عزیز کامران

 Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which organs and cells are damaged in the initial stages by tissue-binding autoantibodies and immune complexes. Clinical, demographic and laboratory information of patients with SLE in Ardabil province is the aim of this study.

 The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that examines demographic data (age, gender), clinical information such as the first manifestation of the disease, clinical symptoms, etc., and laboratory findings such as CBC, ESR, CRP, proteinuria, FANA, Anti dsDNA, C3, C4, Anti RO and APS Ab of patients who referred to the rheumatology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital (RA) in 2021.

 Information related to the clinical characteristics of 50 patients, including 46 women (92%) and 4 men (8%), with an average age of 12.14 ± 40.78 years (range: 21-73) and age at diagnosis of 10.62 ± 31.76 years were investigated. The most common initial complaint in the studied patients was related to isolated joint symptoms (28%). The most common clinical symptoms observed in the examined patients were related to joint symptoms along with sensitivity to light with a frequency of 20%. ANA, anti-dsDNA tests positivity and reduced C3 and C4 levels were observed in 88%, 70% and 26% of patients, respectively.

 The establishment of a registry system for the structured registration of information of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in each region is necessary to a better understanding of the characteristics of the disease and better management policy of patients.

Simulation-based training is a method of creating an educational experience without being present in a real environment. Recently, this method has become a priority in medical education, particularly in the context of patient safety. It is important to address the competencies of instructors in simulation-based education alongside the advantages and limitations of this method. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the components of competency for medical education instructors in simulation-based training.

This qualitative study was phenomenology. Semi-structured interviews with 8 Purposive sample of medical education instructors was conducted (from 23 October 2022 to 20 February 2023). Interviews were analyzed using the seven-step Colaizzi method. Then the identified concepts were coded using MAXQDA software.

115 primary codes, 18 sub-themes and 4 main themes were identified, including: personal competence (self-directed learning and teacher's attitude), professional knowledge competence (professional development and instructional design), professional skill competence (participation, collaborate and purposeful use of simulation) and assessment competence (Assessment and continuous improvement).

Medical education instructors need to be empowered for using simulation-based education. The indicators identified in this research can be used to improving the competences of them.

Even though clinical empathy is one of the clinical competencies of medical students and there is a high emphasis on teaching and learning, it decreases during medical education. This study investigated the relationship between burnout, quality of life and clinical empathy in medical students.

this exploratory cross-sectional study used the Jefferson empathy questionnaire, WHO quality of life questionnaire and burnout inventory. All three questionnaires are standard, and their validity and reliability have been confirmed in various studies in Iran. The research population was the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences internship medical students, for which the census sampling method was used. Various statistical tests, such as Pearson and spearman correlation, Chi-square, etc., were used for data analysis.

Out of 130 students, 128 (98.4%) completed all of the questionnaires. Data analysis showed that 98% of students suffered from moderate burnout and 2% of them had severe burnout. About 44% of students were satisfied or very satisfied with their health status and 33% of students were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied. The mean score of clinical empathy in students was 79.46±9.82. Data analysis showed a statistically significant inverse relationship between quality of life and burnout (p=0.0001).

Considering that the situation of students was not very favorable in terms of all three variables, non-curricular programs seem to be essential for improving student adaptation mechanisms to the job-related situations in medical students and promoting clinical empathy.

Evaluation is an indicator that shows the extent to which educational goals have been achieved and analyzes educational activities. For this purpose, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the "period" of the master's degree in midwifery education based on the CIPP evaluation model in Ardabil School of Nursing and Midwifery.

The present study was performed cross-sectionally in 1400. The target population was faculty members and postgraduate students in the Department of Midwifery Education of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, including 11 professors and 7 students. All samples participated in this study by census method. To collect information, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to evaluate the master's course in midwifery education based on the CIPP evaluation model for professors and students. One-Sample T-Test was used for data analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software version 21. The level of statistical significance in this study was considered 0.05.

