فهرست مطالب علی نصیری

The present research was conducted with the aim of designing the development model of entrepreneurial business model in small and medium-sized enterprises. This research is an exploratory type of research and in terms of the method of collecting information and data; it is field and descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included experts, management professors and students with experience in entrepreneurship and managers of sports clubs as small and medium-sized enterprises. Participants were selected purposefully. According to the research objectives and theoretical saturation, 17 people were present in the qualitative and interview part of this research. Also, the statistical population in a small part included management professors, entrepreneurs, sports club managers and management students. The size of the statistical sample was determined using Morgan's table of 384 people, and finally 280 correct questionnaires were collected. In the qualitative part, the interviews were completely recorded and converted into writing, and then the researcher reviewed the conducted interviews and coded them. The results of interview coding and confirmatory factor analysis showed that five factors including branding, social network, strategies, tourism and entrepreneurial thinking are effective on the development of entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized organizations. Also, the branding component with the path coefficient (0.315) had the greatest impact on the development of entrepreneurship. The results of the present research help the managers of sports clubs to develop their services by using entrepreneurial tools to promote success and remain in the competitive arena.

In this work, some experimental results as the behaviour of hard X-ray (HXR) and soft X-ray (SXR) signals related to Argon plasma in a Mather-type plasma focus device (MTPF) 5KJ, is presented. Experiments have been carried out in a range of working pressure and voltage of 14kV. The signals from the Rogowski coil detector, PIN diode and Ne102 plastic scintillator are recorded and analyzed. The optimum operating pressure is in the range of 3–4 torr. The best pinch was recorded at 3 torr pressure, and the most essential soft and hard X-ray was recorded at 3.5 torr and 3 torr pressure, respectively.

Acknowledging that preventing accidents and natural disasters is not always feasible, the presence of a well-prepared hospital can significantly mitigate fatalities and injuries resulting from such events. This study aimed to evaluate the readiness of naval hospitals in responding to accidents and natural disasters.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019-1400 at three selected Navy hospitals using Heydaranlou et al.'s (2015) functional preparedness tool for handling natural disasters and accidents.

Hospital A scored 465, Hospital B scored 442, and Hospital C scored 378, placing them in the average range (60%-41%). The study assessed 17 dimensions across the hospitals. Hospital A excelled in risk assessment and rapid warning systems with a perfect score (100%), while Hospital B lagged in security preparedness with a score of 13.91%. Hospital C demonstrated weak recovery capabilities post-disaster with a score of 27/27, falling within the weak category (40%-21%). Hospital A scored exceptionally well in risk assessment (100%) but poorly in security preparedness (2.27%).

The evaluation of the three naval hospitals indicates they are moderately prepared compared to civilian hospitals. The findings suggest a focus on hospital accreditation standards. Collaboration among these hospitals could enhance preparedness, reduce costs, and improve future evaluations to achieve higher scores.

The primary radiation rays in focal plasma is a soft X-ray. Pin diode detectors are generally used to measure soft X-rays in an integral and time-lapse manner. PBX65 can be mentioned among the most common pin diodes used in soft x-ray detection of miniature generators. This article uses attenuating filters (beryllium and aluminum) to measure soft X-rays in front of the pin diode spectrometer channels. In addition, the effect of thickness on soft X-ray intensity has been investigated experimentally. Finally, the lower thickness of the filter shows a higher transmission of X-rays. There are several factors in photodiode response and X-ray efficiency measurement of devices. The geometry of the filter maker, quantum efficiency of the photodiode, absorbers like the device, and production of X-rays from the working gas of the device. The effect of these factors has been investigated in this article.

Storytelling is a successful method that the Holy Qur'an and the Prophets, peace be upon them, have used many times in their preaching work. In this article, as a model, the Qur'anic story of "The Cow of the Children of Israel", which is briefly mentioned in Surah Al-Baqarah and in detail in narrative and commentary books, has been selected and analyzed the dramatic elements in the said story. Finally, it is concluded that first of all, the Holy Qur'an has mentioned only a part of this story by melodious expression, so as not to deviate from the principle of guidance which is the ultimate goal of this divine source towards storytelling. Secondly, this story is mentioned only in Islamic sources and there is no mention of it in the current Torah and Bible. Thirdly, this story consists of at least seventeen elements of dramatic elements (plot, character, primary balance, inciting incident, plan, obstacle, conflict, suspense, tying knot, surprise, crisis, climax, dialogue, place, time, secondary balance and subplot ) has And it can be a suitable source for creating an artistic work. Fourthly, the most dramatic element that can be seen in the Holy Quran is dialogue and part of the conflict of the story.

