علیرضا حسینی کاخک

Introduction and MS is the most common cause of neurological disabilities among young adults. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and Pilates on some physical performance in women with MS.
 This research was semi-experimental and 33 women with MS participated (EDSS between 1 and 4). They were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Exercises were done for eight weeks, three sessions a week. The resistance training group started leg flexion and extension movements, rowing, butterfly, leg press and crunches from the intensity of 40% of a maximum repetition and increased it to 60% of a maximum repetition after eight weeks. The Pilates training group also trained for 60-70 minutes three times a week for eight weeks, and the control group did not have any training. During the training, movements increased from three stations to 10 and sets from one to three. Endurance and muscle strength, balance and flexibility were evaluated before and after the training period. One-way ANOVA test to compare indicators between groups and paired t-test were used for intra-group changes. Tukey's post-hoc test was used to determine of the mean difference between the groups (P<0.05).
Statistical analysis of the findings showed; Compared to the control group, eight weeks of resistance training and Pilates caused a significant improvement in strength, muscle endurance and balance indicators. Flexibility in Pilates exercises and balance index in resistance exercises had a better effect (P<0.05).
Discussion and According to the results, it is possible to suggest Pilates and resistance exercises as an effective way to improve motor function to MS patients.

Purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of CT order on Myostatin and Follistatin serum levels, physical fitness and functional capacity in postmenopausal females. Methodology was Clinical Trial. 33 postmenopausal women (age50 to 60 years) were randomly assigned into three groups: Aerobic -Resistance training (A+R; n=11), Resistance- Aerobic training (R+A; n=10) or Control group (C; n=12). Training interventions were performed for 8-week, 4 times a week. Statistical analysis (RM-ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The outcomes of the study showed that there was no significant difference in (BMI) and Myostatin and Follistatin between the three groups (p> 0.05). The percentage of reduction in the BMI was higher in (A+R) group and the percentage of reduction in the Myostatin and Follistatin was higher in (R+A) group but was not significant. There was a significant difference between groups Compared to the control group in body upper muscular strength and endurance (p <0.05). There was a significant increase in muscular strength and endurance in both training groups (p <0.05) but there was not a significant difference between exercise orders. The percentage of reduction in the body upper muscular strength and endurance was higher in (R+A) group but was not significant. In Results It seems that there was no significant difference between the different orders in the mentioned variable and postmenopausal women can use both exercise orders in order to increasing upper body strength and endurance and Prevent to increase Myostatin and muscle loss.

 The loss of muscle mass in older adults is attributed to the impaired ability of the skeletal muscle in response to anabolic stimuli and the increased activation of the proteolytic signaling pathway. With increasing age, plasma concentrations of circulating anabolic hormones and growth factors, e.g. testosterone, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3) are also diminished. Resistance Training (RT) promotes positive adaptations that attenuate the harmful effects of aging. The aim of this investigation was evaluation the impact of RT with Low Load (LL) and high load (HL) on the testosterone, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 levels and functional adaptations in older women.

 A total of 28 older women (Mean±SD age: 63.14±2.51 y) eligible to participate in this study were randomly assigned into three groups of RT with Low Load (RT-LL) (30٪ 1RM [one repetition maximum test]), RT group with High Load (RT-HL) (80٪ 1RM) and control group. Both training groups performed the exercise until fatigue. The minimum number of repetitions for the RT-LL group was 20 and for the RT-HL group 8. The RT program was executed three sessions per week for 8 weeks. Testosterone, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, lower body muscular strength, and muscular endurance of the subjects were measured before and after the intervention.

 No significant changes were observed in testosterone, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels after 8 weeks of RT (P>0.05). Both training groups significantly increased the lower body muscular strength and muscular endurance (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two RT groups (P>0.05).

 Based on the study findings, RT-LL until the fatigue may affect performance adaptations resulting from exercise and provide an appropriate alternative to RT-HL in older people.

