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The main objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of renal volume measured with ultrasonography to real volume in ten native dogs that were candidates for euthanasia due to severe injuries sustained in traffic accidents. Furthermore, correlations of renal dimensions in ultrasonography, such as length, width, and height, were determined with real ones. Initially, the dimensions of the right and left kidneys were determined using ultrasonography. Renal volume was measured using two different methods. The first method consisted of choosing automatic volume measurement in an ultrasonography unit. The volume formula of a prolonged ellipsoid (length × width × height × 0.523) was used in the second method. The real renal dimensions (golden standard) were measured during celiotomy and after necropsy, and the true volume of kidneys was calculated using water displacement. Linear regression analysis was used to determine correlations between renal dimensions and volume in ultrasonography with real ones. Results showed that renal dimensions and volume measured in ultrasonography were lower than actual measurements. There were positive and statistically significant correlations between renal volume in ultrasonography and actual renal volume. However, the correlation coefficient (r) of volume determined by the formula was greater than that of the automatic volume method, and its mean was closer to that of the real volume mean. There were also positive and significant correlations between renal dimensions measured with ultrasonography and those measured in real measurement. No significant difference was found between renal dimensions measured during celiotomy and after necropsy. These findings indicate that ultrasonographic measurements underestimated renal dimensions and volume, and the formula method provided more accurate results than the automatic volume method.

Intraosseous infusion is considered a useful technique for administration of medications and fluids in emergency situations when peripheral intravascular access is unsuccessful. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of intraosseous (IO) versus intravenous (IV) administration of oxytetracycline for delivery of antibiotic to the central circulation in dogs. Four intact mongrel dogs weighing 15-20 Kg of both sexes between 1 to 3 years old received 20 mg/kg oxytetracycline intravenously. The animals were allowed to recover, and, after a two-week timeout period, each dog received the same antibiotic and dose as before through a femoral Jamshidi bone marrow needle. Blood samples were taken for antibiotic assay immediately before and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 24 hours after injections using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences between serum oxytetracycline levels comparing intraosseous and intravenous administration at all assay intervals. Serum levels of oxytetracycline after IV administration were significantly higher than those after IO injection at all time intervals but decreased significantly at 24 hours after injection. Peak oxytetracycline serum concentrations were achieved in IV (7.69±1.25 µg/ml) and IO (4.20±0.09 µg/ml) routs after 0.5 and 2.5 hours, respectively. However, Oxytetracycline levels were above therapeutic concentration by both intravenous and intraosseous routes. No side effects were observed in relation with the intraosseous administration of the drug. Thus, IO route appears to be practical and effective for the rapid delivery of oxytetracycline in dogs. In conclusion, oxytetracycline may be administered intraosseously when intravenous access is not possible.

Epidural anesthesia has been widely used as an adjuvant anesthetic technique in dogs due to its perioperative analgesia and reduction of general anesthetics requirements. This study aimed to compare the postoperative analgesia and cardiopulmonary changes following epidural injections of lidocaine, bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Fifteen healthy adult female dogs of mixed breed with an average weight of 12.76 ± 1.41 kg were randomly divided into three groups (lidocaine 2.5 mg/kg, bupivacaine 1 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 10 µg/kg body weight, with a final volume of 0.36 mL/kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and rectal temperature were assessed by vital signs monitoring before epidural injection and during surgery time and hourly up to 6 hours after the end of the surgery. Pain assessment was done by SDS, VAS and UMPS methods hourly, immediately after surgery for up to 6 hours. Heart rate at 2 and 3 hours after surgery was lower in the dexmedetomidine group compared to the other two groups. Comparison of respiratory rate in the three groups showed that the respiratory rate in dogs in the dexmedetomidine group at 1, 3, 4 and 5 hours was lower than in the bupivacaine group. There were no significant differences between the three groups in the first 2 hours after surgery in terms of pain assessment by mentioned methods. In the UMPS method, at 4 and 5 hours after surgery, bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine had better analgesia compared to lidocaine. At 6 hours, dexmedetomidine had better analgesia than bupivacaine. Based on the results, it was concluded that dexmedetomidine has a better analgesic effect than other drugs.

