عذرا دائی

Performance evaluation systematically investigates a subject to improve program effectiveness using appropriate, ethical, feasible, and precise methods (Tootanchi et al., 2006). It measures outcomes against indicators to evaluate goal achievement, efficiency, resource effectiveness, process quality, and program execution (Parker, 2000; Gholami & Noralizadeh, 2002). Knowledge, a vital organizational asset, enhances competitiveness by facilitating decision-making and performance improvement. As society shifts towards information-driven environments, knowledge technologies become essential, leveraging AI to solve complex issues and enhance decision-making. Effective implementation of these technologies provides competitive advantages by efficiently storing, protecting, processing, and utilizing knowledge, contributing to sustained performance, growth, and innovation. They offer benefits like increased accessibility, cost reduction, time savings, improved communication, innovation, enhanced data storage, reliability, and swift knowledge transfer (Arab-Mazari Zadeh et al., 2007). Thus, evaluating knowledge technology performance is crucial to ensure quality, customer satisfaction, and informed decision-making. Without it, organizations risk inefficiency and resource wastage. This study aims to identify and rank key components for evaluating knowledge technologies to ensure effective assessment and utilization.

Literature Review:

Hamidizadeh (2016) found a significant positive correlation between expert decision systems and decision-making efficiency, including improved speed, reduced interdepartmental information gaps, and lower organizational costs. Musivand et al. (2015) discovered that knowledge management systems enhance job quality in Iran's Ministry of Sports and Youth by positively impacting knowledge utilization, management, creation, storage, and organization. Naqib et al. (2013) identified the customer aspect as the most influential in knowledge management systems using a balanced scorecard model, with the financial aspect being the most affected. Fazli and Aghshalouei (2008) recommended a hybrid model for assessing decision-making units' performance. Latifi and Mousavi (2008) highlighted four key processes—identification and creation, registration and maintenance, sharing, and internalization—as crucial for effective knowledge management in Iranian software companies. Samimi and Aghaei (2005) proposed a performance evaluation model for knowledge management systems, emphasizing its role in system efficiency enhancement. Internationally, Kumar (2018) emphasized the critical role of knowledge technology in organizational knowledge management, particularly in data accessibility and user services. Mysore et al. (2018) highlighted digital tools like BIM and IoT in the construction industry. Simon and Georgi (2017) developed a framework integrating knowledge search behaviors and tools for asynchronous environments. Kumar et al. (2016) found that organizational culture and leadership, especially democratic styles, significantly influence knowledge absorption, with soft factors outweighing hard factors. Ngugi et al. (2016) demonstrated that knowledge technology positively impacts small enterprises' growth in Nairobi by facilitating skill transfer and process improvement. Milton et al. (1999) highlighted knowledge technology's role in supporting key knowledge management activities such as personalization, innovation, and monitoring. These studies collectively underscore the vital role of knowledge technologies and management systems in improving organizational efficiency, decision-making, and overall performance across various sectors.

 This applied research utilized a mixed exploratory approach, employing Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. Data was collected through library-documentary and field methods. The Delphi phase involved an open and closed questionnaire, the latter based on the open questionnaire findings, encompassing 10 components and 39 questions on a Likert scale. The study population included 18 purposively sampled faculty members from Tehran's public universities, with theoretical saturation determining the sample size. The subsequent AHP-designed questionnaire was distributed among 60 academic members and PhD students, achieving a numeric saturation with consistent mean values indicating data adequacy. Validity and reliability were ensured via consistency rates below 0.1 and analyzed using MAX QDA, SPSS 25, and Expert Choice 11 software.

The dual Delphi rounds in this study reached consensus among panel members, starting with 73 initial codes refined to 38 unique codes across 10 indices: financial costs, system quality, system infrastructure, technology and knowledge service quality, knowledge technology architecture, user interface, user satisfaction, value of results, perceived benefits, and up-to-dateness. A Likert-scale questionnaire in the second round confirmed all 38 components. Table 4 indicates that the financial component, with a weight of 0.178, significantly influences knowledge technology performance evaluation. The consistency rate of 0.09 ensures the reliability and stability of the findings. Other components, ranked by weight, include system quality (0.156), system infrastructure (0.154), user interface (0.125), and others, down to perceived benefits and up-to-dateness (0.038).