Peripheral diabetic neuropathy is one of the most commonly diagnosed microvascular complications of diabetes, which due to impairment in the deep sensory performance, decreases in balance and strength and muscular endurance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of combined training on physical performance and body composition in type 2 diabetic women with peripheral neuropathy. In this quasi-experimental study, 33 women with diabetic neuropathy were divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control). Training groups performed combined aerobic-resistance exercises for 12 weeks, 3 times a week with specific volume and intensity. The program of training group 1 was resistance training with 2-3 sets, 10-12 repetitions for each exercise in 4-5 station and aerobic interval with 70- 55% maximum heart rate for 30 to 45 minutes. For group 2, the exercises were similar to the first group, with this difference that the resistance training was performed for 8 to 10 station and the aerobic training for 15 to 22 minutes. The control group did not participate in any training program. Before and after interventions, physical function, body composition and blood samples were measured in all subjects. The data were analyzed via repeated measurements of ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test with a significant level of p<0.05. The results showed the significant improvement in balance after 12 weeks of training in experimental group 2 compared to 1 and control groups (p<0.05). Also, the maximum power, muscular endurance of the lower limbs and maximum oxygen consumption in experimental groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than control group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the blood parameters (fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, insulin, insulin resistance), body mass index, weight, waist circumference and body fat percentage (p<0.05). Combined training with two different volumes can improve physical function and body composition in diabetic neuropathic patients. However, the combined training with the dominant resistance showed more impact. Therefore, in order to improve the performance indicators, it is recommended for diabetic neuropathy patients, to use combined programs with dominant resistance training, if they have no limitation.

Size and strength of skeletal muscles are reduced during aging. It seems research on potential interventions that can reduce the loss of function is very important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of combined exercise with and without blood flow restriction on serum levels of myostatin, folinolatin and IGF-1 in the elderly women. 40 older women with ranging from 55-70 years were randomly divided into four groups, 1) combined exercises with a blood flow restriction, 2) low intensity exercise without blood flow restriction, 3) combined exercise with high intensity without blood flow restriction and 4) control group. The Training program included resistance and aerobic training in eight weeks (three sessions per week). Serum levels of myostatin, follistatin and IGF-1 were measured before and after the training period. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of training protocols. The significance level was set at P <0.05. There was a significant difference among the groups in serum follistatin and myostatin levels (p = 0.0001). Although there was a significant increase in the pre-post test level of IGF-1, there was no significant change in the level of IGF-1 among the groups (p>0.05). The use of combined exercise with vascular occlusion in elderly women leads to positive effects of anabolic agents in preventing muscle atrophy. It is recommended that combined exercise includes in the training program for elderly women.

MS is the most common cause of neurological disabilities among young adults. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and Pilates on some physical performance in women with MS.

 This research was semi-experimental and 33 women with MS participated (EDSS between 1 and 4). They were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Exercises were done for eight weeks, three sessions a week. The resistance training group started leg flexion and extension movements, rowing, butterfly, leg press and crunches from the intensity of 40% of a maximum repetition and increased it to 60% of a maximum repetition after eight weeks. The Pilates training group also trained for 60-70 minutes three times a week for eight weeks, and the control group did not have any training. During the training, movements increased from three stations to 10 and sets from one to three. Endurance and muscle strength, balance and flexibility were evaluated before and after the training period. One-way ANOVA test to compare indicators between groups and paired t-test were used for intra-group changes. Tukey's post-hoc test was used to determine of the mean difference between the groups (P<0.05).

Statistical analysis of the findings showed; Compared to the control group, eight weeks of resistance training and Pilates caused a significant improvement in strength, muscle endurance and balance indicators. Flexibility in Pilates exercises and balance index in resistance exercises had a better effect (P<0.05).

According to the results, it is possible to suggest Pilates and resistance exercises as an effective way to improve motor function to MS patients.

  One of the most common challenges for human physiological system is exercise. Therefore, the aim of this study was determining the effect of different types of exercise on endocannabinoid system agents such as anandamide (AEA) and 2-arsidonyl glycerol (2-AG). In this clinical trial study, 32 young men (19-25 years old) volunteered from among students of Islamic Azad University of Babol, who did not have any regular sports activities. They were randomly divided into four groups of eight persons. After having the same breakfast, the subjects’ blood were taken before and after short time aerobic exercise (running training with oxigen consumption of 70% of maximal heart rate until full exhaustion), anaerobic exercise (running training with maximum intensity until full exhaustion) and resistance exercise (with 8 stations until full exhaustion). The control group did not do any exercise. The anandamide and 2-arsidonyl glycerol factors were evaluated by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, ANCOVA and paired t-test method. The results of this study showed that short time aerobic, anaerobic and resistance exercise did not have any significant effect on endocannabinoid system factors (p> 0.05). The results of this study showed that endocannabinoid system is not affected by different training methods until exhaustion

