فهرست مطالب علی عیسی زادگان

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive hope enhancing training and social skills training on reducing female high school students’ fear of negative evaluation and safe behavior. This semi-experimental study employed pretest- posttest design with control group. For data collection Leary social phobia safety Behavior scale (SPSBS) and Pinto-Gouveia Salvador Brief fear of Negative Evaluation scale (BFNE) were used. The data were evaluated on the basis of scores located above the cut-off point. then Participants were randomly assigned into three groups (i.e., 15 students received trainings on cognitive hope enhancing, 15 students received trainings on social skills, and 15 students were considered a control group).The experimental groups received cognitive hope enhancing training and social skill training for eight 90-minute sessions hold once a week; while the control group did not receive any training. result Univariate analysis of covariance demonstrated that cognitive hope enhancing training and cognitive social skill training was effective on reducing students’ fear of negative evaluation and safe behavior .However, there was no significant difference between the two kind of training methods. According to the findings of the present piece of research work, it is suggested that the cognitive hope enhancing training and social skills training be offered as in-service trainings of schools counselors.

Objectives :

This study aims to assess the structural relationship of decision-making and stress coping styles with suicidal ideation among second-year high school students, mediated by varieties of inner speech. 

Methods:

 This study uses the structural equation modeling (path analysis). The study population includes all high school students in Saqqez county, Iran in 2020-2021. Of these, 423 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The Beck Scale for Suicide Thought, Scott and Bruce’s General Decision-Making Questionnaire, Lazarus and Folkman’s way of coping Questionnaire, and the varieties of inner speech questionnaire-revised  were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using path analysis in SPSS software, vesion 19.

Results:

 The results showed that 22% of the variance in suicidal ideation was predicted by independent variables (F=9.15; P≤0.01; R2=0.22). The results of regression analysis showed that among the decision-making styles, dependent (r=0.150, P≤0.01), avoidant (r=0.289, P≤0.01), and spontaneous (r=0.259, P≤0.01) styles had a direct relationship with suicidal ideation, while the rational style (r=-0.151, P≤0.01) had an indirect relationship. Among the stress coping styles, the confrontative (r=0.189, P≤0.01) and escape-avoidance (r=0.449, P≤0.01) styles had a direct relationship with suicidal ideation, while the problem-based styles of re-appraisal (r=-0.178, P≤0.01) and social support (r=-0.131, P≤0.05) had an indirect relationship. Among the varieties of inner speech, the presence of other people (r=0.238, P≤0.001) and evaluative/critical (r=0.247, P≤0.001) had a direct relationship with suicidal ideation, while  positive/regulatory (r=-0.165, P≤0.01) had an indirect relationship.

Conclusion:

 The relationship of decision-making and stress coping styles with suicidal ideation among high school students can be mediated by inner speech styles. The present study has important implications for the study and prevention of suicide. Psychologists and clinicians should teach decision-making and stress-coping techniques to adolescents and consider their inner speech varieties.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and emotional regulation (ER) on health anxiety and cognitive-emotional representations (CER) of recovered Covid-19 patients. The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The research population included all those infected with the Covid-19 who visited health centers. By convenience sampling 75 of these people were selected, replaced randomly assignment in the experiment and control groups. The test of health anxiety and CER was performed in the pre-test and then, the ACT and ER was implemented in 8 sessions of 60 minutes (online). The obtained data were analyzed through the multivariate covariance test. The use of ACT had an effect on health anxiety in the post-test stage, but on reducing the perception of illness in the post-test stage, the test had no effect. ER had an effect on both of them.  It seems that the ER had a more effective result than the Act and it can be used in health and clinical centers to improve these patients.

Transcranial direct electrical stimulation is a non-invasive neuromodulation stimulation technique with good tolerance and no side effects in the treatment and improvement of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, which effectively modulates cortical excitability. However, there is still no strong and sufficient evidence for the use of this treatment method in adolescents with obsessibe- compulsive disorder.

The present study was aimed at the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on the Self-conscious Affections of Shame and Guilt and the disgust sensitivity of Adolescents with obsessibe- compulsive disorder.