The mean obtained in the group of students and professors in the scope of field (18.29 ± 3.04 and 31.45 ± 2.81), input (47.29 ± 1.70 and 51.18 ± 3.52), process (10.43 ± 0.98 and 40.55 ± 1.92) and in the output area (9.43 ±1.40 and 29.27 ±2.37) that the scores in the group of students in 4 areas are less than the standard score and in the group Professors were higher than the standard score.

The results showed that the evaluation of the master's degree in midwifery education at Ardabil School of Nursing and Midwifery was unfavorable for students and desirable for professors. Therefore, in order to promote this field, cooperation between experts in this field and planners is necessary in order to solve the problems.

Nursing education is part of the higher education system that deals with human life and considering its quantitative and qualitative aspects is very important. Understanding educational needs is a prerequisite for successful education. This study is aims is to investigate the compatibility of nursing undergraduate curriculum with occupational needs from the viewpoints of faculty members of some north and north-west universities of medical sciences of Iran. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted with the participation of 61 nursing faculty members of Ardebil, Urmia, Zanjan, Tabriz, and Rasht Universities of Medical Sciences in the fall of 2017 using the census method. A checklist containing the curriculum of undergraduate nursing based on the approved headings of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The findings of this study showed that the highest compatibly with job requirements from the viewpoint of faculty members based on the checklist scores from 1 to 4 was related to biochemistry with a mean and standard deviation of 2.1 ± 1.03, among specific courses, epidemiology with mean and standard deviation of 1.90 ± 0.99, and among internship and field apprenticeship, adult and elderly internships with mean and standard deviation of 1.51 ± 0.03. The findings of this study indicate that the curriculum developed for the undergraduate nursing degree is not suitable for nursing job requirements and needs modifications in some aspects. Therefore, presenting the results of this study can be used developing and modification of the undergraduate nursing curriculum based on occupational needs.

Health promotion lifestyle includes actions and beliefs that persuade people to stay healthy and protect them against disease. This study was conducted to investigate some aspects of lifestyle of rural primary health-care workers (Behvarzes) in Khalkhal and Kosar counties. In this cross-sectional study, 120 Behvarzes were recruited in Khalkhal and Kosar counties. Data were gathered using a questionnaire consisting demographic information and walker Health Promotion Life Style (HPLP) Questionnaires. Statistical tests including the descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA and Welch's strong test followed by Tukey's post hoc test were performed using SPSS (v.20). The Mean age of participants were 40±4.6 years and the majority of them were female (66%). The overall score of HPLP was 2.3±0.62, and the highest and lowest scores were observed in “Spiritual Growth” and “Interpersonal Relations” dimensions, respectively. There was a significant statistical relationship between different dimensions of lifestyle and demographic variables including "physical activity" and age; "interpersonal support" and gender and marital status and "self-actualization" and gender and finally, overall score of lifestyle and work experience respectively. Based on the results of the present study, health promotion behaviors in Behvarzes (rural health care providers), were not favorable in comparison with similar studies. Different dimensions of participants' lifestyle showed a significant relationship with some of the demographic variables including age, gender and marital status. In both sexes, the lowest score was seen in the "Interpersonal Relations" dimension.

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method for the treatment of water and waste water. Water disinfection by electrochemical methods has been increasingly carried out recently. The aim of this applied research is to investigate the removal of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria from drinking water by using Electrocoagulation (EC) - Electroflotation (EF) with Stainless Steel - Graphite felt electrodes parallel with the monopole mode.
An experimental study was conducted in a batch system. In this study, the contaminated water samples were prepared by adding104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml E. coli and S. aureus. Independent variables Including: different concentrations of E.coli and S. aureus bacteria (104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml), reaction time (5, 10, 15 and 20 min), initial pH (7, 8 and 9), electrode gap (1, 2 and 3 cm), current density (0.83, 1.67 and 3.3 mA/cm2) to determine the optimum conditions were investigated. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results.
The results show that in the optimum conditions with increasing the pH from 7 to 9 removal efficiency of bacterial strains of E.coli and S. aureus were decreased significantly from 100% to 80% and 100% to 83%, respectively. In initial concentration of 105 CFU/ml, optimum conditions were obtained for current density, reaction time and electrodes gap; 3.3 mA/cm2, 20 min and 2 cm, respectively.
According to the results, E.coli and S. aureus removal efficiency in optimum conditions was obtained, 100%. Thus, the EC/EF process can be used for removal of pathogenic bacteria from drinking water.