There are a variety of methods to induce anesthesia in animals. Oral anesthetic drugs are suitable for short-term restraint in most healthy animals. The aim of the present study was a comparative evaluation of the effects of anesthetic drugs ketamine, ketamine with acepromazine or midazolam as oral on vital signs, anesthesia duration, and neural reflexes in the cat. This study was performed on fifteen clinically healthy adult cats that were categorized into three equal groups A (alone ketamine), B (ketamine with acepromazine), and C (ketamine with midazolam). In group A; ketamine was administrated with a dosage 80 mg/kg oral once. In group B; first acepromazine was given 0.15 mg/kg and after thirty-minute, ketamine was eaten to cats. Group C was similar to group B; with the difference that midazolam was administrated 0.3 mg/kg instead of acepromazine. Group B had the lowest fluctuations in heart rate and group C was better for the influence on temperature and respiratory. There were no significant variations for neural reflexes; however, there was a significant difference for anesthesia duration between groups B (37.2 minutes), and C (37.4) with group A (26). Induction of anesthesia was better in groups B (14.6±1.4 minutes), and C (15.6±1.14) compared with group A (20±2.34). The time of first voluntary movement was recorded in minutes of 38.2±2.38, 43±2.43, and 44.8±3.27 for groups A, B, and C respectively. The oral administration of ketamine with midazolam or acepromazine is a better method than alone ketamine for induction of anesthesia in cats, because of the longer anesthesia duration and fewer muscle tremors.

Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine are the two new alpha-2 agonists available for use in veterinary anesthesia. These drugs are employed for sedation and premedication in small animals. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with acepromazine on sedation, cardiovascular function and electrocardiography in dogs. Sixty dogs were randomly divided into four equal groups. The dogs received one of the treatments of medetomidine (10 μg/kg), dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg), medetomidine (10 μg/kg) with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg) with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Sedation levels, heart rate, non-invasive arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature and electrocardiogram were carefully recorded in dogs up to 20 minutes after administration. Sedation scores were significantly higher in groups of medetomidine with acepromazine and dexmedetomidine with acepromazine, at 5 and 20 minutes in comparison to groups of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine alone. Comparison of sedation scores in each group showed a significant increase over time. The comparison of heart rate, within the groups, showed a significant decrease when compared with the baseline value. The respiratory rate showed a decreasing trend in all groups over time. The amplitude of the P wave decreased and the P-R and Q-T intervals increased during the evaluation period in all groups. Sinus arrhythmia, AV-block grade 1, and sinus arrest were seen after the administration of sedative drugs in all groups. In conclusion, it is inferred that the addition of acepromazine to medetomidine and dexmedetomidine increases the sedation level. Heart rate decreased in medetomidine and dexmedetomidine groups and the addition of acepromazine exacerbated this decrease. The combination of acepromazine with medetomidine and dexmedetomidine did not also reduce the occurrence of arrhythmias in the dog.

To evaluate the effects of Verapamil- Ketamine combination on heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, arterial blood pressure, blood gases and arterial blood pH, five apparently healthy mongrel dogs, three males and two females, weighing 15-20 kg and age between 1.5- 2 years old were selected. Verapamil (0.3 mg/kg, IV) was injected 10 minutes prior to ketamine administration (15 mg/kg, IV). All arterial blood samples were taken from left femoral artery before verapamil administration and were repeated at 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes intervals after induction of anesthesia with ketamine. In all animals the anesthesia and recovery were uneventful. The heart rate increased significantly at all times after anesthesia. PaO2 and mean arterial blood pressure decreased and PaCO2 increased significantly at 5 minutes and pH values declined at 5 and 15 minutes after anesthesia. Respiratory rate and body temperature did not reveal any statistically significant changes. On the basis of these results can be concluded all statistically changes in regard to PaO2, PaCo2 and blood pH were transient and use of a ventilator and supplementary oxygen would be useful in preventing them, however, before introducing of this combination in dogs, further research is recommended.