In this research, the experimental method was used as a single case method with a continuous measurement design and different subjects. The statistical population of the present study included all teenagers suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder who were referred to Yas Counseling Center in Tabriz in 1400, and 4 of them were selected by purposive sampling and based on the protocol of Green et al (2020) they underwent ten sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation twice in a week for 20 minutes each time. Subjects in the baseline stages, the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and one-month follow-up sessions with disgust sensitivity scale (Heidet, McCauley, and Rosin, 1994), guilt questionnaire (Kugler and Fons, 1992) and shame questionnaire (Cohen, Wolff, Penter and Insko, 2011) were evaluated. For data analysis, a visual drawing method, reliable change index, percentage of recovery, and percentage of non-overlapping data were used.

The results showed that transcranial direct electrical stimulation has a significant effect on reducing feelings of shame and guilt and disgust sensitivity in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (RCI≥1/96), and the therapeutic effects are maintained in the follow-up phase.

Adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder who were treated with transcranial direct electrical stimulation experienced less shame and guilt and less disgust sensitivity. It is recommended to use this method in the treatment of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

One of the most important factors that have been considered in marital relationships is the sexual relations and sexual functions of couples such as sexual function and sexual self-expression, which if not properly realized can lead to many problems in married life and themselves. Show in the form of various marital problems (1). Among sexual issues, the term sexual fulfillment is defined as a psychosocial feeling defined by a person's personal interpretation of how his or her feelings are expressed in a marital relationship (4,5). In this regard, the study of Zarenejad et al. (1398) showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between low sexual fulfillment and sexual dissatisfaction (7).However, many factors affect sexual fulfillment, including the role of intimacy, violence, and attitudes toward sexuality (11). But one of the most important variables that plays a role in this is sexual self-expression, which is the ability to express feelings, beliefs, thoughts and rights in a logical way (12). In this regard, the results of the study of Westimer and Laporte (2018) indicated that the sexual function of couples is strongly influenced by sexual relations and their sexual expressions; Because sexual expression and dialogue of couples about sexual issues, sexual desires and preferences (14).There are few studies on sexual issues and sex education in men and many men feel ashamed and guilty of raising and talking about their sexual issues and problems, so their problems in the form of anxiety, depression, They show sleep disorders or problems and diseases of the genital tract. In addition, many men are unaware of its effect on marital dissatisfaction as well as dissatisfaction with their lives (15). Therefore, providing sexual interventions and training is very important due to awareness, education and treatment.

The research method of the present study, according to its subject, was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The sample of the present study included 40 people from the statistical population (90 people) who were selected based on the available sampling method and taking into account the entry and exit criteria. And were randomly divided into 2 groups of intervention based on sexual intelligence (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). Then, they completed the Halbert Sexual Achievement Index (HISD) and Apt (1992) questionnaires and the Snell et al. (1988) Spouse Sexual Self-Expression Scale before, immediately after, and one month later. Admission criteria were: completing the consent form to participate in the training program, not having psychological problems, minimum diploma literacy to answer the questionnaires and exit criteria were: having psychological problems, taking psychiatric drugs and Refusal to participate in the training program.

The results of statistical analysis in the present study showed that in the variables of sexual fulfillment (P = 0.006, P = 0.001) and sexual self-expression (F = 211.510, P = 0.001) between three different stages of measurement There is a significant difference.The results of Bonferroni test also showed that the difference between the scores of the variables in the pre-test and post-test stages as well as the pre-test and follow-up stages was significant (P <0.01), while the difference between the post-test and follow-up stages was significant. Not significant (P> 0.01). This finding means that sexual intelligence intervention training not only increased male sexual fulfillment and sexual self-expression in the experimental group, but also had a lasting effect in the follow-up phase. As a result, the research hypothesis that sexual intelligence intervention training has an effect on sexual fulfillment and sexual self-expression of couples (men) was confirmed.