Anxiety and depression are two important aspects of mental health. Spiritual health is central to human health. The relationship between mental health and spirituality has received considerable attention in recent years. The present study examined the association between anxiety, depression and spiritual health among students in Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences.
This study is a cross-sectional correlation study, which was conducted on 207 students from the Khalkhal Faculty of Medicine Sciences in 2013. The instrument used in this study was a four-part questionnaire that included demographic information, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger trait anxiety inventory and Spiritual Health Assessment Questionnaire (SWB). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/13 software and Pearson and regression tests.
Results showed that 33.7 percent of students were severely depressed, 52.92 percent were extremely anxious and 78 percent of them enjoyed high spiritual health. so the results showed that there was an inverse relationship between the total score of depression and spiritual well-being (p the results of this study indicated that the incidence rate of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can affect spiritual health. Therefore, based on the findings, considering the spiritual well-being of students as one of the factors affecting their health is necessary.

Dendrimers are macromolecules with regular three-dimensional structure that have many branches. The aim of this study was to investigate the fficiency of Nano Polyamidoamine–G5 (NPAMAM-G5) dendrimers in removal of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus from aqueous solution.
In this experimental study, initially, dilution of 103 CFU/ml was prepared from each strain of bacteria. Then, different concentrations of dendrimers (0.025, 0.25, 2.5 and 25 µg/ml) in the ambient temperature (23-25°C) was added to water. In order to determine the efficiency of dendrimers in removal of bacteria, samples were taken at different times (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 60 min) and were cultured on nutrient agar medium. Samples were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C and then the number of colonies was counted.
There is a direct relation between antibacterial properties of dendrimers in aqueous solution and increasing the dendrimer concentration and contact time. At a concentration of 25 μg/ml and 60 minutes, all kinds of bacteria except Staphylococcus aureus, and at 30 minutes, E. coli and Klebsiella bacteria, were removed by 100% The concentration of 2.5 μg/ml at 60 minutes of bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus mirabilis, 100% Were removed. All concentrations of dendrimer at different times were reduced bacteria.
Results of this study indicated that NPAMAM–G5 dendrimer is able to remove Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus from aqueous solution.

Pap smear is a screening test for diagnosing cervical cancer in women. It is considered a health and health-promotion behavior, and it has been shown that this test can prevent up to 60% of all deaths resulting from cervical cancer. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of this test and its related factors based on the health belief model in women referring to health centers in Qom.
In this cross-sectional study, 320 women who had health records and had referred to health centers in Qom in 2014 were selected using the multistage random sampling method and through following inclusion and exclusion criteria. A valid and reliable researcher- made questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, awareness questions, and questions based on the health belief model was used for data collection. The data were finally analyzed by SPSS with 0.05 significance level.
11.25% of the subjects regularly underwent Pap smear screening, 51.87% irregularly participated in cervical cancer screening programs, and 36.88% did not undergo the tests. ANOVA results showed that the mean scores of the health belief model constructs were significantly different in terms of undergoing Pap smear screening (P The participants did not consider cervical cancer a serious disease. Even women who felt vulnerable tried to hide it. Therefore, while perceived vulnerability and perceived severity of the disease risk was low in them, they perceived more barriers and, for this reason, the level of utilization of Pap smear was undesirable.

