علیرضا رجایی

Post-COVID-19 neurological sequelae may have a long-term negative impact on cognitive functions and quality of life in recovered patients. Cognitive stimulation based on computer tasks combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising approach to address cognitive impairments and consequently improve the quality of life in these individuals. However, research literature on the effectiveness of this combined method has gaps that require further investigation.

This study aimed to compare the impact of cognitive stimulation based on computer tasks with and without transcranial direct current stimulation on the health-related quality of life in recovered COVID-19 patients.

This research was conducted in the form of a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The sample size of the study consisted of 45 patients recovered from covid-19 in Mashhad city, who were selected by available sampling method and randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 including computerized cognitive stimulation group, computerized cognitive stimulation combined with single-site anodal electrical stimulation (tDCS) and computerized cognitive stimulation with artificial electrical stimulation (Sham). Participants completed the Weir and Sherburne (1992) SF-36 Health-Based Quality of Life Short Form before and after the intervention. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS 24 software were used for data analysis.

Both methods of cognitive stimulation based on computer tasks alone and in combination with (tDCS) increased the average scores of the quality of life and its subscales in those who recovered from the acute stage of covid-19 (p=0.05)and this increase was stable in the one-month follow-up phase. In addition, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatments in improving the quality of life.

Computerized cognitive stimulation alone and together with transcranial brain stimulation can lead to improvement of health-related quality of life in those who have recovered from covid-19 disease. This enables us to enhance and update current rehabilitation programs to meet patient needs.

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the autoimmune diseases and has a chronic and progressive course. In addition to physical problems and disabilities, this disease has social and psychological consequences. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy with acceptance and commitment-based therapy on pain indicators (severity/acceptance) in people with rheumatoid arthritis.

The present study was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type with two experimental groups (schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy) and a control group with a 3-month follow-up test. The statistical population of this research included all the people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis under regular drug treatment who had filed a case in Loqman hospital in Tehran during 1401-1402 due to mechanical and non-inflammatory pains. The sampling method in this research was firstly targeted sampling and 60 people (20 people in each group) were selected as a sample. The standard pain intensity questionnaires of Quebec et al. (1995) and pain acceptance questionnaires by McCracken and Wells (2004) were used to collect data. Mixed analysis with repeated measurements with SPSS version 25 software was used for data analysis.

The results showed that the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on pain indicators was more than schema therapy.

In order to improve the pain indicators of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, it is suggested to use schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy.

Cultural influence serves as one of the tools of soft power in the realm of foreign policy, allowing countries to not only strengthen their cultural impact but also achieve their foreign policy objectives. In this context, the United States has endeavored to utilize this aspect of power for its national interests and goals. Therefore, this article aims to address the question: What have been the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy? The findings indicate that the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy are part of the country's efforts to achieve its geopolitical and economic objectives on a global scale. Educational programs and projects aimed at developing young leaders in various regions of the world, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, have been used as tools for cultural influence and the dissemination of American values and interests.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment to increasing the emotional processing and self-efficacy of people with rheumatoid arthritis. The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this research was all people with rheumatoid arthritis in 2022-2023 from Loqman Hospital in Tehran. 60 people, as a sample, were randomly selected in 3 groups of 20 people (two experimental and one control group) using the purposeful sampling method. The emotional processing scale (EPS, Baker et al, 2007) and the general self-efficacy scale (GSE, Scherer et al., 1982) were used to collect data, as well as the 12-session protocol of schema therapy and the 11-session protocol of acceptance and commitment therapy were used for the intervention. The data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc test. The findings showed that the schema therapy and acceptance and commitment groups significantly increased emotional processing and self-efficacy compared to the control group (p<001), and the schema therapy group performed significantly better in two dependent variables than the acceptance and commitment group (p<001). Therefore, using schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy can help to increase the emotional processing and self-efficacy of people with rheumatoid arthritis.

With all the onslaughts and efforts of anti-religious movements in the present era, we can observe that religion is not marginal to the currents and transformations of our time. On one hand, there are extremist groups presenting themselves with a religious veneer using tools of violence, while on the other hand, we witness efforts by religious scholars and intellectuals who, relying on the religious element and emphasizing attention to religious diplomacy, aim not only to promote solidarity among co-religionists and reaffirm the role of religion, but also to pursue new endeavors aimed at positive engagement in awakening among nations, changing attitudes towards religious teachings in the world, and promoting peace through interfaith participation. This article, using a descriptive-analytical approach and drawing on library sources, seeks to answer the question: What is the impact of religious diplomacy on global peace? The hypothesis of the article is that interfaith diplomacy, given its shared principles inspired by divine commands, can contribute to achieving peace by taking steps to reduce tensions and amend religious perceptions of each other, thereby enhancing positive relations and ultimately fostering global peace through expanded avenues of dialogue among religions. These initiatives can be realized through interactions among governments, individuals, groups with shared or disparate religious affiliations, and international organizations.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral group training of self-care skills on positive and negative signs, and general psychopathology of patients with schizophrenia. In this quasi-experimental study, among the patients admitted to Ebn'e Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Mashhad who met the inclusion criteria, 50 people were randomly selected and divided into two groups of intervention (26 people) and control (24 people). The intervention group received cognitive-behavioral group training of self-care skills based on the protocol of Kashani-Lotfabadi & et al (2020) and the control group were placed on a waiting list. The research was conducted using available sampling method as pretest-posttest and follow up with a control group. Data were collected and evaluated by the Positive and Negative Clinical Syndrome Rating Scale (Kay, Fiszbein, Opler. 1987) in three stages. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral group training of self-care skills can be effective in reducing the negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of changes in positive symptoms and general psychopathology (P <0.05).