The results of the present study showed that education based on sexual intelligence is effective on sexual fulfillment and sexual self-expression of male couples. In this regard, the results of Martha et al. (2011) showed that the provision of sex education had a significant effect on the promotion of healthy sexual behaviors in married students (20). In explaining these findings, it can be said that sexual intelligence is a set of internal resources that allows a person to relax, be present in the moment, communicate, react to arousal in different situations, create a physical and emotional bond with a sexual partner and has a component. Information and awareness are emotional, sensory and verbal skills, body awareness and cognition, and comfort and satisfaction (17). In fact, by training sexual intelligence, people become more assertive in expressing their emotions. In this regard, Reed and Saunders (2020) report that people with self-expression skills are not shy and can express their feelings clearly, directly and without violence, aggression and insults. It is very difficult for some people to express emotions, especially love. This is while self-expression is highly correlated with love, affection, attention, trust and understanding. Thus, lack of sexual arousal causes a sexual problem to persist for a long time; Because it will not be resolved until the issue is discussed and may lead to sexual dissatisfaction (29).Therefore, it can be said that sexual intelligence training by increasing the correct information from reliable sources, increasing awareness about knowing your body, increasing sexual self-awareness of your sexual personality, makes people develop emotional skills and the ability to communicate honestly and effectively. Mind, consciously regulate their emotions and even increase sexual conversations with their sexual partner (5). In these trainings for couples, it was repeatedly emphasized that "increasing communication" and "friendship" are the key aspects of sexual intelligence. Thus, sex education leads people to feel more empowered in their sexual fulfillment and on the other hand to show a lot of sexual self-expression (19).

Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that cause problems to millions of people every year, and the present research aims to predict the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder based on over-anxiety, experiential avoidance, and BIS/BAS brain-behavioral systems among those who refer to service clinics. The psychological survey of Urmia city was carried out in 2021.

The method of conducting this descriptive (non-experimental) research and the research design was a correlation. The statistical population of this research was all the visitors to Urmia's outpatient clinics from June to September 2021. Using the available sampling method, 218 people were selected. To collect data, the Short Scale of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Meta-Worry, The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and the Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Questionnaire were used. In this research, in order to test relations, parametric tests of Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Regression were utilized, and to analyze the data SPSS software was used.

The results of the present study revealed that there was a significant relation at the 0.01 level between meta-worry and generalized anxiety disorder and experiential avoidance and behavioral inhibition systems (BIS) and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. However, no relation was observed between the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Also, the regression results showed that meta-anxiety predicts 28%, experiential avoidance 7%, and behavioral inhibition 4% of generalized anxiety changes.

In explaining and treating generalized anxiety disorder, factors such as meta-worry, experiential avoidance, and behavioral inhibition system should be considered.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mind-wandering in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs with psychological distress in students. The present study is basic research in terms of purpose and a correlational study in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study was all the students of the Azad University of Tehran Central Branch from four faculties (Psychology and Educational Sciences, Arts, Political Sciences, and Management) in 1401, of which 200 people were selected through random-cluster sampling. Research questionnaires included: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10, Kessler & et al, 2002), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ, Wells, & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and the Mind Wandering Scale (MWS, Carriere & et al, 2013). Path analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the path analysis indicated that the model fit in well. The findings showed that metacognitive beliefs and mind-wandering were directly related to psychological distress (p<0.001). Also, the components of metacognitive beliefs were able to predict psychological distress in students indirectly through mind-wandering (p<0.001). It can be concluded that mind-wandering plays a mediating role between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress in students, and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interaction with each other in programs to improve students' mental health.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of sexual intelligence training on erectile function and marital adjustment of male couples. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all couples (men) with symptoms of sexual dysfunction who had been referred to counseling centers in Naqdeh city in 2020, Using the purposeful sampling method, 40 people were selected and randomly placed in two groups of 20 people. In this research, the experimental group received sexual intelligence training and received two sessions per week in the form of nine 45-minute sessions. Also, the participants completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF, Rosen et al., 1999) and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Graham Spanier, 1976) before and after the training. The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measures showed that sexual intelligence training had an effect on sexual performance (F = +172.359, p = 0.001) and marital adjustment (F = 130.690, p = 0.001), and this effect remained stable during the follow-up period. According to the findings of the present study, it seems that the role of sexual intelligence courses in reducing erectile dysfunction and increasing marital adjustment of men should be considered.

Emotional processing and destructive lifestyle are among the components that impact drug abuse; However, interventions for improving the emotional processing and lifestyle of addicts have received less consideration. Therefore, considering the mechanism of the impact of compassion-based therapy and its effectiveness on the component's risk of recurrence, might this intervention be effective on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts?

The aim of the present study was to the effectiveness of compassion therapy intervention on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase.

The quasi-experimental research design was pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of this study included all addicts who had received a diagnosis of opioid dependence in 2021 at addiction treatment clinics in Urmia. The sample size consisted of 30 Subjects of adolescents (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The statistical population was selected by the available sampling method and placed in two groups. The compassion therapy intervention was implemented for the experimental group, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments included the Lifestyle Scale (Lali et al., 2012) and the Emotional Processing Scale (Backer et al., 2007). Finally, Data were analyzed using the Repeated Measures ANOVA.