 Evaluating the performance of knowledge technologies in knowledge-based organizations is vital for identifying learning pathways and creating competitive advantages. Organizations require tools to enhance performance and continuously assess the effectiveness of their knowledge technologies, addressing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This research identified ten key components for performance evaluation: financial, system quality, system infrastructure, knowledge technology service quality, knowledge technology architecture, user interface, user satisfaction, value of results, perceived benefits, and up-to-dateness. The financial component, deemed most critical, includes startup costs, infrastructure and equipment costs, human resources training costs, and AI processing costs. System quality, ranked second, involves flexibility, effectiveness, use of expert systems, ease of access, and support for open access. System infrastructure, third in importance, covers physical and electronic spaces, application modernization, and elimination of outdated infrastructure. User interface, ranked fourth, focuses on usability, accessibility, user-friendliness, and visual appeal. Knowledge technology service quality, sixth in rank, includes information processing quality, metadata management, content volume, and content quality. User satisfaction, seventh, involves automated knowledge management, system efficiency, prediction of user needs, and satisfaction with system effectiveness. Value of results, eighth, includes continuous improvement, enhanced decision-making through AI, alignment of results with needs, and reliability. Perceived benefits and up-to-dateness, both ranked ninth, cover monitoring performance changes, goal achievement assessment, opportunities for new knowledge creation, and performance improvements. These evaluations highlight the operational quality within organizations and the challenges in successful knowledge management implementation. Previous research, such as Hamidizadeh (2016) and Musivand et al. (2015), supports these findings, emphasizing the role of knowledge technologies in decision-making and operational efficiency. International studies also affirm their importance in service delivery, knowledge structuring, and performance enhancement. Thus, evaluating knowledge technologies using these key components is essential for effective utilization and to avoid resource wastage and operational inefficiencies.

In the Delphi phase, 10 indicators including the financial component, system quality, system infrastructure, knowledge technology service quality, knowledge technology architecture, user interface, user satisfaction about the system, the value of work results, perceived benefits and benefits from the system, up-to-dateness and 39 items were identified, Each of these indicators also has its own sub-indicators, whose degree of importance has also been examined. Based on the hierarchical analysis method, the financial component is in the first degree, the system quality component is in the second degree, the system infrastructure component is in the third degree, the user interface component is in the fourth degree, the knowledge technology architecture component is in the fifth degree, and the knowledge technology service quality component is in the sixth degree. The user satisfaction component about the system was ranked seventh, the value component of the results obtained from the card was ranked eighth, and the perceived benefits and benefits of the system and the component of being up-to-date were ranked ninth.

The role of information in improving the health of society and reducing healthcare costs is undeniable. However, in practice, there exists insufficient and incomplete information among healthcare providers. This lack of comprehensive information among market players leads to inefficiencies and failure in market performance. The main goal of the current research was to investigate health information asymmetry and inadequacy within the health information market.

This article is a narrative and unsystematic review. Studies were retrieved from the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Magiran, Sid and Google Scholar databases by using the keywords of information inadequacy, Asymmetry of health information done in the fields of article title, abstract and keywords. Subsequently, according to the purpose of the study, the researchers selected relevant resources and summarized their findings.

18 paper were selected for this research. In this research, we specifically address health information inadequacies across three key sections: patients, doctors, and insurance. At the end of each section, ways to solve these deficiencies were mentioned. Results Showed patients faced with the phenomenon of injustice in accessing health information, and the continuation of this injustice leads to the poverty of health information, and due to the lack of proper access to health information, the asymmetry of information between the doctor and the patient was created. Doctors, on the other hand, faced challenges in accessing up-to-date and evidence-based information for patient care. Asymmetric information could be exploited, resulting in induced demand. Insurances face the problems of inappropriate selection, moral hazard and demand induction by the supplier or consumer.

Information asymmetry has seriously penetrated the health field and there is a high level of unconfident and uncertainty in it. One of the ways to overcome the health information asymmetry and insufficiency of the health information market is the access of all stakeholders to the information.

360-degree feedback seems to be a more comprehensive view of appraising capabilities, behavior, competence, and performance of individuals in the organization than other methods of performance appraisal. This study endeavored to appraise librarians’ performance in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, through 360-degree feedback.