Many factors, such as the economic and social status of mothers, can affect the adjustment of adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the effective components of these consequences; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the adjustment of adolescents in monogamous and polygamous families based on the economic and social status of mothers.

The research method is causal-comparative.The statistical population of the research was made up of all adolescents aged 14 to 18, members of monogamous and polygamous families in Saravan city in the academic year of 2020-2021, accompanied by their mothers. 240 people, including 120 adolescents from polygamous and monogamous families and 120 mothers from polygamous and monogamous families, were selected through accessible and purposeful sampling, and were answered the Sinha and Singh's student Adjustment Scale and the Adjustment questionnaire and social and economic status of Gudrat Nama. After collecting the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using (SPSS-26) and through independent t-groups and multivariate variance analysis.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between adolescents in monogamous and polygamous families in terms of emotional adjustment (P<0.05). There is no significant difference in terms of social adjustment, academic adjustment and general adjustment (P<0.05). Also there is a significant difference between the adjustment of adolescents whose mothers have a low economic and social status (P<0.05).

According to the results, polygamous families can be informed that the economic and social status of mothers affects the adjustment of adolescents, so it is necessary for the family to pay special attention to the economic and social status of mothers for better adjustment of their children.

Violence against women causes pain and suffering to the victims and their families and puts a burden on societies all over the world, which often happens in intimate relationships or between acquaintances. According to the report of the World Bank, domestic violence causes the loss of health of women aged 15-44 more than diseases such as breast and uterine cancer. World Health Organization statistics show that 16 to 25 percent of women are abused by their partners, and 28 percent of women in developed countries and 18 to 67 percent of women in developing countries are abused at least once. They have reported a body. Violence against women means any act of violence based on gender that causes or is likely to cause psychological, physical, suffering and harassment, and deprivation of women's freedom in public and private life. Prolonged exposure to life-threatening incidents, including domestic violence, is associated with the onset, continuation, and recurrence of mental disorders, and men and women with psychiatric disorders are at greater risk for Experiences are violent. Since domestic violence has many negative consequences, including physical consequences such as injury and psychological consequences such as depression, fear, anxiety, sexual disorders, and obsession, therefore, the lack of psychological security can be one of the consequences of domestic violence against women. Psychotherapy approaches such as emotion-oriented therapy approach are effective in treating marital disturbances; therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on the feeling of psychological security and its components in women involved in domestic violence.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a post-test-pre-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of all women involved in domestic violence who referred to the forensic medicine of Kashmar city in the first half of 2014. Some 40 women involved in domestic violence were selected as the sample of the study by available sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The experimental group underwent emotion-focused therapy for 8 sessions (one hour each session for 4 weeks) and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tool was Maslow's (2004) Sense of Psychological Security questionnaire, completed by the subjects in the pre-test and post-test. The collected information was analyzed using SPSS-24 software and covariance analysis.

The results showed that emotion-focused treatment is effective on the feeling of psychological security and the components of the feeling of psychological security of women involved in domestic violence, so that in the "self-confidence" variable, after adjusting the effect of pre-tests, the effect of training on post-test scores Its test is 0.207; in the "feeling of satisfaction" variable, 0.418; In the variable "environmental compatibility" it is 0.253 and the variable "view of people towards the individual" is 0.369. The adjusted averages of the post-test scores of the research variables are shown in Table No. 7. According to the observable findings in the covariance analysis test (Table 6) and the table of adjusted averages (Table No. 7), it is concluded that the emotion-focused intervention on the feeling of psychological security and its subscales in the women involved Domestic violence has been effective.