The results showed that compassion therapy intervention had a significant effect on lifestyle components and emotional processing (P< 0.001). So that the scores of physical health, exercise and fitness, weight control and nutrition, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drug avoidance, accident prevention, and environmental health increase, and scores of suppression, Lack of emotional experience, symptoms of lack of emotional processing, lack of emotion regulation and avoidance had a significant decrease in the post-test phase and the change in scores in the follow-up phase was stable.

According to the results, it might be concluded that compassion therapy intervention improves lifestyle (Physical and psychological health, daily activities, and diet) and emotional processing (Management and processing of emotional information) in addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase.

Today, the occurrence of emotional failure in people can lead to dysfunction in various areas. Therefore, this research considered the role of emotional schemas in predicting love trauma syndrome in people with emotional failure. The research method was descriptive-post-event and used the correlation (regression) method. At first, the emotional schemas questionnaires and love trauma syndrome were modified online, and then through links were sent to emotional failure people in the age of 18to38 years in a purposeful method in 2020-2021 in Isfahan city. Then, 89 people were grouped into three levels, data were analyzed, using diagnostic analysis method, and their scores in love trauma syndrome indicators as criterion variables and their scores in emotional schemas as predictor variables. The findings indicated the achievement of two diagnostic functions that only one diagnostic function was able to significantly explain the variance of the formed groups with the appropriate eigenvalues. Among the constructs of emotional schemas; uncontrollability, simplistic view of emotion, and feeling of shame/guilt, respectively, had the highest structural coefficient. The results of this research showed that people who experienced emotional failure have more emotional schemas, which hinders the resolution of the emotional failure experience

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationships of perfectionism with marital satisfaction: the mediating role of psychological flexibility and metacognitive beliefs. The design of the present study was a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study was all married people in Shahr Nazak in 2021. 270 people were selected for this study using the available sampling method. Research tools include the Perfectionism Questionnaire (PI, Hill et al., 2004), Psychological Flexibility (AAQ-II, Bond et al., 2011), Metacognitive Beliefs (MCQ, Hutton & Wells, 2004), and Enrich Marital Satisfaction (EMS, Olson, 1999). Data were analyzed using path analysis. The fit indices indicated an excellent fit of the data with the modified model. Positive perfectionism and negative perfectionism had an indirect effect on marital satisfaction (p< 0.001) since these effects were estimated through the variables of psychological flexibility and metacognitive beliefs. Therefore, their mediating role in the relationship between negative and positive perfectionism and marital satisfaction was confirmed (p< 0.001). From the above findings, it can be concluded that since marital satisfaction is affected by the variables of perfectionism, metacognitive beliefs, and psychological flexibility, so in couple psychotherapy, these variables should also be considered.

The present research aimed to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention on craving and emotional processing in substance-dependent individuals in the non-pharmacological rehabilitation phase.

The current research was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all substance-dependent men in addiction treatment clinics in the city of Urmia in 2020. Among them, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The participants of both groups completed the craving scale-short form and the emotional processing scale in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The experimental group underwent mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention in eight 60-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any training during the treatment. The data were analyzed by the repeated-measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention had a significant effect on reducing craving and emotional processing, and this effectiveness also remained stable in the two-month follow-up period.

Findings of this study provide useful information concerning mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve craving and emotional processing in substance-dependent individuals in the non-pharmacological rehabilitation phase.

Psychological research and real-life reports indicate that one of the pervasive issues in today's society is the occurrence of emotional failure. This issue can lead to dysfunction of people and affect their mental health. A more in-depth investigation of this issue requires conducting research that has not been the focus of researchers in this field in current studies.

Considering the current research gap, this study seeks to examine the role of the quality of interpersonal relationships and communication beliefs in predicting the occurrence of love shock syndrome caused by emotional failure.

This research is a descriptive-post event study that was performed using the regression method. For this purpose, first, the quality of interpersonal relationships questionnaires (Pierce, & etal, 1991), communication beliefs (Aidelson & Epstein,1982), and love trauma syndrome (Ross,1999) were created online and then through links for people with experience of emotional failure in the age 18to38 years was sent in a targeted manner in Isfahan city. After reviewing the data,89 individuals were included in the analysis. People according to the scores in the Love Trauma Syndrome Questionnaire in three groups (less than9; no emotional failure (A), between 9 to 19; emotional failure with the ability to heal spontaneously (B) and 20 and above; people with emotional failure need therapeutic intervention (C), and their scores on love trauma indicators as property variables and their scores on quality, interpersonal relationships and communication beliefs were considered as predictor variables of group membership by diagnostic analysis method.