The surface modification of St37 steel irradiated with two different plasma regimes was investigated and compared. At first, using a plasma focus device, the interaction of high-energy nitrogen ions, colliding with the specimen in a pulsed manner (in nanosecond time scale) was studied. Then, the interaction of nitrogen ions with the specimens in the glow discharge plasma regime was investigated. Using SEM, EDS and XRD Analyses the morphology changes of the samples were studied. The SEM images show that small, dense and abundant bubbles (about 100 nm) were created by the pulsed plasma source on the surface of the specimens. On the other hand, the glow discharge plasma has created blisters with a size between 0.5-2 micrometers on the surface of the samples. The XRD results indicate the chemical reaction of nitrogen ions with iron in the glow discharge plasma regime. Also, the Vickers hardness test results illustrated that the hardness of the samples increased significantly.

Quranic allegories are one of the characteristics of Quranic expression that so far, researchers have extracted various dimensions of this explanatory method by addressing the subtle points of literary and rhetorical methods, methods of conveying concepts, aesthetic and phenomenological aspects and their educational manifestations. However, in a holistic view, a significant "connection" can be achieved between these allegories, so that this connection will develop the meanings of each allegory in their communication network. The present study seeks to achieve a conceptual network in such allegories by basing the representation of Quranic allegories under the concept of "action". To examine the changes in the representation of these allegories, the method of semiotic analysis, which is mostly used as an approach to textual analysis, has been used. A feature of this method is attention to structural analysis. This type of analysis involves identifying the components of a semiotic system, such as a text, and determining the structural relationships between them. In the present study, it was found that the studied allegories in changing their representation show signs of growth and expansion of the effects of action, in different dimensions and at different levels, in both positive and negative parts, with schemas of consolidation, coherence, structure, enclosure and basis. Different images are represented.

Background and objective:

 This study aims to analyze the network governance of safety and disaster management in Tehran by examining the laws of the fourth development plan and emphasizing the participation of key actors, including government institutions, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and local communities using social network analysis.

Method:

 In this study, 22 laws with 101 issues were extracted from the fourth development plan, and 47 involved organizations, including 26 internal institutions of Tehran Municipality and 21 external institutions involved in the safety and disaster management program in the areas of transportation/traffic, urban safety/worn-out fabric, cultural/social issues, and intelligentization/management improvement were evaluated. The organizations and institutions were considered as the rows and columns of the governance network matrix, and the number of times of cooperation between organizations and institutions was considered as the entries of cells of the matrix. The matrix of actors’ cooperation network was analyzed based on the degree centrality, betweenness centrality, geodesic distance, density and cohesion.

Results:

 The results of the analysis of the governance system of Tehran city showed the planners’ belief in participatory governance for solving the safety and disaster management issues of the city. However, the participation of citizens, local communities, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector requires improvement and expansion of legal cooperation such that the lack of transparency in determining the roles, responsibilities, and powers of external institutions of Tehran Municipality, such as executive, legislative and supervisory institutions, and absence of policies for facilitating and encouraging the participation of private sector, economic institutions, universities, scientific and research centers, local communities and citizens need to be addressed by legislators and planners. They should support the network governance in solving disaster management issues in Tehran.

Conclusion :

The recommendations for improving the governance system of disaster management in Tehran for balancing the distribution of legal power among the responsible institutions and actors of Tehran’s safety and disaster management program include: Strengthening the cooperation of municipal and inter-institutional actors to solve key issues of safety and disaster management; strengthening the communication network and continuously exploiting the capacity of academic elites and consultants; strengthening the mechanisms for the participation of citizens, non-governmental organizations and the private sector; rising awareness and strengthening citizens’ trust in safety and disaster management programs using social media, developing incentive policies to utilize the capacity and participation of knowledge-based organizations and new and creative firms in solving safety and disaster management issues; developing incentive policies for the participation of managers and employees; strengthening the legal communication of financial and economic institutions and financing projects; and transparency and accountability of responsible institutions.