The results of this research showed that emotion-focused intervention has a positive and significant effect on the feeling of psychological security and its subscales in women involved in domestic violence. These findings indicate that focusing on emotions and regulating them can help to strengthen self-confidence, increase the feeling of satisfaction, improve environmental adaptation, and promote the positive attitude of others towards the individual. Emotion-focused group therapy is a short-term structured approach that focuses on communication disorders and inconsistencies and encourages people to talk about their emotions and discuss them. From the point of view of treatment focused on emotion, emotional tensions of people are created and continued by pervasive states of negative emotions and attachment injuries. Also, in explaining these results, it can be said that during emotion-focused therapy, people learn to express their feelings, thoughts, and oppositions honestly, in an appropriate manner and respecting the rights of others, aware of their emotions. People with a lack of psychological security in their interpersonal relationships with their spouses tend to show more negative and vulnerable communication, and when people try to solve the problem, they express the lowest level of empathy. This type of negative relationship reduces the use of constructive problem-solving strategies, therefore emotion-focused therapy through solving emotional and emotional problems improves constructive interactions and naturally increases the use of constructive self-expression strategies in people. An emotion-focused therapy group has been created to improve and balance emotions and relationships between people. The goal of group therapy focused on emotion is to help people adapt more appropriately to current problems and learn more effective communication methods.

To produce high-quality food and minimize risks from chemical applications, employing economically viable alternative methods without chemical-related drawbacks is vital. Plant essential oils (EOs) have garnered attention as potential insect pest control agents. The current study examines the lethal effects of plant EOs on the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)).

This study examined the fumigant toxicity of eight Iranian pharmaceutical plant EOs: sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), black cumin (Elwendia persica), Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora), costmary (Tanacetum balsamita), galbanum (Ferula gummosa), myrtle (Myrtus communis), lemon (Citrus × limon) and marjoram (Origanum majorana) against eggs, first instar larvae, and adults of P. interpunctella and E. kuehniella. Insects were maintained under controlled conditions at 27 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 5% R.H., and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the compounds present in the tested plant EOs. The lethal concentration (LC) values were estimated using probit analysis based on data obtained from preliminary and main bioassays.

The predominant compounds (in term of %) identified in the EOs were as follows: A. annua: Camphor (41.388), 1,8-Cineole (13.431); E. persica: α-Terpinolen (31.622), Limonene (14.524), Propanal, 2-methyl-3-phenyl- (13.180); Z. multiflora: Carvacrol (60.593) and Terbutaline, tris (trimethyl silyl) ether (11.229); T. balsamita: Carvone (42.607), (‒)-Thujanone (17.600); F. gummosa: β-Thujene (34.234), β-pinene (22.371); M. communis: δ-3-Carene (30.549), 1,8-Cineole (19.580), Carvacrol (13.987); C. limon: Limonene (55.131), and O. majorana: (‒)-Terpinen-4-ol (34.138), γ-Terpinene (15.494). EOs exhibited comparable ovicidal activity against the eggs of both species. Notably, A. annua EO displayed the highest efficacy, with LC50 values of 58.12 μl/L air for E. kuehniella and 51.55 μl/L air for P. interpunctella. For E. kuehniella, the EOs of M. communis, Z. multiflora, and F. gummosa followed suit in terms of efficacy, while E. persica, O. majorana, T. balsamita, and C. limon EOs demonstrated the lowest ovicidal activity. Conversely, regarding P. interpunctella, the EOs of M. communis, F. gummosa, Z. multiflora and E. persica exhibited the next highest efficacy, whereas T. balsamita, O. majorana, and C. limon EOs displayed the least ovicidal activity. Eggs of P. interpunctella exhibited slightly greater sensitivity compared to those of E. kuehniella. The EOs of M. communis and A. annua demonstrated the highest efficacy against first instar larvae of both species, with estimated LC50 values of 84.19 and 76.64 μl/L air, respectively. Following closely, EOs of A. annua and F. gummosa exhibited notable effectiveness against first instar larvae of E. kuehniella, while EOs of M. communis and Z. multiflora showed similar efficacy against first instar larvae of P. interpunctella. Conversely, the EOs of C. limon, T. balsamita, O. majorana and E. persica displayed the least larvicidal activity against E. kuehniella larvae, whereas the EOs of O. majorana and E. persica demonstrated the lowest efficacy against P. interpunctella larvae. Consistent with the findings concerning the eggs, the first instar larvae of P. interpunctella demonstrated slightly greater sensitivity compared to those of E. kuehniella. The EOs exhibited similar lethal effects against adults of both species. Notably, M. communis EO exhibited the highest lethality against male and female adults of both species, followed by EOs of A. annua, E. persica and Z. multiflora. Conversely, EOs of C. limon, T. balsamita, F. gummosa and O. majorana displayed the least lethal effect. Interestingly, female adults showed greater tolerance compared to male adults. Moreover, similar to the observations with eggs and first instar larvae, adults of P. interpunctella displayed slightly greater sensitivity than those of E. kuehniella.