The results indicate the achievement of two diagnostic functions that the first diagnostic function significantly was able to the variance of the groups(P<0.05). Among these, the structures of gender differences, interpersonal conflict with friends, and the depth of interpersonal relationships with friends, Respectively, they had the highest structural coefficient in predicting the incidence of love trauma syndrome in people who experienced emotional failure.

The results of this study showed that people with the experience of emotional failure and love trauma syndrome have a lower quality of interpersonal relationships (higher conflict and lower interpersonal relationships with friends) and have more communication beliefs (gender differences). Based on the obtained results, effective relationship training is recommended to the general population by experts in the field of mental health.

The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS), which primarily underlie emotions and behaviors, are associated with Illness Anxiety Disorder. However, the reasons behind these associations require further exploration.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) in explaining the relationship between Brain / Behavioral Systems and Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD). It is hypothesized that Brain / Behavioral Systems and Intolerance of Uncertainty interacting with each other lead to IAD. However, despite the importance of this model, not enough research has been done in this regard.

The method of this research was descriptive (non-experimental) and the research design was correlational and structural equations. The target population was clinical and it included all patients (male and female) referred to psychological and psychiatric centers in Urmia city. The sample included 200 anxious clients which were selected by purposive sampling method (diagnosed by a psychologist or psychiatrist) and responded Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) and Behavioral Approach System and Behavioral Inhibition System Scales (BAS / BIS).

Findings indicate that BIS with effect coefficients of 0.340 and 0.519 and the BAS with effect coefficients of -0.219 and -0.233, respectively, have a positive and negative effect on IAD and IU. Also, IU with a coefficient of effect of 0.414 has a direct and positive effect on IAD. The t-statistic for indirect path coefficients is greater than 1.96 and the significance level is less than 0.05, which indicates the significance and confirmation of all indirect coefficients in the research model (t≥1.96; p≤0.05). Precisely, the findings indicate that the BIS and BAS with indirect effect coefficients of 0.215 and -0.097 due to mediation of IU have a positive and negative effect on IAD, respectively.

It can be concluded that the activity of Brain /Behavioral Systems and IU are effective mechanisms in the persistence of IAD and considering these relationships might be beneficial in the etiology and treatment of people with IAD.

The research has shown that the psychological distress is an important risk factor in pathogenesis of the functional dyspepsia. It severely affects the quality of patients’ life regarding psychological processes in the field of pain and visceral stimuli. However, there is a lack of structural models among the literature for predicting the quality of life based on psychological distress considering the effect of mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing.

The purpose of this study is investigating the relationship between the psychological distress and the quality of life in functional dyspepsia considering the effect of the mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing.

The method used in this research is the model of “correlation of structural equation modeling”. The statistical population of the model consists of 363 patients with functional dyspepsia who referred to gastrointestinal clinics in Isfahan selected using the “convenience sampling method”. Nepean dyspepsia index (Talley et al., 1999), depression, anxiety and stress scale (Sahebi et al., 2005), chronic pain self-efficacy questionnaire (Besharat, 1387), short form -McGill pain questionnaire (Kachooei et al., 1394), visceral sensitivity index (Pourtavakoli et al., 1397) and pain catastrophizing scale (Sajjadian et al., 1391) are used to acquire data. The data are analyzed using the developed structural equation model and the smart-PLS software.

The results obtained by the developed model shows a strong overall fit (GOF= 0.857) and the general structure of the tested relationships is confirmed by the obtained data (NFI= 0.907 and SRMR= 0.056). All indirect coefficients in the model are considered as significant with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05. Also, all direct coefficients are significant excepts the direct effect between the quality of life and both the visceral sensitivity and the pain self-efficacy with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05.

The results of the present research demonstrate that the quality of life has significant relations to the psychological distress through pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. The findings of this model help to understand the effect of psychological distress on the quality of life of patients with functional dyspepsia and considering these relationships can be of great importance in the etiology and treatment of patients.