Many surgical complications and death is during anesthesia recovery. Accelerating the recovery process leads to lower problems due to rapid return to the physiological conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate doxapram effects on cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of recovery from propofol in dog. Twelve clinically healthy male mixed breed dogs were divided into two groups: control and treatment. All dogs were initially sedated by acepromazine. Thirty minutes later anesthesia was induced using propofol titration and maintained for 30 min using infusion of propofol. Immediately after propofol stoppage, 2 mg/kg doxapram was administrated intravenously in treatment group while, in control group, saline was administrated as same volume as doxapram. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, ETCO2, SpO2, noninvasive blood pressure were measured at 30 min after sedative injection, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min after induction of anesthesia and after complete recovery. Also, time of endotracheal extubation, time to first head lifting, time to first sternal recumbency, duration of recovery and quality of the recovery were measured. The main finding of this study was that doxapram, improves and hastens recovery about 30 min (p

In order to analyze the cecum-colon ecosystem and the treatment of the cecal impaction and hindgut acidosis, cecal cannulation is needed. It is essential to select a simple, fast and inexpensive cecal cannulation method. Because of different complications in general anesthesia, the standing surgery is known as a better option for the horse emergency surgery.
The objective of the present study was to design a simple, fast and inexpensive cecal cannulation method in standing horses.For the standing surgery, a new approach was designed and experimented on four horses.
For this purpose, at first a cannula with approximately 7cm, 2cm and 2.6cm in length, internal and external diameters, respectively was designed. Immediately before the standing surgery, the horses were sedated with xylazine (1mg/kg) and morphine (0.3 mg/kg). After incising the subcutaneous tissue, the external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles were opened by grid incision. The peritoneum was bluntly perforated and the abdomen was exposed. The muscles were separated only enough to permit one hand to enter the abdomen. The cecum was readily identified by palpation of the cecal base and the dorsoventrally oriented tenia. At this stage, a purse string was secured on the serosal surface of the cecum by nylon and a stab incision was made. Then the cannula was inserted into the cecum and the suture was tightened.
The surgery was successfully performed for all horses, however, some complications such as increasing body temperature, transient signs of colic, ileus, pneumoperitoneum, subcutaneous emphysema and necrosis of the borders of the skin in the sutural places were detected. All complications were alleviated by proper nursing management.
The surgical method was successfully terminated. Therefore, the method is recommended as a simple and inexpensive emergency surgical method for cecum in order to conduct different investigation, diagnosis and treatment techniques.

Accurate identifying and assessment of the degree of pain that the animal is suffering can be a challenge, and, control of painful condition is becoming an increasingly important part of veterinary medicine.
This study was carried out to compare different tools for postoperative pain assessment in bitches.
Ten adult mixed breed bitches were selected and randomly divided into two equal treatment and control groups. Anaesthesia was premedicated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg, IM) and induced with Sodium thiopental (6-10 mg/kg, IV). Halothane was used for maintenance of the anesthesia. Ovariohysterectomy performed in the two groups. Treatment group received 3 mg/kg of tramadol intramuscularly (i.m.) and control group received normal saline (equal volume with tramadol, i.m.) before the anesthetic induction. After operation the injections of tramadol and normal saline were repeated for every 6 hours in 7 days. The animals were monitored at hour 2, 3 and 4 after each injection and they were scored for signs of pain by two trained assessors who were blinded to the groups. The measured variables were pain assessment with different methods including Simple Descriptive Scale (SDS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and University Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS). Duration of anesthesia and duration of surgery, were also recorded.
There were no significant differences between the two groups in regard to analgesia that were measured based on VAS and SDS methods, but in UMPS method, analgesia was significantly better in treatment group. Among simple clinical criteria body temperature and respiratory rate did not show any significant alterations, but heart rate had significant changes between the groups.
The ability to quantify the degree of pain experienced by animals is an important aspect in the assessment of animal welfare; in addition, we concluded, that the great challenge for the veterinarians is the evaluation of postoperative pain in dogs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of analgesics, which have been used in veterinary medicine progressively, especially in recent years. It has been reported that NSAIDs may be associated with adverse effects which lead to some concerns about their using in stressful conditions including surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential adverse effects of ketoprofen following experimental tibial osteotomy in cats. To conduct the study 10 domestic short hair adult male cats were used. After restraining and routine preparation, the tibia of the right leg was exposed and separated using a gigli wire. Fixation was performed with intramedullary pin and fiberglass cast. After surgery, the animals received treatment of ketoprofen (2 mg/kg) or normal saline subcutaneously. Evaluation of the adverse effects of treatments in bone healing via radiographic analysis, gastric mucosa via endoscopic evaluation, and renal function and hemostasis via blood analysis, was done until 28th day postoperatively. The results of this study showed a significant lower callus formation in ketoprofen group compared to saline (P