This study was conducted with a survey-analysis methodology. The population consisted of 43 librarians, 43 superiors, 43 colleagues, and 80 users; accordingly, census sampling method was employed. Each librarian was assessed by one supervisor, all colleagues, two users, and a self-assessment questionnaire was filled by each librarian. The data was collected by pre-prepared questionnaires by Farajpahlou et al. To analyze the data, Student's t, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Duncan, analysis of variance tests were used.

Librarians’ performance in total (4.37), and status of their performance in moral-value (4.47), functional (4.37), and process (4.34) skills were higher than average level. There was no significant difference between the results of four groups in the moral-value index and functional skills, but there was a significant difference between the users and other assessors in the process skills.

Given the low mean in the process index, it seems necessary to take effective steps by librarians to improve communication with users. These results could be used by managers and librarians to identify the strengths and weaknesses of librarians’ performance.

This study aimed to compare and implement the curriculum of the PhD in the medical library and information science, with similar fields in Iran.

This research used a comparative method. For collecting data, a checklist consisting of medical library and information sciences, knowledge and information sciences and library and information sciences was designed and analyzed using descriptive statistics, tables by excel software.

Overlap rate of the Ph.D. curriculum in Medical Librarianship and Information science was 94.4% (for information retrieval) and 88.8% (for information management) with the courses of 2 areas of study of knowledge and information sciences, and 93.3% with the courses of library and information science. The main difference between 3 curriculums was in the number of educational units. The main weakness of the curriculum was the lack of attention to the basic topics of the discipline, the overlapping with similar curriculums and low-relevance as well as unrelated lessons. The strong points were some related lessons about the health system and educational planning unit.

Regarding the objectives of the Ph.D. program, the functions of the medical library and information science, as well as the lack of attention to the theoretical basis of the field, it seems that a change in the curriculum of this field is necessary. It is suggested that courses such as future studies, information theories, clinical information residency, medical informatics, disease registration system, summarizing and compressing clinical information are included in the curriculum

It’s essential to review and update medical library and information science curriculum, because of influence from developments in other related sciences. This study aimed to compare and implement the curriculum of the Master of Science curriculum of medical library, with curriculums of similar fields in Iran. This research used comparative method. Checklist of curriculums was used for data collection, medical library and information science, knowledge and information science, library and information science. Medical Library and information science curriculum was mostly similar with field of study curriculum in Islamic Azad University. Compare in current areas of study showed this medical librarianship had most closely match with information science area of study (93.75%) and the lowest similarity with digital library management (37.5%). Similarity between medical library and information science curriculum with other curriculums showed this field couldn’t fulfill numerous and varied needs of the medical community and related sciences. Changing in curriculum and creation of area of study like medical librarianship, hospital librarianship, evidence base librarianship and etc. could fill the gaps.

Justice in organizations can have a determinative impact on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational justice and organizational Citizenship behavior in librarians of Isfahan University and Isfahan University of medical sciences. The study is applied and was done as a survey method. The study population included all librarians working in the libraries of Isfahan University and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 106 of them were selected as a stratified random sampling method. Data collected by using two questionnaires: Moorman& Niehoff Organizational Justice and Podsakoff and et al Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Data was analyzed in descriptive and inferential statistics levels and using one sample t-tests and Pearson correlation and regression.
Findings: Librarians organizational Citizenship behavior except Citizenship virtue was above than average. In organizational justice, distributive justice was less than average, procedural justice was mediocre, and interactional justice was above average. Based on the findings, organizational justice and its three dimensions had a significant and positive relationship with conscientiousness dimension of organizational Citizenship behavior. In total, between organizational justice and librarians’ organizational Citizenship behavior was not observed a significant relationship. Considering the significant role of a positive conception of organizational justice to increasing and improving organizational Citizenship behavior especially in conscientiousness dimension, the need to strengthen the librarians' perceptions of organizational justice and non-discrimination in the organization is essential.