The study findings highlight the significant lethal effects of various plant EOs, indicating promising alternatives to hazardous chemical pesticides. Iran's rich pharmaceutical plant flora contains diverse compounds, including volatile ones like EOs, which can be explored for their medicinal, insecticidal, fungicidal and other properties. The availability of formulations derived from complete plant EOs or their active components (i.e. insecticides, acaricides, fungicides and herbicides) in the market suggests the potential for developing more potent and environmentally friendly biorational pesticides through dedicated research in this field.

Mothers in the family can influence the academic performance of adolescents with their psychological characteristics. The purpose of this research was to compare the academic performance of adolescents in monogamous and polygamous families based on mental health and the attribution Style of mothers.

The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the research consists of adolescents aged 14 to 18 and mothers of monogamous and polygamous families in Saravan city. 240 people, including 120 adolescents from polygamous and monogamous families and 120 mothers from polygamous and monogamous families, were selected by available and targeted sampling method.
Goldberg and Hillier (1979) general health questionnaire and Peterson and Seligman (1982) attribution style were used to collect data. The obtained data have been analyzed using independent groups t-test and multivariate analysis of variance with SPSS software. 

The results of the research showed that the academic performance of adolescents in monogamous families is better than the academic performance of adolescents in polygamous families (P=0/002, T=3/194).  Also, the results showed that the academic performance of adolescents in monogamous families whose mothers have no mental symptoms and moderate mental symptoms is better than their peers in polygamous families (P=0/031, T=2/21). Another finding of the research showed that the academic performance of adolescents in monogamous families is better than the academic performance of adolescents in polygamous families based on the optimistic attribution style of mothers (P=0/002, T=3/18).

According to the results of the research, it is suggested to pay attention to mental health and familiarization of mothers with attribution Style to improve the academic performance of children in polygamous families.

Background &

One of the most common chronic developmental disorders is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which affects about 7% of school children and 5% of adolescents and adults. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is the most common Neuro-behavioral disorder that is seen in the clients of child and adolescent psychiatric clinics. Although in the past years, there was a false belief that this disorder improves from the years after adolescence, today the fact has become clear that this disorder will continue into adulthood in more than 50 to 75 percent of cases. The age of onset of this disorder has been determined before 5 or 7 years old. This disorder refers to people who show a level of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness and have problems at home, school, or in some social situations. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is also related to learning disorder and low intelligence; many children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have other disorders. Emotional problems, anxiety, and depression are also seen in them. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with reduced academic performance and academic progress, social exclusion, and in adults, with poorer performance, progress, and job attendance, higher probability of unemployment, and high interpersonal conflict. This disorder is noticeably disruptive in severe cases and affects social, family, and academic/occupational adaptation. Mindfulness means paying attention to specific and purposeful ways in the present and free from judgment. The conscious mind focuses on the process of continuous attention, to the content being paid attention to. Although the main goal of mindfulness is not relaxation, non-judgmental observation of negative internal events or physiological arousal causes this state to occur. Therefore, considering the many behavioral aspects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can lead to mothers' depression, anxiety, and limited parental role, feelings of inadequacy and inadequacy in child rearing, weak emotional attachment between child and parent, negative relationships. These children's relationship with their brothers and sisters leads to an increase in tension in the family, a higher rate of divorce, and the breakdown of family relationships. Therefore, according to the stated content and the lack of research related to mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction in the community of parents with hyperactive-attention-deficit children, the purpose of this research is to answer the question of whether mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction effectively on improving parent-child tension in parents of ADHD children.

The current research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study was made up of all mothers with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who were referred to Mashhad psychotherapy clinics in 2016-2017. From this population, 30 mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were selected purposefully and voluntarily and were randomly replaced in the experimental group and the control group (15 people in each group). Baumrind (1972) and Barry and Jones (1995) parent stress scale questionnaire answered (pre-test), then the experimental group underwent 9 sessions of mindfulness-based on Kabat and Zain (2004) stress reduction, and the control group did not receive any intervention. In the end, both groups responded to the research tools (post-test). The collected data were analyzed with spss-25 software and multivariate covariance analysis.

The results showed that mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction have a positive effect on parent-child tension in parents of ADHD children.

Mindfulness techniques effectively increase muscle relaxation and reduce worry, stress, and anxiety. This program increases mental awareness, and well-being, and reduces stress and its physical and psychological symptoms. Time spent in formal meditative practices such as yoga is also associated with improved mindfulness and well-being. Therefore, mindfulness can be considered a mediating factor for increasing psychological performance and reducing stress symptoms resulting from meditation exercises. Mindfulness-based stress reduction requires the use of special behavioral, cognitive, and metacognitive strategies to focus the attention process, which in turn prevents the downward spiral of negative mood, negative thinking, tendency to problematic responses, and the development of perspective. It leads to new and the emergence of pleasant thoughts and emotions. Therefore, it can be concluded that mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction affect improving parenting styles and parent-child tension in parents of ADHD children. The limitations of this research include the lack of a follow-up period and the special and difficult conditions of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and it is suggested that the results of this research be used as a field for future studies in the field of knowledge of educational programs. Effective on the child's parental stress and parenting styles, parents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder should be used. It is also suggested that the officials and those involved plan a comprehensive treatment for these patients and their parents.