Latest neuro-cognitive frameworks claimed that working memory and cognitive flexibility as the main feature of executive functions (EF), were affected by worry and intolerance of uncertainty. Considering that the role of cognitive functions in understanding and treating emotional disorders has received less attention of researchers, it seems to be a major research gap to focus on these novel aspects.

The purpose of this study was to compare the working memory and cognitive flexibility in individuals with high/low levels of worry and intolerance of uncertainty.

The method of this study was causal-comparative. A sample of 500 individuals were chosen availably and were screened with Pen-state worry questionnaire (PSWQ) (Meyer et al, 1990) and intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS) (Freeston et al, 1994) and 50 individuals were selected by targeted sampling in high levels of worry and intolerance of uncertainty, as well as 50 other individuals in low levels. Finally, they undertook computerized Stroop (Ridely, 1935) and N-Back tests (Kirchner, 1958).

The multivariate analysis of variance results, indicated a significant difference between working memory with F=417/49 and cognitive flexibility with F= 30/27) P= 0.001(.

The findings revealed that working memory and cognitive flexibility in individuals with high levels of worry and intolerance of uncertainty had a significant drop. Therefore, further considerations on this issue can be effective in treatment plans.

The aim of this study was to compare health anxiety, Difficulties in emotion regulation, and metacognitive beliefs in people with and without skin diseases. This study was a comparative study and the statistical population of the study included all people with skin disorders who were referred to dermatologists in Urmia in the period 1997-98 and Unimportant people in Urmia. Sampling in this study was purposeful and 100 people (50 people with skin disorders and 50 Unimportant people) were selected by this method. Data were assessed using the Health Anxiety Inventory (18-HAI) (Salkovskis & Warwick, 2002), the Emotion Difficulty Questionnaire (DERS) (Gritz & Roemer, 2004), and the Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ-30) (Wells, 1997). , Was collected. The obtained data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance. The results of this study showed health anxiety, difficulty in regulating emotion, and metacognitive beliefs (positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about thought control, cognitive uncertainty, need for thought control, and cognitive self-awareness) in people with and without diseases. There is a significant difference in skin level at the level of 0.05 (P <0.05). These findings indicate that health anxiety, difficulty in regulating emotion, and metacognitive beliefs are among the variables associated with skin diseases and are seen differently in people with skin diseases than in the non-skin group. . Accordingly, psychological training can be used to modulate vulnerable psychological characteristics in this group of people.

Internet addiction is a behavioral disorder that has devastating effects on the lives of people with disabilities, especially female students. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between boarding school types, attachment styles and emotional processing with Internet addiction among female high school students in Urmia.

The research method of the present study was descriptive-correlation.The statistical population included all female eleventh grade high school students in Urmia in the academic year 2016-2017.375 people were selected by cluster random sampling method. Data collection instruments included "Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire", “Attachment Styles Questionnaire”, "Emotional Processing Questionnaire" and  InternetAddictionTest". Validity has been confirmed in previous studies. The reliability of the instruments was calculated by the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 21.

There is a significant inverse correlation between boarding school types and Internet addiction (-0.437).Also, there is a direct and significant correlation between attachment styles and Internet addiction, and the avoidance style has the highest correlation coefficient (0.292). Among the emotional processing styles, imbalance variables (-0.241), decomposition (-0.239), impulse control (-0.227), harassment (-0.389) and repression (-0.131)They had a significant inverse correlation with Internet addiction. In addition, the variables of circadian types, attachment styles, and harassment styles together were able to explain 36.9% of the total variance of the Internet addiction variable.

Circadian types, attachment styles and emotional processing predict the internet addiction. Therefore, in order to reduce Internet addiction, health care providers can better understand the nature of Internet addiction by focusing on the variables of the present study and take the necessary measures to prevent female students from developing this disorder.

The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between scientific epistemological beliefs, motivation of learning (surface - deep) and conception of learning. A total of 339 students of basic during the academic year 2015-2016 at Urmia University, Iran, were selected through stratified random sampling for this study. The present study is descriptive and correlational. The total number of the population consisted of 2926 students. The following questionnaires were used in order to collect the data: Scientific Epistemological Beliefs Scale (SEBs), Motivation Learning Scale (MLS) and Conceptions of Learning (COLS). Pearson coefficient and regression were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between scientific epistemological beliefs and constructive conception of learning. However, there was not any significant relationship between scientific epistemological beliefs and reproduced conception of learning. Nor was there any significant relationship between reproduced conception of learning and motivation of learning. Nevertheless, a positive and meaningful relationship was observed between science constructive learning and motivation of learning. Besides, regression analysis results indicated that scientific epistemological beliefs play a meaningful role in predicting the conception of learning. However, motivation of learning did not predict the conception of learning. The results of this study showed that scientific epistemological beliefs through conception of learning play a important role in students\' motivation of learning.