Web 2.0 facilitates communication, secures knowledge sharing and user-centered design. Ease of cooperation and collaboration, user participation in content production, ease of use and rich content are factors that have led to increasing use of web 2.0. The purpose of this study was to review common Web 2.0 tools and their applications in medical education.
This review study was performed using the keywords medical education and Web 2.0 and searching through databases of Scopus, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Science direct, Sage, Magiran, Noormags, SID, and Civilica for articles published from 2005 to 2016.
First, 216 Persian and English articles were found based on the titles. After removing the duplicates (83 articles) and reviewing the abstracts and full texts and considering the inclusion criteria, 1 Persian and 17 English articles were selected. After reviewing the articles on Web 2.0 in medical education, the tools and their uses, as mentioned in these studies, such as blogs, wikis, podcasts, social networks, social tagging networks, RSS and Mashups were surveyed.
New and emerging uses of technologies highlight the importance of active knowledge production for improving teaching and learning which in turn creates a dynamic interaction among different learning sources. Therefore, it is recommended that universities should take the capabilities of Web 2.0 into account when reviewing educational programs.

Continuous curriculum revision and updates are crucial to achieve the main mission of universities. This study aimed to compare the curriculum for undergraduate medical librarianship with those of other similar majors in Iran.
In this comparative study, a checklist consisting of three curriculums: "Medical Library and Information Sciences", "Knowledge and Information Sciences" and "Library and Information Sciences", was designed for collecting data which were then analyzed using descriptive statistics, tables by excel software.
The curriculum of Medical Library and Information Sciences had an overlap of 65.45% with the curriculum of Library and Information Sciences and 56.36% with that of Knowledge and Information Sciences. The major differences between the curricula, was related to the number of courses covered in Medical Library and Information Sciences, the most significant weakness of which was the absence of courses on information-based technologies, and lots of medical terminology courses.
Considering the importance of the field of Medical Library and Information Science, its target population, and its similarity to other majors, it is necessary to make some changes in the curriculum and add some courses such as bibliotherapy, clinical librarianship, evidence-based librarianship, systematic review, Scientometric, health information consulting, medical information services to special groups such as patients and so on.

This research aimed at performance appraisal of librarians in public libraries in Mazandaran province, using 360 degree feedback.
Research was applied research and used survey-analysis methodology. The data were collected by former - build questionnaires. Validity and reliability of questionnaires were in high level, Cronbach's alpha in all questionnaires were higher than 0.75. Population was 95 librarians, 32 superiors, 95 colleagues and 95 users and census method. Each librarian assessed by one superior, all colleagues, one user and a Self-assessment questionnaire filled by each librarian. This research used SPSS 22 and PLS and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and ANOVA test were used for data analysis.
Findings: Librarians’ performance in total (4.35) and status of their performance in moral - value skills (4.44), functional skills (4.32) and process skills (4.33) was higher than average level. There was no significant difference between the results of four groups in the moral - value index (0.097) but there was significant difference between the results of four groups in functional skills, process skills and total assessment of librarians cause significant level was lower than 0.05. Comparison of librarians’ performance scores in each library showed significant level for 3 indexes and total score of performance evaluation was lower than 0.05 that showed significant difference was observed in these indexes among the 32 libraries.
Employees assessment is the main factor in growth of an organization. Evaluation and recognition of librarians will enhance libraries. Therefore, using 360 degree feedback may be a new method for librarians.

Current study has been done to assess the ability to understand the Vocabularies used in the user interface of Web of knowledge and Scopus databases by Shahid Beheshti’s graduate students. The methodology of present research is quantitative. A survey has been done as a research method. The research population was graduate students studying in Shahid Beheshti University and the random sampling method is used. The data were collected by questionnaire from 350 graduate students who 309 (88%) of them responded to the questionnaire. The results showed that Vocabularies used in interfaces of both databases had good capabilities of understanding. 69.4% of Vocabularies studied in Web of knowledge have very high and high level of understanding and 30.6% of words had the modest capabilities of understanding. According to results of words studied in Scopus, 59.5% of Vocabularies had very high and high capabilities of understanding. However 24.3% of the words have the modest and the 16.2% of the Vocabularies had low and very low capabilities of understanding. In this study, it was found that the plural words have higher level of understanding than singular words; also the level of understanding of short sentences is higher than long sentences; the understanding level of imperatives sentences is higher than declarative sentences and adjectival phrases and explanation of the words effect on the understanding of words concept. The results of the research showed that familiarity with and use of the database and the knowledge of English language effect on the better understanding of words. Finally, by using the obtained results and to enhance of theVocabularies understanding capabilities the suggestions is presented.