In this paper, a system for detecting sleep deprivation of the driver was designed and constructed. Designed system is different from the systems that were previously implemented. There are many environmental factors that affect driver sleepiness, which can prevent driver sleepiness by measuring them and analyzing data. In this system, the relevant sensors are used to measure environmental parameters. An alert system is also used as a system output to alert the driver and his relatives if he / she detects a driver's sleep hazard before he / she is completely sleep-infected. In this method, fuzzy analysis is used to analyze the data obtained from environmental sensors. . The system is made up of sensors that minimize contact with the driver's body and thus do not interfere with driving, and works well at any time. One of the other features of this system is that, by checking the driver's environment, it will detect the driver's fatigue and sleepiness, depending on the conditions and before the person is fully drowsy

Bioterrorist incidents and the epidemic of emerging and re-emerging diseases highlight the necessity of preparation for countries more than ever. Due to the biological threats nature, managers and employees of healthcare centers are the first people to face the consequences of a biological attack. Therefore, the healthcare system must make the necessary preparations to deal with biological threats. One way to prepare is to do various exercises in this field. The aim of the current study was to identify dimensions and components of hospital exercises to Preparedness for biological incidents and threats.

Data were collected through library and internet searches in electronic sources including Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, GoogleScholar and SID using the keywords of research, preparedness against incidents and biological threats, and hospital exercises program between 2000 and 2022. Collected data were analyzed by MAXQDA v18 software.

The findings of the study consist of 9 dimensions: 1) Leadership, command, and coordination, 2) Communication, information management, and information, 3) Planning and formulation of protocols, 4) Development of scenarios, training, and types of exercises, 5) Overcapacity and resource management, 6) Exercise organization and human capital, 7) Exercise implementation and response operations, 8) Safety and security, 9) Retrieval, evaluation, and lessons learned, and 31 components as well.

According to the results obtained in this study, hospitals must implement each of the 9 dimensions and 31 sub-components carefully and in detail for the correct implementation of the biological practice.

The issue of seeing God Almighty has long been disputed among Muslim thinkers. Whether it is possible to see God with external eyes in this world and the hereafter is a matter of dispute. One of the verses that the proponents and opponents of vision have argued to prove their claim is verse 103 of Surah An'am. Those who agree argue that this verse is a praise of the Lord, and the praise applies If he is really visible, and the word Absar is plural, meaning that all eyes do not see God, but it does not negate that some eyes do see God. Also, in the hereafter, God will create a sixth sense for man to see God. Opponents of vision have also argued; According to the previous verses and the last paragraph of the verse, not seeing God Almighty with the eyes of the head is actually a praise of God. Also, perception, because it is related to the word Absar, means vision, and the verse has denied this type of vision. In our opinion, this verse clearly negates seeing God with the eyes.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema-therapy and reality-therapy on psychological flexibility and emotional self-regulation of preschool teachers in Shahrekord.

The statistical population was all preschool teachers in Shahrekord, from which 45 people were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and 1 control group (15 people each). The research measurement tools included questionnaires of psychological resilience (Bond et al., 2011) and emotional self-regulation (March, 1983) which were completed in three stages: pre-test, post-test and 3-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that only schema therapy had a stable effect on adjusting the mean scores of psychological flexibility (P<0.05); However, both schema therapy and reality therapy methods had a stable effect on increasing the mean scores of emotional self-regulation (P <0.05).

It was concluded that two methods of group schema therapy in the first place and group reality therapy in the second degree can be used to improve the psychological flexibility and emotional self-regulation of preschool teachers.

The covid-19 pandemic, one of the complex situations with high uncertainty in decision-making, has faced a crisis in socio-economic systems for more than two years. Municipalities are considered as key crisis management organizations due to the wide variety of services they provide to citizens. The current research, by designing a soft system intervention, has developed the crisis management system of the Tehran municipality for the covid-19 pandemic by using the combined approach of soft systems and social network analysis.