Anxiety disorder is one of the undesirable postpartum complications in some women and can have numerous risks for the health of the mother and newborn. Interference of anxiety with exclusive breastfeeding is one of these risks. Therefore, this research intended to determine the relationship between postpartum anxiety and exclusive breastfeeding in Qom. The statistical population in this case-control study consisted of mothers who had given birth to their babies not more than six months prior to the start of the research and, therefore, the samples were divided into 3 one-hundred-member groups based on the type of breastfeeding. In addition to using inclusion and exclusion criteria, the scope of the study was restricted to control confounding variables. A questionnaire on demographic characteristics and the standard Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults were used to collect data. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS at the significance level of less than 0.05. The average scores found for covert and overt anxiety were 39.65 and 41.38, respectively. Thirty-nine percent of the women exhibited mild covert anxiety, 52.67% mild to moderate covert anxiety, and 8.33% severe covert anxiety. Moreover, 33, 55.67, and 11.33% of them suffered from mild, moderate, and severe overt anxiety, respectively. A significant correlation was found between covert and overt anxiety and exclusive breastfeeding (p<0.05). There was a significant correlation between postpartum covert and overt anxiety and exclusive breastfeeding so that greater levels of anxiety resulted in cessation of exclusive breastfeeding.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women that early diagnosis greatly increases the chance of recovery. Self-examination is one of the ways for screening and early detection of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge، attitude and practice of women employed in the Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences towards breast self-examination (BSE) and its relationship with some individual characteristics. This study cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 women who were employed in Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences. A researcher-made questionnaire designed in four categories was used which contained demographic and questions related to the knowledge، attitude and performance. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 13 software. The level of knowledge، attitude and practice of BSE among the majority of women was partially favorable (5/56، 6/53 and 70/84 percent، respectively). Knowledge، attitudes and practices of women about BSE was affected by their field of study (P<0. 001). Women working in Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences have relatively good level of knowledge، attitude and practice about BSE but with regard to the role of health workers in education and improving health; it is recommended to implement programs to achieve an ideal level regarding the knowledge، attitude and performance.

Sedentary lifestyle is one of the most important modifiable factors associated with diabetes when the level of physical activity of the diabetics is poor. This study aimed to determine the predictive power of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM) for physical activity (PA) behavior in diabetic patients. In a cross sectional study 393 patients with type 2 diabetes in Khorramabad city were selected by convenience sampling method in 2013. Data were collected through a questionnaire consisted of 5 sections and analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient، chi-square، t-test، ANOVA and multiple linear regression tests using SPSS-18 software. In this study the majority of the participants (48. 9%، 192 patients) were in pre contemplation stage and only 15% and 6. 6% were in the action and maintenance stages، respectively. A significant difference was seen in stages of behavior change among educational levels. Mean daily PA in maintenance group was significantly higher than the other groups. A negative significant relationship was found between the average daily PA and perceived benefits and positive significant correlations were found between the average daily PA and processes of change، self-efficacy and decision balance. Multiple regressions showed that 33. 8% of daily PA variance can be explained and predicted by TTM constructs. Stages of change theory had appropriate predictive power for PA levels in diabetic patients. Paying attention to roles of this theory structures on promoting PA as well as the providing related educations in diabetes associations and health centers are recommended.

The demand for hospitalization in intensive care units is increasing. The purpose of this study was “to investigate the causes and the consequences of hospitalization in the intensive care units”. All patients hospitalized from July 20, 2010 to July 20, 2011 in Shohaday-e Ashayer Hospital, Khorramabad, Iran, were recruited to this observational descriptive-analytic study by using the census technique. The data collection instruments were the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring and a demographic questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed. Study data were analyzed by using the SPSS v. 19.0. The most common cause of hospitalization in intensive care units was traffic accidents (42.2%). About 62.2% of the study participants developed hospital-acquired complications, chiefly pneumonia (24%). Mortality rate among the study participants was 29.13%. There was a significant correlation between the length of hospital stay and the rate of hospital-acquired complications. The rate of hospitalization in intensive care units can be reduced through adopting strategies for preventing traffic accidents and brain strokes. Moreover, the rates of mortality and hospital-acquired complications can be decreased by shortening patients’ stay in intensive care units.

