فهرست مطالب علیرضا طالعی

To find the direct defense of seedling resistance of common beans, by resistant mechanisms, morphological and physiological attributes of ten cultivars (Naz, Dorsa, Akhtar,KS41128, 65-062-107, 65-071-98, 65-071-306, 65-071-410, 65-071-400, and 65-071-405) were evaluated against two-spotted spider mite in 2017 at Bu-Ali Sina university, Hamedan, Iran. Among four kinds of resistant mechanisms such as antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerant tests and PRI index, both antixenosis and tolerance mechanisms determined to be the most accurate tests in the evaluating of common bean resistance against TSSM attack. Germination delay, development and fast growth, early maturity, erected posture, small cotyledon area, the more leaf thickness along with the dark-colored demonstrated were the escape mechanisms of common beans tolerant genotypes against TSSM attack. Some epidermal traits such as the first defense barrier on common bean like hook-shaped and high density of trichome especially on abaxial epidermis by having trapping behavior showed high relation with tolerant genotypes. In fact, in tolerant beans, related-traits to trichome on leaves entrapped the body parts of TSSM such as leg tarsi, mouthpart and ovipositor and prevented to move, feed and reproduction of mites and therefore, these features decreased damage to leaf area of Phaseolus vulgaris as well. The 65-071-98, 65-062-107 genotypes and NAZ, were certainly categorized as the most tolerant cultivars while Akhtar and 65-071-400 were introduced as the most susceptible accessions of common beans, respectively.

In this research work, Intra-species karyotypic diversity for 17 populations of Silybum marianum from different geographical regions of Iran along with one population from Hungary were investigated. To prepare the appropriate chromosomal specimen, one and a half centimeters of root tip were isolated, after using fixation of pre-treatment, the picture were taken from the karyotypes which prepared and the chromosome base number of all of them was  x = 17, therefore the number of chromosomes obtained 2n = 34. In terms of karyotypic symmetry indices DRL, S%, TF%, A1 and A2, there were significant differences between ecotypes at probability level of 1%, which indicates that there were genetic diversity between the studied ecotypes. Regarding these results, the Ramhormoz ecotype and then the Shushtar ecotype were considered as the most asymmetric and most advanced ecotypes and the ecotype of Najaf-Abad and ecotype of Karaj-2 were considered as the most symmetrical and incomplete ecotypes. Based on the cluster analysis, the karyotypic characters of the populations were divided into three groups. The greatest difference was observed between the two Ramhormoz and Najafabad ecotypes. To determine the contribution of each karyotypic trait in the creation of diversity among ecotypes, factor analysis was carried out and the first, second and third factors accounted for more than 87% of the variation among the populations. The results of karyotypic analysis showed that there is a high karyotypic variation among Silybum marianum ecotypes in Iran, so that they can be used in breeding programs and widening genetic diversity in gene pools.

Salinity stress is one of the most important of abiotic stress that affects the yield of oilseed rape. In order to study some physiological and biochemical changes and BnaCDPK14 transcript expression in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), two tolerant cultivars (Slm046 and Zarfam) and two susceptible cultivars (Okapi and Sarigol) were planted in a growth chamber and were irrigated by water including 100 and 200 mM NaCl and normal water. Relative water content, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 14 (BnaCDPK14) were measured. The results indicated the relative water content and electrolyte leakage (200 mM NaCl) decreased and increased under stress respectively. The antioxidant enzyme guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT) and BnaCDPK14 increased by salinity stress, tolerant cultivars showing more increase. Negative correlation was observed between the relative water content of leaves and electrolyte leakage. There was a high positive correlation between the guaiacol peroxidase and catalase contents and the expression of BnaCDPK14, indicating that by increasing the reactive oxygen species under stress, the plant enzymic antioxidant system helps the plant to cope with it. Salinity stress is one of the most important of abiotic stress that affects the yield of oilseed rape. In order to study some physiological and biochemical changes and BnaCDPK14 transcript expression in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), two tolerant cultivars (Slm046 and Zarfam) and two susceptible cultivars (Okapi and Sarigol) were planted in a growth chamber and were irrigated by water including 100 and 200 mM NaCl and normal water. Relative water content, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 14 (BnaCDPK14) were measured. The results indicated the relative water content and electrolyte leakage (200 mM NaCl) decreased and increased under stress respectively. The antioxidant enzyme guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT) and BnaCDPK14 increased by salinity stress, tolerant cultivars showing more increase. Negative correlation was observed between the relative water content of leaves and electrolyte leakage. There was a high positive correlation between the guaiacol peroxidase and catalase contents and the expression of BnaCDPK14, indicating that by increasing the reactive oxygen species under stress, the plant enzymic antioxidant system helps the plant to cope with it. Salinity stress is one of the most important of abiotic stress that affects the yield of oilseed rape. In order to study some physiological and biochemical changes and BnaCDPK14 transcript expression in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), two tolerant cultivars (Slm046 and Zarfam) and two susceptible cultivars (Okapi and Sarigol) were planted in a growth chamber and were irrigated by water including 100 and 200 mM NaCl and normal water. Relative water content, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 14 (BnaCDPK14) were measured. The results indicated the relative water content and electrolyte leakage (200 mM NaCl) decreased and increased under stress respectively. The antioxidant enzyme guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT) and BnaCDPK14 increased by salinity stress, tolerant cultivars showing more increase. Negative correlation was observed between the relative water content of leaves and electrolyte leakage. There was a high positive correlation between the guaiacol peroxidase and catalase contents and the expression of BnaCDPK14, indicating that by increasing the reactive oxygen species under stress, the plant enzymic antioxidant system helps the plant to cope with it.