Co-administration of anesthetics has been employed to decrease potential unpleasant effects associated with single drug.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of co-administration of ketofol with diazepam or midazolam in healthy dogs.
Six adult mix-breed male dogs were used. After sedation with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced with keteofol (KF; 1 ml contained 5 mg ketamine and 5 mg propofol), ketofol-diazepam (KFD), or ketofol-midazolam (KFM) (1 ml contained 5 mg KF and 2.5 mg diazepam or midazolam) randomly. All the dogs received the three treatments with at least one week interval.
The total dose of ketofol used for induction of anesthesia in KF (4.2±0.44 mg/kg) was significantly higher than KFD (2.27±0.6 mg/kg) and KFM (1.68±0.25 mg/kg). The total dose of diazepam and midazolam used in KFD and KFM was 1.00±0.25 and 0.73±0.10 mg/kg, respectively (p>0.05). The time needed for sternal recumbency, standing position and normal walking was longer in KFD and KFM compared to KF (p Co-administration of ketofol with diazepam and midazolam reduced the required induction dose and prolonged recovery in dogs. Diazepam and midazolam could attenuate the unfavorable effects of ketofol in some cardiorespiratory variables.

The objective of this study was to show the effect of silymarin on peritoneal adhesions in dog. Ten adult male and female dogs were divided into two equal groups randomly: control and intraperitoneal silymarin. A 10-cm midline laparotomy incision was made in all dogs. After entrotomy، the abdominal wall incision was sutured. Re-laparotomy was performed on the 30th postoperative day and adhesion formation was macroscopically graded according to the Nair classification and Adachi classification. Serum malondialdehyde and total antioxidant activity were determined. Adhesion scores in silymarin group were significantly (p<0. 05) greater than control group. The adhesion formation in silymarin group was more extensive and denser than control group. Silymarin might not be absorbed from the peritoneal cavity and act as a foreign substance. The serum concentration of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant activity was not different between control and silymarin groups significantly. Thus، silymarin does not have any benefitial effect on peritoneal adhesions، in local administration.

Fifteen healthy adult male dogs were divided into 3 groups: vitamin C (Vit C), glycerol formal (GF), and curcumin (Cur). Fifteen days after right nephrectomy, the left kidney vessels were exposed. Vit C (100mg/kg), GF and Cur (10mg/kg) were administered intravenously Ten minutes before ischemia. Clamps were removed After 45 minutes of ischemia and the animals were euthanized 48 hours thereafter. The kidney was removed immediately and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and thiol (-SH) levels were determined. Histopathological examinations were also performed. Percentage of tubular necrosis in group Vit C, GF and Cur was 7.12±1.86, 8.35±2.26 and 4.62±2.28 respectively. There was no significant difference in tubular necrosis (P≤0.05). Urinary casts in GF group was significantly more than other groups (P≤0.05). Tissue CAT activity and MDA levels was significantly further in Vit C and GF group respectively (P≤0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in tissue Thiol levels between three groups (P≤0.05). In conclusion, the administration of curcumin has limited protective effects on main renal ischemia- reperfusion injury.

A 3 year old native cow was referred to surgical division in teaching hospital of veterinaryfaculty in Shahid chamran University on March 18, 2004. The general condition of the cowwas normal. The owner complained that a large bulge was seen on the right side of his cow from two days ago. The blade of knife had perforated the skin between 10th and 11th ribs. The right flank exploratory laparotomy was performed using inverted L local anesthesia by lidocaine 1%. After incision of the skin and muscles, exploration could not be completed because of sever adhesion and profuse bleeding due to blunt dissection of adhesion issues surrounded the knife. It was confirmed that the knife located in the small intestine. The knife was removed from the entrotomy incision. The wall of intestine sutured in two inverting layers and penicillin and streptomycin were administrated 2 times daily for 5 days. The follow-up of the case was not possible because the village of the owner was very far from the hospital and we could not get in touch with him by phone.