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases all around the world and majority of hypertensive patients suffer from hypertension problems due to lack of treatment adherence. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of motivational interviewing on adherence to treatment in patients with hypertension and its comparison with standard cares. This randomized clinical trial was done during February to October 2014. In total, 140 of hypertensive patients were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method from two urban health centers located in Gorgan City, Iran, with regards to the inclusion criteria and allocated randomly into two groups; motivational interviewing (70 participants) and control (70 participants). Data collecting instruments were demographic questionnaire (personal information, laboratory indices and clinical symptoms), general self-efficacy scale and treatment adherence questionnaire of patients with hypertension. Data were analyzed in SPSS 18 software using paired T and Independent T tests. Motivational interviewing increased total score and the mean score of all dimensions of the adherence questionnaire (except for weight control and stress reduction) (p<0.05). After 6 month, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure also decreased significantly in the motivational interviewing group (p<0.05). Motivational interviewing is likely beneficial to improve and promote medication adherence and blood pressure control in patients with hypertension.

Internship through mentorship method improves clinical education in nursing. Due to numerous problems in implantation process of the mentorship plan, this study aimed to explore and explain strategies to improve the mentorship plan. This qualitative study with content analysis approach was performed in educational hospitals of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in 2013. Eleven last semester nursing students and six head nurses were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured in depth interview. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and then data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis by Lundman and Graneheim method. Data were classified into three main categories and nine subcategories: mentor-related factors (mentor’s personality traits and capabilities in clinical training); factors related to hospital personnel (justification for mentorship program, nurses as role models, and inter-professional relationship); and management factors (evaluation method, case-based division of labor in nursing, provision of welfare facilities for students, and proper planning for implementation of the internship). The mentorship plan can be enhanced by considering scientific and general qualifications of the mentor, the role of hospital personnel in professionalization of nursing students, and proper management in implementation of internship programs.

Medication errors are known as the most common preventable and life threatening medical errors. This study aimed to explore perceptions of nurses on medication errors. Methods & Materials: This was a qualitative study with content analysis approach. Seventeen nurses were selected purposefully from the intensive care units of Shohada hospital in khoramabad in 2012. Data were gathered using semi structural interviews with the nurses. Data were analyzed using the Lundman and Graneheim method. We used the Linclon and Gouba method to ensure a ccuracy and trustworthiness of the data. Four main categories and six subcategories were recognized including: 1) Management factors (inefficiency in recruitment of human power, poor physical condition and workload); 2) Inefficiency in professionalism (lack of commitment among nurses, insufficient knowledge and inefficiency in the inter professional relationship); 3) Failure in the process of drug prescription by physicians; and 4) Failure in production and packaging drugs by drug companies. Training and recruiting professional and committed nurses, using electronic medical files, supervision on pharmacy companies to produce and package proper medication can reduce medication errors.

Diabetes is a major problem for health systems and physical activity is one of the most important modifiable and life style factors to management of diabetes. This study aimed to determine the status of physical activity (PA) in patients with type 2 diabetes based on Trans Theoretical model (TTM). This study was conducted on 393 diabetic patient’s type 2 diabetes in 2013 at the city of Khorramabad, participants were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected through a questionnaire consisted of 5 parts and were analyzed with using the statistical software SPSS-18 and Pearson correlation coefficients, chi-square test, t-test and ANOVA test. The P-value for statistical significance is defined as P < 0.05 In this study the majority of participants (48.9%, 192 patients) were in pre contemplation stage and only 15% of them were in the action and maintenance stages. Mean minutes of PA was 20.6±11.9 and the mean of PA in maintenance group was significantly higher than other groups. A negative significant relationship was found between the average daily PA and perceived benefits, and a positive significant correlation with processes of change, self-efficacy and decision balance. Frequency of PA in week had a positive significant correlation with self-efficacy. The majority of patients had no a plan to exercise in the next 6 months and physical activity levels of the patients were poor. Regarding the relationship between self-efficacy and decision balance with an average of exercise time in day and frequency of exercise in week provision of educational programs focusing on these structures can help to improve the level of physical activity.