Drug addicts have problems in the field of self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance of drug addicts.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research population was drug addicts of Mashhad city in 2019. Among the members of the community, 30 people were selected as a sample with the purposeful sampling method and were assigned to two equal groups by the simple random method with the help of lottery. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90 minutes with group dialectic behavior therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. Data were collected with demographic information form, self-control questionnaire, emotional regulation scale and disturbance tolerance scale and were analyzed with chi-square tests and multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS version 23 software.

The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of education level and age range (P>0.05). Group dialectic behavior therapy increased self-control (F=125.86, P<0.001) and disturbance tolerance (F=151.001, P<48) and decreased emotional regulation difficulty (P<68.001, P<0.001, F=21) drug addicts were exposed.

The results of this study showed the effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on increasing self-control and tolerance of disturbance and reducing the difficulty of emotional regulation of drug addicts. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use group dialectical behavior therapy along with other treatment methods to improve psychological characteristics.

Incompatible couples have many emotional, cognitive and social problems, including in the field of distress tolerance. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparison the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on distress tolerance of incompatible couples.

This study was a semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The research population was incompatible couples who referred to the Family Counseling Center of Torbat-e-Jam in 2019 year. The research sample was 24 couples who after reviewing the inclusion criteria were selected by purposeful sampling method and were replaced randomly with the lottery in three equal groups (8 couples in each group) including two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group with couple therapy method 8 sessions of 90 minutes underwent the emotion-focused therapy and the second experimental group with couple therapy method 10 sessions of 90 minutes underwent the acceptance and commitment therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. Research tools included demographic information form, marital adjustment scale and distress tolerance scale. Data were analyzed with chi-square, univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS version 20 software.

The findings showed that the experimental and control groups did not have significantly different in terms of education level and age range (P>0.05). Also, both emotion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in compared to the control group increased the distress tolerance of incompatible couples (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the two mentioned methods in increasing the distress tolerance of incompatible couples (P>0.05).

The results showed that both methods of emotion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy increased the distress tolerance of incompatible couples and there was no significant difference between them. Therefore, health professionals and therapists can use both mentioned methods to improve distress tolerance in vulnerable groups, including incompatible couples.

Background &

On the other hand, research has shown that children's disorders are closely related to parents' psychological problems and their educational methods. The role of the family as the first educational environment in creating or not creating behavioral disorders, and the emergence of diseases and mental disorders is undeniable. Because the family environment is the first environment where a person's physical, emotional, and personality patterns grow and gradually form. Therefore, considering the effect of these children on their parents, as well as the effect of parents' parenting style on the aggravation of symptoms of hyperactivity/attention deficit and the lack of research related to the effect of stress-based mindfulness training on the mothers of these children, designing and implementing various interventions to create and expand skills Social skills and abilities are very important in these children, and on the other hand, having an ADHD child is a source of stress. However, its effect on parents depends to a large extent on their cognitive evaluation of the problem and their skills and training. One of the training methods that can be used for such mothers is stress-based awareness training. This therapy is derived from cognitive behavioral therapy and is considered one of the important components of the third wave of psychological models. Mindfulness-based on stress reduction reduces stress and anxiety, reduces chronic physical pain, increases immunity, ability to deal with problems, ability to face negative emotions, reduces insomnia, and improves focus, happiness, and well-being. Mindfulness means paying attention to specific purposeful ways in the present and free from judgment. The conscious mind focuses on the process of continuous attention, rather than the content that is being paid attention to. Therefore, according to the stated content and the lack of research related to mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction in the community of parents with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the purpose of this research is to answer the question of whether mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction improve the style of the parenting of ADHD children effective.

The current research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group, which was approved by the Code of Ethics Commission of the Islamic Azad University, Torbat Jam branch, with the code of ethics IR.IAU.TJ.REC.1399.010. The statistical population of this study was made up of all mothers with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who were referred to Mashhad psychotherapy clinics in 2016-2017. From this community, 30 mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were selected purposefully and voluntarily and were randomly replaced in the experimental group and the control group (15 people in each group). At first, the subjects responded to Diana Baumrind's parenting styles questionnaire (1972) (pre-test), then the experimental group underwent 9 sessions of mindfulness-based on Kabat and Zain's (2004) stress reduction, and the control group received an intervention. They did not At the end, both groups responded to the research tools. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction have an effect on the parenting styles of mothers and have caused an increase in permissive and authoritative styles and a decrease in authoritarian styles.