Mentally retarded individuals have poor physical fitness and inappropriate body composition. The purpose of this study was toinvestigate of effect of combined exercise training program on body composition and physical fitness in mentally retarded girls.Material and twenty twosubjects from a private rehabilitation center (age: 22-30 years, intelligence quotients= 50-70) were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The training protocol included strength and aerobic training, eight weeks, three sessions per week, and each session 90 minutes. Part of resistance training included training with elastic bands and weight bearing resistance exercise (with respect of overload) and aerobic training included walking, jogging and rhythmic activities. Before and after training protocol body composition, general strength and aerobic power were measured. Data were analyzed using dependent and independent sample t-tests on gain scores, employing the SPSS statistical package program. The test significance level was taken as p<0.05. There were no statistically significant differences in weight (t=0.48, p=0.63), BMI (t=1.35, p=0.19), lean body mass (t= -0.23, p=0.81), fat body mass (t=0.91, p=0.37), and VO2max in Mc Ardle step test (t=1.7, p=0.1) and shuttle run test (t=-1.14, p=0.26) between groups, whereas muscular strength significantly increased (t=-4.56, p=0.001) in training group. Combined resistance and aerobic training can improve muscular strength in mentally retarded girls, whereas probably have no significantly effect on body composition and aerobic power. It suggested that exercise training program consider as a part of daily activities and curriculum in rehabilitation centers, and these training designed with longer duration and more intensity and consideration dietary regimen.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise with vascular occlusion and without vascular occlusion on Lactate Deydrogenase, Creatine kinase in young girls. Hence, in a crossover research design, 14 young girls (age: 21±1.2 yr and BMI: 23±3.9 kg/m2), with one-week washout period randomly allocated into three conditions: control (CON), resistance exercise with vascular occlusion (REVO) and without vascular occlusion (RE). The exercise consisted of one session of lower limb resistance exercise (Hack, leg extension and leg press), 3 sets until exhaustion. For REVO, proximal end of thigh fastened with elastic tourniquet thorough out the exercise. The exercise intensity in REVO and RE was 20-30% and 70-80% of 1RM, respectively. The blood sample were taken before, immediately and 30 minutes after exercise in order to measuring CK and LDH concentration. Data were analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (P

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of two exercise programs (respiratory muscles resistance and specific respiratory muscle) on physical and respiratory function in patient with asthma. In this semi-experimental study that was done in 2013-14, 23 asthmatic women who had the history of hospitalization in Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar City, Iran during 2006 to 2013 were selected by random sampling method and were divided randomly to three groups; respiratory muscles resistance exercise (weight training movement including lift, fly, bench press, lat pull down, crunch and rowing), specific respiratory muscle exercise (inhale against the resistance by using a especial device) and control. The trainings were performed for 8 weeks. All samples were examined for spirometry, strength, muscular resistance, and the maximum respiratory muscle strength before and after the exercise program. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS 18 software by ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests. Respiratory indexes FEV1 (p=0.038) and FVC (p=0.016) and also general strength (p=0.0001) and the respiratory muscles strength (p=0.001), were significantly increased in respiratory muscles resistance exercise group. Performing respiratory muscles resistance exercises can improve pulmonary function and strength and endurance of patients with asthma but it does not seem that using the training respiratory muscle device have any impress on improving this index.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of two resistance exercise protocols with slow and fast movements on some anabolic and catabolic hormones. Hence، in a randomized crossover design، 10 young men (age: 23. 3±1. 76 yr) were divided into 3 groups: control (Con)، resistance exercise with slow movement (SM)، and resistance exercise with fast movement (FM). Subjects performed 6 movements in 4 sets at 60–65% of 1RM. Blood sampling were taken before، immediately and 30 min. after the exercise. The results showed that both SM and FM significantly increased GH immediately after the exercise (250% and 200% respectively)، but there was no difference between SM and FM. In SM group، testosterone significantly increased immediately after the exercise. SM and FM had no effect on cortisol، insulin، and glucose. It can be concluded that SM has more effect on testosterone secretion compared with FM.