A five-year-old male Doberman pinscher with an oval-shaped mass in the left side of thorax, respiratory distress, and an impairment of the use of the left forelimb was referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of ShahidChamran University in Ahvaz. Radiographs were taken. The abnormal mass was removed by radical surgery. Histopathological examination confirmed the occurrence of a well-differentiated canine osteosarcoma. The case was re-examined after approximately 15 months, which revealed a large mass in the left side and metastases in the right thoracic wall and lung. The decision was taken to euthanize the patient and a necropsy was performed. The recommended treatment for canine osteosarcoma is the removal of the primary tumor followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, but recurrence is common.

Improved learning needs a balanced study schedule, reliable resources, continuous efforts and appropriate methods of the studying. The aim of this study is to investigate the learning styles and sources of curriculum. Methods & Materials: This Descriptive analytical study covered 326 students that were selected.The data were collected using questioners and then analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS statistical software. The students referred to libraries once a week, 83% of students preferred pamphlets to prepare for final exam. 91% were completely prepared for final exam. 55.3% were less informed about critique-learning method. There was a weak correlation between the hours of study and reading times per day. (1%. R=27% p=0.00 n=302) It is suggested to hold learning workshops for both students and professors on studying methods and learning styles.

Identifying research obstacles, assessment of faculty members’ ability in research skills and faculty members’ satisfaction of research services are essential in research promotion. The present study aimed to evaluate research obstacles and satisfaction rate of educational services in Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The research was a descriptive-analytic study and statistical population was the faculty members of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. 175 faculty members were selected as the study samples. Data collection procedure was by a questionnaire. Data processing and statistical analysis was done by SPSS soft ware via descriptive statistics, T-test, and unilateral variance. In personal obstacles lack of time, treatment of patients, teaching, etc. were dominant, and organizational obstacles were lack of access to resources and advice. Faculty members’ ability was more in statement of a problem, literature review, and search in the electronic sources. However, their skill in data processing and statistical analysis was medium or low. The difference between the average obtained in the organizational obstacles was significant (t=7.92, P=0.00) in personal obstacles was insignificant (t=1.78, P=0.07). It seems that organizational obstacles create more difficulties than personal obstacles. It's necessary to reduce such obstacles considering the structure of an organization

Bone defect that is created by trauma, fracture and tumor removal or cysts is a major problem in orthopaedic surgery. Cancellous bone autografts and recently bone marrow have been considered as a material for promoting bone formation. The purpose of this study was pathological and paraclinical evaluation of autogenous cancellous bone graft and autogenous bone marrow for filling a 2.5 cm segmental bony defect. Fifteen adult dogs with an average age of 37.2 month and weight of 19.42 kg were surgically treated to create diaphyseal defects in the right ulna. The defects were filled with autogenous bone marrow in group 1, were grafted with autogenous cancellous bone in group 2 and were not filled in group 3 as control group. Cancellous bone was harvested from iliac crest by a chisel and a curret. Autogenous bone marrow was obtained by aspiration with a needle through the tip of the greater trochanter into the medullary canal of femur. The animals were under observation for 13 weeks and then euthinized and tissue sections prepared for pathological study. All the animals were followed paraclinically for 5 weeks. The study showed no significant difference among three groups based on the parameters of R.B.C., P.C.V. and Hb. There was significant difference among three groups based on the parameters of W.B.C., neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, monocyte and band cells in all postoperative days. Calcium, phosphorous and magnesium showed no significant difference among three groups and among post and preoperative days. Alakaline phosphatase slightly increased after operation (that can be related to osteogenic activity of osteoblasts) but the difference among three groups and difference among post and preoperative days was not significant. In pathological assessment compact bone, mature haversian systems and a little spongy bone were observed in group 2. The similar results were observed in group 1, but the haversian systems were not mature as in group 2. New bone was formed by intramembraneous ossification in the cancellous bone group and by intramembraneous and endochondral ossification in the bone marrow group. Connective tissue and a little immature bone formation were observed in group 3. The results of this study showed that the autogenous bone marrow as well as cancellous bone graft can be used for filling segmental bone defect but the rate of osteogenesis is slightly lower.