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting the yield of oilseed rape. To study the physiological and biochemical changes, and expression BnaCDPK6, BnaCDPK 10 genes in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Two tolerant cultivars (Slm046 and Zarfam) and two susceptible cultivars (Okapi and Sarigol) were planted in a growth chamber and were irrigated by 100 and 200 mM NaCl and normal water. Studied parameters include relative water content, malondialdehyde, the enzyme activity of antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase and Catalase) and the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 6 and 10 coding genes (BnaCDPK6, 10).  The result indicated the relative water content and malondialdehyde with a high level of salt (200 mM NaCl) decreased and increased under stress respectively. The antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase and Catalase content and BnaCDPK6 and BnaCDPK10 expression increased by high severity salinity stress that tolerant cultivars showing more increase. These results indicated that increasing the reactive oxygen species due to salt stress plays an important role in damaging cell membrane in canola, and the plant increases its protective mechanisms against the production of reactive oxygen species by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and an increase in the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase genes expression.

Edible oils are one of the essential commodities in the food basket of the people. Maintaining oil oxidative stability to extend shelf life and enhance the quality and nutritional value of the product is particularly important. This is achieved by increasing the content of natural antioxidants such as tocopherols as additives or by modifying their content and composition in oilseed plant through metabolic engineering of key enzymes or transcription factors involved in tocopherol biosynthesis. The present study aimed to identify transcription factors corresponding to conserved motifs in the promoter regions of VTE4 and its orthologous genes as a limiting bottleneck in tocopherol biosynthesis using bioinformatics tools. The results showed that the transcription factors mainly belonged to hemodomain-like (24.4%), bZIP (17.1%), SANT / MYB (14.6%), K-box (12.2%), MADS-box (12.2%) and MYB (12.2%) families. Furthermore, functional analysis of transcription factors indicated a significant interaction between response to abiotic stresses, hormone signaling pathways, especially abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, and the tocopherol biosynthesis pathway. On the other hand, the prominent role of light stimuli, in particular, red and infrared light, and light signaling pathway components was observed in the induction of expression of VTE4’s transcription factors.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental factors that severely inhibit plant growth. To improve the salinity tolerance of wheat through diallel cross, six modified genotypes (Arta, Bezvestia, Koohdasht, Moghan3, Ohadi, and Star), 15 hybrids of crossing these genotypes (Bezvestia×Koohdasht, Bezvestia×Ohadi, Bezvestia×Moghan3, Bezvestia×Arta, Bezvestia×Star, Koohdasht×Ohadi, Koohdasht×Moghan3, Koohdasht×Arta, Koohdasht×Star, Ohadi×Moghan3, Ohadi×Arta, Ohadi×Star, Moghan3×Arta, Moghan3×Star, Arta×Star) in two levels of salinity (0. 20 ds.m-1), were sown in greenhouse as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The estimation of electrical conductivity of water and inlet solutions and water output from the pot had been lasted for two weeks, and followed by traits such as leaf relative water content, osmotic regulation, seed yield, 100 seed weight, seed number per spike, and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were measured. The results of the experiment showed that with increasing salinity, the traits related to the yield and relative content of water of wheat bread leaf decreased significantly. The traits related to yield and relative content of leaf water in Arta and Ohadi genotypes showed the highest decrease in stress conditions than control, while the progenies obtained from the cross between these two sensitive genotypes showed a significant decrease in the traits related to yield. The rate of activity of a catalase-peroxidase enzyme in stress conditions in the crossroads caused by the confluence of Bezostaya and Kohdasht due to heterozygosity in both parents that resulted in resistance to stress conditions. Considering the superiority of heterozygosity through intelligent crossings, it can be taken measures to improve the salt tolerance of herbs.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici), is one of the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) world wide. planting resistant cultivars is the best method to manage STB environmentally. Many plant genes are induced or repressed and many others are up regulated or down-regulated to response a pathogen. In this study, Real time PCR were used to analysis of expression patterns of five genes involved in septoria leaf blotch resistance in wheat. After inoculation of resistant (Wang shui bai) and susceptible (Falat) cultivars with M. graminicola fungus, expression of these genes were investigated at 11 time points in 3 replications and the expression patterns of them were determined as relative to 18s reference gene. Comparision of these sequences using NCBI data base showed that these sequences had homology to neomenthol dehydrogenase, Lucine rich repeat protein kinase, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein, alpha 1,4-glucan phosphorylase and Tubby-like F-box protein. The peak expression for 1,4-glucan phosphorylase and Lucine rich repeat protein kinase were at 3 hours after inoculation and for neomenthol dehydrogenase the peak is at 12h. For natural resistance-associated macrophage protein the peak was at 3h but it was decreased and then increased again at second day. Tubby-like F-box protein was induced at 3h and had significant expression in this time but the peak expression for this gene was at 3 day after inoculation and we can call this pattern, a bimodal one. Some of these genes were induced early after inoculation and their expression increased significantly, but some others showed an induced expression several days after inoculation.