The purpose of present study was to examine the effects of caffeine and ephedrine supplement and their combination on maximal strength and mucular endurance in male bodybuilders. 12 male bodybuilders (mean age: 24. 41±4. 42 years، height: 174. 83±3. 61 cm and weight: 75. 67±8. 05 kg) were selected voluntarily. The study design was crossover، in which the subjects were placed in 7 different conditions of control (Con)، Ephedrine ((E)، 0. 8 mg/kg); caffeine ((C)، 6 mg/kg)، a combination of E + C (0. 8 mg/kg + 6mg/kg)، placebo 1، placebo 2 and placebo 3 (sarch powder as capsul) with a period of one week between each conditions. In each session، subjects performed a one repetition maximum (1RM) test for maximum strength and a 70 % repetition untill exhaustion test for muscular endurance in bench press and leg press. The data was analyzed using the Kolmogrov – Smirnov، repeated measrues ANOVA and Tukey post – hoc tests، at significance level of P<0. 05. The results showed that ephedrine and caffeine supplement caused significant increase in lower body strength (P<0. 05) and upper body endurance (P<0. 05). Also، combination of caffeine and ephedrine supplement caused significant increase in lower body strength and endurance (P<0. 05). In addition، caffeine and ephedrine supplement did not have any significant effect on upper body strength and lower body endurance. Caffeine and ephedrine combination had no significant effect on upper body strength and endurance. It can be concluded that male bodybuilders should consume ephedrine (0. 8 mg/kg) or caffeine (6 mg/kg) supplements for improving upper body endurance، and the combination of caffeine and ephedrine supplements for improving lower body endurance. All the three supplements can be used to improve lower body strength.

Overweight is associated with hormonal and inflammation changes. The acute effect of circuit resistance exercise on these inflammation factors in the obese persons and particularly in girls has almost been overlooked. The purpose of the present study was to examine the response of plasma leptin and CRP to one session of resistance exercise in over-weight girls. For this purpose, 10 healthy over-weight girls (age average: 20.44±1.5 years old, height: 160±4.8 cm., weight: 69±6.5 kg., BMI≥26.5 kg/m2, and fat percent: 37.3±3.6) were selected. Incremental circuit resistance training included 10 stations and three circles for which the subjects were trained with 40, 50, and 60 percent of 1RM, respectively. The rest between the stations and circles was 30 seconds and 2-3 minutes, respectively. The blood sample was taken before and immediately after training. One week later, the same samples were taken under similar conditions without training. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software V.11.0 and the data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Exercise did not cause a significant change on the plasma level of leptin (P=0.63), C-Reactive Protein (P=0.22) and red blood sell (P=0.64). However, exercise significantly increased white blood sell (P<0.05), and decreased hematocrit (P<0.05) and mean corpuscular volume (P<0.05). Executing exercise with higher intensity and periods and higher energy expenditure and/or exercising in fasting state can probably create more desirable changes in these variables which could be considered in future studies.

Ghrelin is a gut hormone predominantly produced by the stomach and, to a lesser extent, by other regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Ghrelin circulates in the bloodstream in two different forms: acylated (n-octanoylated) and unacylated (desoctanoylated or des-acylated). The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of intensity training on plasma ghrelin concentration in Male Rat. Forty adult Wistar male rats (8 weeks old, 280 ± 20 g) were used. Animals were randomly divided into four groups: high intensity (34m/min ~ %85-%90 Vo2max), moderate intensity (28m/min ~ %70-%75 Vo2max), low intensity (20m/min ~ %55-%65 Vo2max), and control groups. All experimental groups performed a 12 week exercise program consisted of treadmill running for 1 hr/day, 5 days/week and 0 gradient. After 12 weeks ghrelin produced was measured. Possible statistically significant differences between groups after intervention was determined by oneway ANOVA, and LSD test was used for a post hoc analysis. Ghrelin concentration increased significantly at high and moderate intensity groups (p<0.05). Data indicate that a higher plasma acylated ghrelin in the present study might be attributed to a liver and skeletal muscle glycogen and ATP deficiency and an incomplete energy sources recovery after last exercise session which was accompanied with overnight fast.