Self-care means enabling individuals to manage special circumstances، such as illness، chronic diseases and having more control over life. Women are more susceptible to serious health risks such as obesity and overweight compared to men، therefore this study was conducted in the city of Gorgan to determine the knowledge، attitude and behavior of women regarding the self-care behavior. In this descriptive- analytical study، 420 women referred to health centers of Gorgan were recruited through cluster random sampling. Data were collected using the standard general self-care questionnaire. Information such as barriers and facilitators of self-care behavior، knowledge، desire and performing self-care behaviors of individuals were evaluated. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical tests in SPSS software (version16). The mean age of samples was 33. 07 ± 12. 2 years. Among all the tested individuals، 49% (n=206) had a satisfactory knowledge about Self-care، 36. 4% (n=152) had a tendency to perform self-care and 21. 8 percent (n=92) were performing self-care related activities. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and performing self-care (P= 0. 0001)، attitudes and performing self-care (P=0. 0001) and between knowledge and behavior (P=0. 0001). Due to the relative knowledge، attitude and unfavorable performance of individuals، appropriate educational interventions are recommended to increase knowledge. Moreover the awareness and attitude of the participants should also be changed using attitude change techniques such as in-depth interviews and subsequently its improvements will occur.

Patients knowledge and perceptions from hypertension and related nutrition as a central factor has important role in hypertension controlling. This study aimed to determine relationship between illness perceptions and nutritional knowledge with eating behaviors on rural hypertensive patients. In a cross-sectional study, 671 hypertensive patients were selected as a multi-stage random sampling with inclusion criteria from the rural areas of Ardabil city in 2013. Data collecting instrument include from 4-part questionnaire included demographic questions and questions about dietary knowledge, illness perception and 3-day food registering questionnaire. Data were collected by trained health workers with Interview and nutritional data include macronutrients (Fat, Cholesterol, Protein, Carbohydrate and Total Energy) extracted with Nutritionist 4 (N4) software Analyzed using Excel 2007, SPSS - 18 and Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, considering the significance level at 0.05. 74% of participants were female; mean (SD) age was 50.2 ± 6.4 years, duration of disease 5.9 ± 4 years. Majority of participants 75.9% (509 patients) had elementary education. Patient illness perception and knowledge was moderate. Fat intake was 92.1gr, protein 110.3 g and carbohydrates 317 g per day, also the average daily energy intake was 2539 kcal. Perception scores correlated positively significant with nutritional knowledge (P<0.01, r=0.583) and negatively significant correlated with fat(P<0.01, r= - 0.352), cholesterol(P<0.01, r= - 0.09), energy intake(P<0.01, r= - 0.318), systolic (P<0.01, r= - 0.614) and diastolic blood pressure(P<0.01, r=0.400). Nutritional knowledge as well as was found a significant negatively correlation with mean fat, cholesterol, energy intake, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Regression model showed that the nutritional knowledge and illness perception can be predicted 47.8% of systolic blood pressure variance. Patients nutritional perceptions was not satisfactory, patient’s energy intake and fat intake were higher than recommended amounts by related scientific organizations.

In any research work the used tools to approach the designed project goals, should be evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to obtain validity and reliability of nutritional knowledge, illness perception and dietary adherence questionnaire. The questionnaire of student ratings of teaching was evaluated in a descriptive study. In thisstudy the views of 11 expert faculty members and 671 completed questionnaires by hypertensive patients were used. To investigate the reliability, three methods of split-half and internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha)and kuder richrdson were applied, and the validity was determined from two aspects of construct validity (factor analysis) and content validity. The Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 software. Spearman Brown coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, Guttman and Kuder richardson indicating satisfactory reliability of the questionnaire, and this questionnaire is desirable. All Questions are highly correlated with the total score and internal consistency inquiries indicate that the questionnaire had acceptable reliability. In factor analysis, all questionnaire items were acceptable in factor loadings and based on factor analysis, all of the questions was important and their validity are appropriate. The validity of the scale was approved by experts. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were appropriate for the measurement of targeted variables in hypertensive patients. Satisfactory reliability and validity of the questionnaire and the overall structure of the questions was approved.