One of the common and usual challenges of parents with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, especially those who are facing many medical and therapeutic issues, is facing the problems of these children and how to perceive them. In this regard, it can be said that the healthy behavior of parents with hyperactive children is due to their correct perception of this disorder and the correct way to deal with it. Parents have a dynamic and active role in understanding the problems of their children, and with proper educational methods, they can help in reducing the symptoms of these children's problems and their problems. Therefore, it is necessary to provide treatment solutions to deal with this disorder correctly. Parents can help improve the symptoms of these patients and reduce their problems by learning the right methods. Among the treatment methods that can be effective in improving the symptoms of hyperactivity disorder and reducing the stress of their parents, is the stress reduction program based on mindfulness. This treatment is a short-term and structured intervention. Mindfulness-based stress reduction program is defined as a non-judgmental and balanced feeling of awareness that helps to see and accept emotions and physical phenomena as they happen. The stress reduction program based on mind awareness creates a different attitude or relationship with thoughts, feelings, and emotions, which includes maintaining full and moment-to-moment attention and having an attitude of acceptance and away from judgment. Through exercises and techniques based on mindfulness, a person becomes aware of his daily activities and the automatic use of the mind in the past and future world, through moment-to-moment awareness of thoughts, feelings, and states. The physical will gain control over them and be freed from the everyday and automatic mind focused on the past and the future. Mindfulness exercises enable a person to reduce automatic and habitual responses to stressful experiences and activate the response system by cultivating an inner insight and accepting it more than life's unchangeable events. It will reduce stress and this will increase personal control. Treatment control and cognitive therapy help them. Therefore, it can be concluded that mindfulness interventions based on stress reduction are effective in improving the parenting styles of parents of ADHD children. The limitations of this research include the lack of a follow-up period and the special and difficult conditions of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and it is suggested that the results of this research be used as a basis for future studies in the field of learning effective training programs. Child parenting and parenting styles, parents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder should be used. Also, it is suggested that the officials and those involved should plan a comprehensive treatment for these patients and their parents.

Several studies show that SARS-CoV-2 viruses, which cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and covid-19 disease, can cause changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 may show symptoms of neuropsychological diseases long after the disease has recovered.

This research was conducted to compare the improved neuropsychological functions of the diseased and healthy populations.

The statistical population of this research consists of those who have recovered from Covid-19, who were diagnosed and treated in the medical centers of Mashhad in the fall and winter of 2021, and at least 14 days had passed since they recovered. A sample consisting of 80 recovered patients from covid-19 and 80 healthy individuals were selected and screened with the Beck Depression Questionnaire(BDI-II). In each group, 65 people who scored less than 19 were selected by purposive sampling. N-Back, GO/NO GO, Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCST), and Color Stroop computer tests are used to collect data. The data were analyzed by the "Y-Man-Whitney" test.

The results showed that the neuropsychological function includes active, cognitive, and behavioral memory and is acceptable in patients with non-diseased treatments. It has long-term improved performance of patients, and it can be used to rehabilitate these patients.

Extramarital affairs disrupt family functioning and have serious negative consequences for the family members.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of combined cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and integrated behavioral couple therapy in improving family functioning in couples with extramarital affairs.

In this quasi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control group design, the statistical population consisted of all couples, referred to the counseling centers of Mashhad, Iran in 2021. Thirty nine couples were selected using the convenience sampling method among people with extramarital relationships and randomly assigned to three groups: control group (13 couples), combined cognitive-behavioral couple therapy (13 couples), and integrative behavioral couple therapy (13 couples). The experimental and control groups completed the Family Functioning Scale by Epstein et al. (1983) before and after the interventions. In order to data analysis covariance analysis was performed in SPSS version 20.

Results indicated that the scores of all family functioning components significantly decreased in the intervention groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Combined cognitive-behavioral couple therapy was more effective in the dimensions of problem-solving and communication, while integrated behavioral couple therapy was more effective in emotional companionship (P<0.05).

According to the present results, both combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and integrated behavioral couple therapy had positive effects on improving family functioning. Therefore, depending on the conditions and type of marital problems, therapists are suggested to use a combination of these two methods to improve family functioning in couples with extramarital relationships.

Addiction as a common and multifactorial disease is a debilitating disorder that is rooted in the pharmacological effect of drugs, and notorious addicts are known to be those who escape treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was determine the effect group schema therapy on self-control and emotion regulation of notorious addicts. This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with an experimental and control groups. The research population was all notorious addicts of Mashhad city in 2020 year, which among them number of 30 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and randomly with lottery assigned into two equal groups (each group 15 people). The experimental group trained 12 sessions of 90 minutes (on sessions peer week) with group schema therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. The research tools were demographic information form, self-control questionnaire (Tangney et al, 2004) and difficulties in emotion regulation scale (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). Data were analyzed with tests of chi-square and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 23 software. The findings of present research showed that the experimental and control groups did not significant difference in terms of education level and age range (P>0.05). Also, the group schema therapy led to increase self-control and decrease difficulties in emotion regulation difficulty of notorious addicts of experimental group in compare with control group (P<0.001). The results of this study indicated the effect of group schema therapy on increasing self-control and reducing difficulties in emotion regulation of notorious addicts. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use group schema therapy along with other treatment methods to improve psychological characteristics.