Functional dyspepsia is a group of gastrointestinal disorders in which the psychological symptoms play a significant role in their incidence.

The aim of this study is determination of the relationship between psychological distress and physical symptoms of functional dyspepsia with the mediating role of pain-related mental imagery, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy.

The present study is conducted using the descriptive cross-sectional method. The statistical population includes all patients with functional dyspepsia referred to gastrointestinal clinics of Isfahan in 2021-2022. The statistical population consists of 363 people who are selected by the convenience sampling. Instruments include Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Nepin Dyspepsia Index, Chronic Pain Mental Image Questionnaire, Visceral Sensitivity Index, Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Software such as smart-PLS, SPSS-23 and descriptive indices and structural equations are used for data analysis.

Results showed that the direct path of psychological distress (0.329), pain-related mental imagery (0.396) and pain catastrophizing (0.234) to physical symptoms were significant. Also, the indirect paths from psychological distress to physical symptoms through the mediating pain-related mental imagery, pain catastrophizing, and self-efficacy on pain-related mental imagery and visceral sensitivity on pain-related mental imagery with values of 0.052, 0.231, 0.058 and 0.246 respectively had significant relations.

The results show that the pain-related mental imagery, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy play a mediating role between the psychological distress and physical symptoms of functional dyspepsia. It is suggested that these factors are included in patients treatment plans to reduce recurrence, exacerbation of symptoms and burden of the disease.

Narcissism is a complex trait that reflects exceptional self-centeredness and social selfishness and is associated with negative social consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of narcissism with respect to the predictive role of childhood trauma and cognitive distortion. The research design was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included students of Urmia universities in the first semester of the academic year 2020-2021 that 285 students were selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method and in order to collect information on self-obsessed and child personality assessment tools Noorbakhsh harassment and cognitive distortions complemented Abdullahzadeh and Salar. The results of correlation coefficients showed that narcissism has a positive and significant relationship with childhood trauma and cognitive distortion. Also, the results of using multiple regression analysis showed that narcissism is significantly explained by childhood trauma and cognitive distortion and cognitive distortion has the highest predictive power for narcissism. The findings of this study suggest that childhood trauma and cognitive distortion can play an important role in the etiology of narcissism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of working memory rehabilitation and cognitive-paracognitive strategies on visual memory and memory span in the elderly.

The research method of this study was a quasi-experimental in the form of pretest - posttest with control group. The statistical population of this study included all the elderly who lived in Bukan Nursing Home from April to July 2019 (N = 120). Forty-five elderly people (three groups of 15 people) were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to three groups: first experimental, second experimental and control group. Kim Karad Visual Memory test and Wechsler Memory Span were performed on groups in pretest. Then working memory rehabilitation and cognitive-metacognitive strategies were performed. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance test (MANCOVA) according to its assumptions.

The findings showed that cognitive-metacognitive rehabilitation and working memory rehabilitation had a positive and significant effect on different types of memory. (p <0.001). Also the results of Bonferroni test for comparing the means showed that working memory rehabilitation had more effect on dependent variables than cognitive-metacognitive rehabilitation (p <0.001).

The results showed that working memory rehabilitation and cognitive-metacognitive strategies had a positive and significant effect on the visual memory and memory span of the elderly and improved their memory abilities.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Morita therapy on quality of life and pain intensity in older adult women with chronic knee pain. The research method was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included the older adults with chronic knee pain in 1399 in the period of June to August in Tabriz. The sample consisted of 30 female patients aged 60-70 years with chronic knee pain who entered the study by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 patients each group). The research instruments included the WHO Quality of Life - BREF questionnaire (WHO, 1996) and the intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain questionnaire (Hawker et al, 2008). For the experimental group, Morita therapy was held for nine 90-minutes sessions one day each week. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that Morita therapy significantly increased the quality of life and its components and reduced pain intensity in the experimental group. According to research results, Morita therapy can help increase the quality of life and reduce the severity of pain in older adult women with chronic knee pain and can be used as an effective and complementary method along with other common therapies.