First, the measures of crisis management of Tehran municipality were investigated and the actors and knowledge axes of crisis management of Tehran municipality were identified. In order to analyze the power position of actors in the cooperation network; The two-dimensional matrix of actors-actions of formation and cooperation network of crisis management was analyzed based on the indicators of degree centrality and betweenness centrality. Next, a combination of actors was selected and based on the design of a soft system intervention, the situation of the problem was analyzed and an rich picture of the problem was drawn. Then, according to Parsons' theory of social systems, the system was analyzed from political and structural, economic, social, cultural, and legal perspectives, and based on the CATWOE analysis, a relatively agreed root definition was considered, and the components of the ideal system according to the analysis The stages of crisis management including the ideal system before the crisis, during the crisis and after the crisis were identified and the development model of the Covid-19 pandemic management system was designed.

In general, the findings indicate that the cooperation network of activists has a high density and cohesion, however, it seems that the position of some activists needs to strengthen the position of power in the crisis management structure. In comparing the current system and the ideal system of pandemic crisis management, the solutions have been presented according to the analysis of crisis management stages, including the targeted activities of developing the system before the crisis, during the crisis and after the crisis agreed upon by the participation of key actors.

Considering that the performance of crisis management during a pandemic is highly dependent on the level of preparedness before the crisis, it is expected that according to the components of the ideal system before the crisis and during the pandemic and targeted activities The development of the system on how to prepare and respond to similar crises in the future should be considered by city managers and crisis management policy makers in Tehran. In addition, on the eve of the recovery stage after the corona pandemic crisis, the attention of city managers to maintain a critical and rethinking position of urban management experiences in the covid-19 pandemic is more important than ever.

Regional anesthesia with mild effects on vital organs is a common method of anesthesia that increases the competence of surgery. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding magnesium, neostigmine, and fentanyl to ropivacaine alongside placebo on motor-sensory block properties in lower extremity surgeries under spinal anesthesia.

This current triple-blind clinical trial study was conducted on 100 patients who were candidates for lower limb surgery at Kashani Hospital in Isfahan during 2020-2021. These patients were randomly divided into four groups of 25 cases: Group1: ropivacaine plus fentanyl, Group2: ropivacaine plus magnesium sulfate, Group3: ropivacaine plus neostigmine and in the fourth group: ropivacaine plus 5% sugar solution that was injected into the cerebrospinal fluid space from L3-L4. The time of activity initiation and duration of sensory and motor block, and the maximal block height were recorded in all groups. Also, pain during recovery and the occurrence of common complications such as nausea, vomiting, hypotension) were evaluated and analyzed.

There is no significant difference between all groups in terms of the time interval between injection and motor block, sensory motor return, sensory block, and maximal block height and frequent distribution of nausea, vomiting, and hypotension. The shortest time interval between drug injection and sensory block occurred in ropivacaine plus fentanyl group. At the same time, the shortest length of stay in recovery was observed in the placebo group with ropivacaine. The lowest pain intensity was significantly recorded between 30 and 60 minutes of recovery in the fentanyl and neostigmine group compared to the other three groups.

Fentanyl, magnesium sulfate, neostigmine, along with ropivacaine, improved the onset of regional anesthesia with better anesthetic quality, but increased recovery time by reducing the consumption of analgesics compared to placebo. However, it seems that according to these data, a combination of ropivacaine with fentany in spinal anesthesia could be a better alternative for inducing a faster sensory block and controlling pain.

Various traditions have been narrated about the Islam of Abū Dharr, which do not agree with each other. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method. He has studied the tradition of bringing Islam of Abū Dharr in Rawḍah of Kāfī and has examined its Isnad and the content. Therefore, it has been concluded that, The tradition of bringing Abū Dharr to Islam, although it has been quoted in historical sources, but In hadith sources of Shia In two different ways by Kulaynī in the Rawḍah section of Kāfī and Șadūq are mentioned in Amālī. Not only the content of the tradition is not rejected but also with Isnad of tradition analysis and following in the narrated evidences and examining the meaning of the narrative text and paying attention to the basis of the predecessors in selecting the hadith and the conditions of the beginning of Islam and the existence of meaning is received in the tradition that the possibility of a surprising event was obvious to Abū Dharr and is far from any exclusion.