Pain as a general sense has biological bases, but the role of psychological factors in the process of pain perception is important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological well-being of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain in the summer of 2020 in Torbat-e-Jam, from which 30 eligible individuals were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 in each group). And answered the psychological well-being questionnaire. Were placed. Acceptance and commitment treatment was taught in eight sessions weekly. Statistical data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and SPSS-16 software at a significance level of α = 0.05.

The results showed that acceptance and commitment treatment significantly improved psychological well-being in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy remained constant until the follow-up stage.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective in increasing psychological well-being of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain and this method can be used to improve psychological problems in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Disease perception is an organized cognitive representation that thalassemia patients have of their illness and its effects. Research has shown that mindfulness-based stress reduction programs are effective on self-management and reducing patient anxiety, but the application of this treatment on disease perception in the target population is a research gap.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR) on disease perception in thalassemia patients.

The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with thalassemia in Behshahr who were members of the Thalassemia Association in 1400 (approximately 90 people). Fourty thalassemia patients selected by purposive sampling as a research sample and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 patients in each group). First, both groups answered the Bradbent et al.'s (2006) Perception of Disease Questionnaire (pre-test). The experimental group then underwent mindfulness-based stress reduction program of Kabat Zinn (2009) for 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that in the post-test stage, the score of disease perception components in the outcomes, duration, nature, concern, emotional responses and cause of the disease, the subjects in the experimental group compared to the control group decreased significantly (P<0.05). In the components Personal control, treatment control and disease cognition increased according to the mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR) (P<0.05).

Mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR) for thalassemia patients reduces their anxiety, and leads to their greater efforts to control their disease status.

Type 2 diabete is a group of metabolic diseases whose common feature is elevated blood glucoselevels due to defective insulin secretion, functional impairment, or both.This study aimed to investigate the effect of wellbeing therapy on reducing depression, Anxiety and controlling blood sugar in women with Type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methouds:This quasi-experimental research used a pretest-posttest experimental design with control and follow-up groups. A total of 52 patients were enrolled through convenience sampling from 100 patients [p1] [A2] with type 2 diabetes visiting the Parsian Diabetes Center of Mashhad in 2019-20. They were then randomly assigned to two 26-member (experimental and control) groups. The intervention group received a Ryff psychological well-being program over the course of two months through eight 90-minute group therapy sessions, whereas the control group received no treatment. Data were collected before, after, the intervention using the Beck’s Depression Inventory, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test and then analyzed in SPSS 24.

The results from the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that wellbeing therapy has a significant effect on depression, Anxiety, and HbA1c.

Wellbeing therapy is effective in reducing depression, Anxiety and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes patients. Therefore, it is recommended that this treatment approach be used to help improve the psychological well-being of these patients.

The current paper aimed at “Designing a model of social health psycho-physical health and body image evaluation with the mediating role of spiritual health the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly by a structural modeling approach.”

 This is an applied retrospective, fundamental, descriptive paper emphasizing structural equations. The statistical population consists of one million elderly people aged 60 to 70 years living in Tehran out of eight million two hundred and thirty-one elderly people living in Iran. The statistical sample included 270 elderly people in Tehran selected in two stages, clustering for selecting parks in 22 districts of Tehran and purposive convenient sampling method (Fidel Tabaking formula). The research tools included the Ware & Sherbourne physical-mental health questionnaire, Ghodosi body image evaluation questionnaire, Keyes social well-being scale, paloutzian and ellison spiritual well being scale (SWBS), and WHO QoL in the elderly questionnaire. Statistical methods Amos and SPSS v. 22 software were used for descriptive statistics and structural modeling with path analysis technique and confirmatory factor analysis

 The findings showed that The study showed that there was a strong significant positive relationship between the variables QoL and physical-mental health  (β=0.084, P<0.01), spiritual well-being (β=0.0847, P<0.01), There was significant positive relationship between the variables spiritual well-being with social well-being (β=0.103, P<0.01), body image valuation (β=0.074, P<0.01), and physical-mental health. Moreover, there was a solid significant P<0.01 positive relationship between the predictor variables (physical-mental well-being, body image valuation, and social well-being) (0.694 to 0.764). 

 Physical-mental well-being, physical image evaluation, social well-being, and spiritual well-being variables increase, and improve the QoL of the elderly.

