and psychometrics of "Social Sustainability Scale in Urban Neighborhood" in Zanjan city.

The current research is a qualitative-quantitative methodology. At first, a wide review of the texts related to the research subject, including library documents and scientific articles from 2012 to 2021, was conducted and by analyzing them in the form of a data extraction form, "Social Sustainability Scale in Urban Neighborhood” was developed. Then, content validity ratio and content validity index of the scale were measured by asking the opinion of 15 experts in the field of social sciences and urban planning using purposive sampling method using snowball method. Construct validity was measured by exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, and divergent validity by distributing the developed scale among 480 residents of Zanjan city employees' neighborhood using convenience sampling method. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability were calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 22 and Amos. 24.

In the qualitative part, "Social Sustainability Scale in Urban Neighborhood" was developed with 35 items. In the quantitative part, content validity was confirmed by qualitative method. Content validity ratio and content validity index were measured, and 11 items were removed, and 24 items remained. Construct validity using exploratory factor analysis with 80 specialists in the mentioned fields conducted and showed the results of 4 subscales. Convergent validity was 0.50 and divergent validity was 0.71. Composite reliability and internal consistency reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient for 4 subscales of security, participation, spatial belonging and spatial justice were obtained as 0.74, 0.76, 0.79 and 0.90 and for the scale was 0.88 respectively.

The "Social Sustainability Scale in Urban Neighborhood” with 24 items, 4 subscales, has a high validity and reliability. It is recommended to use the above scale to evaluate social sustainability in urban neighborhood.

due to importance of global warming and climate change, communities are trying to reduce the increasing pressure of risks and their consequences and move towards sustainability and resilience, especially in conditions of uncertainty in urban water resources. The increase in the population of fame and the pressure of this increase has created an unprecedented challenge in water management, especially in access to water resources, wastewater treatment and recycling technologies. In this regard, a look at the current situation and the identification of obstacles, the development of appropriate strategies to improve the situation; Water-sensitive cities are known as new models of sustainable urban water management in order to minimize the hydrological effects of urban development on the environment, which in urban development and reconstruction processes can help achieve the goals of improving the quality of urban life and livability of cities. Although there may be different contexts and challenges in developed and developing countries, understanding the current state of the city in terms of water-sensitive city characteristics to identify capacities and constraints is the first step in planning the transition process to achieve development goals and strategies. This article introduces the indicators of water-sensitive city and its effect on the evaluation and improvement of urban water management practices, which has been done by reviewing the literature and based on a qualitative method of content analysis and searching for resources and classifying them based on research keywords. And examines the characteristics of a water-sensitive city. According to the leading article, it can be concluded that the indicators support strategic planning and decision-making, improve and strengthen the results over time, and evaluate the consequences and ways of urban water management compared to other cities., Governance

Resilience is the degree of resilience of systems and tolerates change and the capacity to return to post-traumatic equilibrium. The speed of timely response is one of the dimensions of social, organizational, and institutional dimensions of resilience. The aim of this research is to increase the response speed during the crisis by locating and ranking fire stations in district ten of Tehran municipality. This district is the smallest district of Tehran municipality in terms of size and the highest district in terms of density. This research has used twelve criteria and eleven propose stations. Criteria have been selected from standards 6430, experts' view, and previous studies. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has used from Fuzzy TOPSIS method to prioritize the proposed location of the stations. Experts' views show that access (Width of the street), proximity, and traffic are the most important criteria. The results show that the first ranked station in the mentioned criteria has the highest value. The last ranked station has the lowest value in the term of the width of the street. It is located in the boundary of the study area and has the lowest values in the term of experts' point of views, so it has gained the last rank. Also, the ranking results show that fire station No. 85 (existing station) is in a suitable location, but fire station No. 8 (existing station) is not located in an optimal location. It affects the safety of the covered areas and reduces the response speed and reducing resilience.

In terms of specialized vocabulary, origami is a pattern with a fixed structure created by smooth folded surfaces. Today, the origami art pattern, or folded paper, has become a source of inspiration for architects, designers, and researchers. The definition of beauty in specialized lexicography includes the evolution of rational features, sounds, and concepts, and in a broader sense examines the methods of feeling the environment and the individual’s positionwithin space. The most important factors in the study of aesthetics are the observer and its position (receiver), architecture or work of art (sender) and the environment or context of the design (interface). How this connection between original Japanese origami art as an emerging phenomenon in modern architecture and design and aesthetic concepts to improve the perception of this structure is a matter of research. The aim of this study is to identify the degree of adaptability of aesthetic criteria from the perspective of Western theorists as an important factor in understanding the pattern of origami architecture. The research method of this paper is a logical argument in order to match the aesthetic criteria with the example of origami buildings, the results of which have been studied and analyzed with a qualitative approach. The results of the research show that aesthetic characteristics are applicable to the sample of origami buildings, but the compliance and generalizability of the criteria are not the same. The most obvious compliance is related to the category of spatial quality criteria. Then, in the order of complexity and diversity, proportion and correct relationship between components and generalities and modulus and modulus, respectively, are in the next position. The lowest adaptability is related to the standard category of human scale.

During the life of the planet Earth, there has been a lot of climate change and, currently, indicators show that the climate change has been accelerated due to the human intervention. Expansion of urbanization, reduction of green areas and consumption of more fossil fuels contribute to the generation of heat islands over cities which increases the temperature, as much as several degrees centigrade, therefore making the cities warmer than the surrounding areas. This phenomenon occurs when a large percentage of natural vegetation is destroyed and replaced by buildings, roads and other urban facilities. These are less reflective. They absorb and keep the solar energy and cause the occurrence of heat island phenomenon therefore making a great temperature difference between inside the cities and the surrounding areas. Generally, factors such as natural shape of cities, urban structure, geography, meteorology, size, geometry, population and urban density, thermal properties, vegetation and the used building materials are among the factors influencing occurrence of the heat island phenomenon in cities among which the building materials used in walls of the buildings, requires special attention. Low reflection materials accelerate the occurrence of the heat island phenomenon in cities. Therefore, this article aims to, through understanding the accelerative factors such as reflection, absorption, emission and release of carbon, provide a list of suitable building materials for cities and future buildings in order to reduce the destructive effects of heat islands in cities.