The present study was conducted at the Research Farm and Greenhouse of Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Ardabil during two successive years (2018-2019). For the aeroponic system an experiment was set up as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates. There were three experimental treatments viz: seedlings of three potato cultivars (Agria, Caeser, and Banba), chemical fertilizer (fertilizer application and no fertilizer application), and three bacterial combined inoculants (without inoculation as control, Pseudomonas putida, Azospirillum lipoferum, and Azetobacter chroococcum). In the second year, a trial was set up under field conditions as factorial based on RCBD (completely randomized block design) using two factors in three replications. These factors included mini-tubers of potato cultivars (Agria, Caeser and Banba) produced in aeroponic culture and PGPRs (without PGPRs and PGPRs inoculation including Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, and Azetobacter). The results of factor analysis based on studied traits in in the aeroponic culture experiment showed that in weight and number of mini tubers, number of stems, number of stolon increased by application of chemical fertilizer and plant height and stolon length due to biological fertilizer application. Among cultivars, cv. Banba showed the highest yield (number and weight of minitubers 162,1135 g,)  with chemical fertilizer application. According to the results of factor analysis of field experiment, the use of A. lipoferum significantly increased the number of tuber, tuber weight, number of stems and growth indices of total dry weight, tuber dry weight, crop growth rate, tuber growth rate and leaf area, and A. chroococcum had an increasing effect on plant height and number of stolon.In field experiment, the highest yield (number and weight of tuber were 24,800 g,) according to traits and growth indices in Agria cultivar with application of A. lipoferum bacteria. Based on the current research findings, chemical fertilizers application in aeroponic cultivation and treating with A. lipoferum in field improve potato yield.

Trihalo-methanes have been identified by the Cancer Research Institute as a carcinogen for humans. Considering that in Haft Rousta project, the source of drinking water supply is groundwater and water of Darood Zan dam and disinfection used is chlorine, this study was conducted to determine the concentration of trihalomethanes in drinking water of Haft Rousta project. The present study was conducted in the spring and summer of 2017. For this purpose, three villages (Abbasabad, Majd Abad, Kemar Zard) from Marvdasht city of Fars with a total of 9 stations were selected and the amounts of chlorine, pH, temperature, total organic carbon and trihalo methane were measured with three replications in water samples. The average concentration of trihalomethane compounds in this study was estimated to be 39 mg / l for Abbasabad village, 38.6 mg / l for Kemar Zard village and 39.7 mg / l for Majd Abad village. The highest recorded concentration was calculated in Majd Abad village with a concentration of 73 mg / l. The mean concentrations of chloroform, bromoform, bromodium chloromethane and dichloromethane and totality of halo methanes in network water in spring 1996 were 22.25 7 7.98, 11.42 90 3.90, 7.43 7 2.72, 51, respectively. 5.95 2 2.2, 47.06 15 15.70 mg / l in summer 96 are equal to 14.69 4 4.11, 7.55 99 1.99, 4.93 51 1.51, 1.49 3.95 ،, 31.13 97 7.97 mg / l were calculated. Due to the concentration of trihalomethane in the drinking water of the study area, the possibility of trihalomethane compounds due to the consumption of the studied waters is very low and the presence of this pollutant in this danger does not affect consumers in any age group.

Psychological capital is a positive construct and indicates the latent readiness and capacity for individual change and consists of components such as self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience. These four components work synergistically to help a person adapt more easily to life, community, and the workplace and achieve success. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema, therapy and reality therapy on the psychological capital of preschool teachers in Shahrekord.

The statistical population was all preschool teachers in Shahrekord, from which 45 people were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and 1 control group (15 people each). The research instrument was the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Lutans et al., 2007) which was completed in three stages: pre-test, post-test and 3-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the two methods of schema therapy and reality therapy had a stable effect on the average scores of total psychological capital and the components of self-efficacy, hope and optimism (P <0.05). ETA coefficients for psychological capital were 0.432 and for self-efficacy, hope and optimism were 0.265, 0.207 and 0.151, respectively.

It was concluded that both schema therapy and reality therapy methods, in terms of their multifaceted structure and content, have almost the same value as the ability to improve psychological capital and the components of self-efficacy, hope and optimism, and can be He used these two intervention methods for preschool teachers.