Medical education need to efficient teaching programs and the importance of lesson plans is irrefutable in promoting of education. This study aimed to use the ASSURE model in studying the knowledge and attitudes of university faculty member's about the lesson plan at 2013 years. The study was a descriptive analytical study and the study population was consisted of university faculty members that were included in the census. Data collection included questionnaires consists of three parts: demographic questions, questions about knowledge (37 multiple choice questions) based on components of ASSURE model ensures and attitude questions. The face and content validity was approved. For data analysis, inferential tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient test, ANOVA and T-test were used. Data were analyzed with using statistical software spss-18. The mean scores of faculty members participating in the study, was 14 (from total 37) SD=8.2. In the items of planning principles, content and learning objectives, there was significant difference between faculty members. The highest total score allocated to among specialty and the lowest score was seen between specialties. Faculty members, men and women, respectively, had the lowest and highest total score. In all items of ASSURE Model components was seen significant differences between faculty member based on workshop history. Mean total attitude of faculty members participated in the study was 44.6 with a standard deviation of 3.4. Awareness of university professors was not suitable but their attitude about lesson plan was good. The need for careful planning and continuous improvement is necessary.

Education is the most important task of a university and the mission of faculty members and improving of its quality lead to improve education quality. Evaluation of teacher is one of the processes that are carried out to this quality improving. This study was conducted to compares the priorities of evaluation items from view of teachers and students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences، in 2012.

This study was cross sectional. Data was collected by Self- administered questionnaire; the importance of each question of 5 areas of teacher evaluation was evaluated by 4 Likert among the 299 students and 116 faculty members in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was by Multi-stage method. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS-18 software، descriptive statistics، and t-test. Anova and chi-square test.

In the area of teaching skills، master control on lessons subjects، self-confidence in the area of personal characteristics، intimate relationships with students in the areas of communication skills، class starting on exact time in the area of educational concepts and roles، in the area of evaluation skills، comprehensive exam at the end of the semester، by students were selected as the most important items. Students and teachers had different viewpoint about the importance of evaluation items. There was statistically significant difference between tow sexes in the evaluation areas (P <0. 001).

sometimes evaluation items are fundamental differences between lecturers and students. Although the students clearly recognize important factors in faculty evaluation but to prioritize items are affected from factors such as gender، school grade، school and field which can be put into question the validity evaluations by student.

Hypertension is a major health problem in developing and developed countries and its increasing prevalence is a serious warning to take more attention to this silent disease. This study aimed to survey hypertensive patient’s perceptions towards their diseases and its treatment. This was a systematic review and articles were searched in Iranian and international databases such as IranMedex, SID, PubMed, ISI web of knowledge, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar with hypertension, treatment adherence, and patient’s perceptions keywords in period of 1980 to 2012. Inclusion criteria were being qualitative study, assessing the perceptions and experience of patients with hypertension and publishing in Persian or English languages. Studies which conducted on patients with other diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension in pregnancy were excluded. 38 articles were reviewed and results from them obtained in two themes, hypertension from patient's viewpoints and treatment adherence and reasons. Stress was considered as a cause and a consequence of the disease. Patients had negative perceptions toward treatment and knew it adverse. In some cases, existence or absence of physical symptoms encountered as a factor for decreasing or discounting the drugs. No consumption or decreasing of drugs had unintentional reasons including forgiveness, timeless and occupying, drug and physician and nutritional treatment expensiveness, and no insurance. Sometimes the patient decided deliberately to stop or reduce medication. This could be an explanation for the short-term effects or ineffective treatment and educational interventions. So, to be successful in treating and controlling the disease, attention to patient's concerns and perceptions is necessary.