Reduced quality of life is one of the daunting challenges posed to thalassemia patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR) on quality of life and its components in thalassemia patients.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pre-test-post-test control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of patients with thalassemia in Behshahr who were members of the Thalassemia Association (approximately 90 people). A total of 40 thalassemia patients were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=20 in each group). Firstly, both groups answered Montazeri et al.'s Quality of Life Questionnaire (2006) (pre-test). Thereafter, the experimental group underwent the MBSR program by Kabat Zayn (2009) for eight sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using inferential statistics of multivariate analysis of covariance.

As a result of the MBSR program, in the post-test stage, the score of quality of life components showed a significant increase in the experimental group, as compared to that in the control group (P<0.05).

As evidenced by the results of this study, the MBSR program was effective in the quality of life and its components in thalassemia patients. Therefore, this treatment can be used to increase the quality of life in thalassemia patients.

Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder that its prevalence has increased worldwide and one of the most important factors in the course of diabetes is the psychological factors of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of short-term group cognitive-behavioral intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (CBGI-DD) on reducing depression, anxiety and increasing self-management in women with type 2 diabetes.

The method of this research was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all female patients with type 2 diabetes in Mashhad in Mashhad who were randomly assigned to a 12-week intervention program (2.5-hour sessions) of cognitive-behavioral group (31 people) or control group ( 31 people) who received only routine care entered. The patients in the experimental group underwent CBGI-DD program in Mashhad Diabetes Center for 3 months (summer 1996). Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory and Tobert and Thompson Self-Management Scale were used as research tools before the intervention (pre-test) and immediately after the intervention (post-test).

Based on the results of analysis of covariance, the experimental group had a significant decrease in depression and anxiety compared to the control group and a significant increase in self-management after the test (P <0.05).

Based on the results of this study, CBGI-DD program leads to increased self-management and reduced depression and anxiety in female patients with type 2 diabetes.

Psychological stress often raises blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Group Training Spiritually Multidimensional Psychotherapy (SMP) on stress syndromes among patients with type 2 diabetes.

This semi-experimental research was conducted with participation of 60 patients with diabetes covered by the Mashhad Diabetes Foundation, who were selected by snowball sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received spiritually multidimensional psychotherapy group training in 12 sessions of 90 minutes weekly. Before and after the intervention, the stress symptoms questionnaire was administered among both experimental and control groups. Data analysis was performed using single and multivariate covariance using SPSS software version 21.

The mean (SD) age of the experimental group was 45 (8.1), and control group 45.3 (8.3). In the experimental group, the mean (SD) cognitive stress score in the pre-test was 21.5(5.4), which decreased to 13.6(5.8) in the post-test (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) cognitive stress score in the pre-test was 21.8 (4.7), which reached 21.8 (4.3) in the post-test. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) emotional stress score in the pre-test was 23.8 (7.1), and in the post-test, it decreased to 15.8 (6.6) (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) emotional stress score in the pre-test was 23.3 (6.3), which reached 23.5 (6.1) in the post-test.In the experimental group, the mean (SD) behavioral stress score in the pre-test was 16.2 (5.1), which decreased to 11.1 (5.3) in the post-test (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) of behavioral stress score in the pre-test was 17.1 (4.1), whichreached 16.4 (5.7) in the post-test. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) physical stress score in the pre-test was 45.9 (21.4), and in the post-test, it decreased to 34.2 (17.5) (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) physical stress score in the pre-test was 45.5 (21.7), which reached 45.9 (18.1) in the post-test. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) general stress score in the pre-test was 107.3 (33.6), and in the post-test, which decreased to 74.1 (31.4) (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) of general stress score in the pre-test was 107.7 (32.3), which reached 107.8 (27.4) in the post-test.

The study showed that spiritually multidimensional psychotherapy training reduced stress symptoms amongpatients with type 2 diabetes.

Over the last two decades in response to rising production costs in many Asian countries the method of establishing rice by manual seedling transplantation has changed to direct cultivation. Changing the method of rice establishment and the resulting stresses has led to pay more attention to management methods in direct rice cultivation. Rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) is one of the most destructive pests of this product. In this study, the efficacy of Hexaflumuron (Consult®) and Kitoagrosens inhibitor fertilizer with the recommended concentrations  was evaluated to control this pest at intervals of 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after spraying using Henderson-Tilton method. Their effects on rice yield components were investigated, too. The results showed that in terms of insecticidal efficacy on rice stem borer, both the compounds were most effective after 7 days, while Hexaflumuron ( >90%) was more effective than Kitoagrosens (~70%). On the other hand, the results related to crop yield components showed that Kitoagrosens had better effects on all parameters, especially on 100-seed weight, which is significantly higher than other treatments. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that Kitoagrosens has e less insecticidal ability than Hexaflumuron but have a greater strengthening effect on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of rice crop.