Optimization of mineral nutrition in aeroponic systems is one of the most significant factors in producing high-quality and high yields of healthy seed tubers in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The present study was conducted at the Research Farm and Greenhouse of Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Ardabil during two successive years (2018-2019). For the aeroponic system an experiment was set up as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates. There were three experimental treatments viz: seedlings of three potato cultivars (Agria, Caeser, and Banba), chemical fertilizer (fertilizer application and no fertilizer application), and three bacterial combined inoculants (without inoculation as control, Pseudomonas putida 169, Azospirillum lipoferum OF, and Azetobacter chroococcum 5). In the second year, a trial was set up under field conditions as factorial based on RCBD (completely randomized block design) using two factors in three replications. These factors included mini-tubers of potato cultivars (Agria, Caeser and Banba) produced in aeroponic culture and PGPRs (without PGPRs and PGPRs inoculation including Pseudomonas putida, Azospirillum lipoferum, and Azetobacter chroococcum). Results of the aeroponic culture revealed that the largest and highest mini-tuber numbers was produced by cv. Banba and the greatest number of stolons and number of days to tuber set belonged to cv. Caeser due to nutrition by chemical fertilizer. Compared with fertilization treatment, combined bacterial inoculation increased the plant height. Among the cultivars tested, plants of Caeser was significantly taller. The highest number of stolon was produced in cv. Banba. Regarding the field experiment results, inoculation of cv. Agria and Banba with A. lipoferum caused a drastic increase in tuber numbers, and inoculation with P. putida resulted in significant increases in tuber numbers in cv. Banba. Agria and Caeser produced the largest tubers when were inoculated with A. lipoferum and the greatest tuber dry weight for Agria was obtained when was inoculated with A. lipoferum. Caeser had the highest mean number of branches among cultivars. Based on these findings, chemical fertilizers application in aeroponic cultivation and treating with A. lipoferum in the field-grown plants may improve potato yield.

Free will and determinism are among the topics discussed among commentators. This article, considering the definition and role of human power in explaining human actions` state of being deterministic or optional and using the method of presenting the interpretation of the Qurchr('39')an to the sound religious theological principles taken from verses and hadiths, has explained the role of human power in actions from the perspective of Fakhr Razi and Allameh Tabatabai with regard to the verse 125 of An` ām. According to Fakhr Razi, in addition to the human will, human power is created by God from beginning to the end of action, so it has no effect on human action and expansion of bosom and closeness of bosom, therefore, would be taken as the motivation given by God. While, according to Allameh Tabatabai, the effects of power and will are caused by man and effective in achieving action, but since the existence of man depends essentially and actually on God, this effect is also ultimately originated from God. The meaning of the verse mentioned, then, is very far from Fakhr Razichr('39')s claim. The result of Fakhr Razichr('39')s view is determinism, while, that of Allameh Tabatabaichr('39')s view is amr bayn amrain.

Iran always exposed many chemical events and threats. Although, chemical events not common, they cause widespread and severe casualties. Hospital preparedness for these events has an important role in reduced morbidity and mortality. This study has attempted to develop a comprehensive and operational model of hospital preparedness against chemical events and threats in order to address existing challenges in hospitals and to fill the gaps.

A qualitative approach was used to identify the dimensions and factors affecting hospital preparedness and through content analysis, 37 semi-structured face-to-face interviews with managers, experts and victims of chemical disasters were analyzed. In the third stage, the extracted components from the previous stage were presented as initial model and validated by Delphi method. Finally, after validation of the initial model, the final model was explained and presented.

Qualitative study findings included 9 themes: hospital risk assessment, management and organization, human resource empowerment, law, coordination and communication, documenting and recording, socio-cultural origins, hospital contamination, and challenges. Each of these themes had several categories and sub-categories. Following a Delphi step, all questions reached a percentage of agreement above 75%. Drawing the relationships of the final extracted themes formed the initial conceptual model of hospital preparedness against chemical events and threats.

The present study showed that a model-based preparedness plan should be designed based on hospital capacities, hospital preparing level, up to date knowledge, personal protective equipment and adequate decontamination. Avoiding Security chemical events and raising the risk perception of managers, officials, and people will provide the basis for hospital preparedness. Followed by reduced the various undesirable consequences of chemical accidents.