علیرضا قهرمانی

Silver conductive lines are used extensively in electronics and optoelectronics. These lines are deposited by different methods. In this work, silver lines were deposited by spraying diluted silver ink. Silver ink was synthesized by Lewis-Walker method. Then, it was diluted by ethanol for spray deposition. Since substrate is at high temperature, both the deposition and annealing are performed at one step.

For synthesis, silver acetate, ammonium hydroxide and formic acid were used as silver source, stabilizing agent and reducing agent, respectively. Finally, the obtained ink was diluted by ethanol. Spray deposition was done with nitrogen using air brush.

Different parameters were investigated. First, ink to ethanol volume ratio of 1 to 10 was determined as optimized value. It was observed that 60 cycles of spraying gives layer thickness of 3 μm. Substrate temperature of 180˚C was determined as optimized value. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image showed that deposition at 40˚C led to discontinuous layer with island-like microstructure and deposition at 280˚C led to porous plate-like microstructure. But deposition at 180˚C led to continuous layer. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that silver layers deposited at 40˚C have a mixture of silver acetate and elemental silver phases, but layers deposited at 180 ˚C and 280 ˚C have pure elemental silver phase.

It was observed that low resistance silver layer can be obtained by spray deposition of diluted silver ink. The silver layer deposited at optimized condition showed resistivity of 1.4 × 10-7 Ωm.

In the present era, understanding public opinion, how it is formed and the factors affecting it has become very important. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the state of public opinion satisfaction with the border guard performance of Kurdistan province and the factors affecting it.

The method of this research is by purpose; Applied, in terms of data; Qualitative is a type of explicit qualitative content analysis with a traditional approach to coding. Participating population includes 1- Professors of universities of Kurdistan province (Azad, Payamnoor, University of Kurdistan) in the fields of sociology, communication, psychology and management who are native to the province and were familiar with border issues (30 people); 2- Border guards, governors of Marivan, Sarvabad and Baneh (in secret); 3- The border residents of Marivan and Baneh who were somewhat familiar with the subject of the research (250 people). A total of 20 participants were selected from the participants in a targeted manner to achieve theoretical saturation. The method of analysis of interviews was the method of content analysis and the unit of sentence analysis, which were classified and analyzed by open coding, axial coding and selective coding. A total of 324 open codes, 29 axial codes and 9 selective codes were identified.Results and

The results show that the state of public opinion satisfaction with border performance is not very satisfactory and is moderate and low. In terms of prioritization, human factors, socio-cultural factors and communication factors have the greatest impact on increasing public satisfaction with border performance, respectively.

Car has an important role in the progress of police organizational missions, as endeavor to preserve and protect it, can be determinant in accuracy and speed of doing delivered organizational duties. The aim of this research is to Investigate the influential factors of organizational vehicles optimal maintenance in the police commandment of kurdistan province.

This research is practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive in terms of method and data type is qualitative-quantitative which is done through the segmented surveying. The statistical society of the present study in quantitative section was the Police commandment of kurdistan Province personnel who had car crash with police cars in five years from 2016 to 2020 were guilty that according to the received statistics, they were around 100, selected wholly. In qualitative section also, the statistical society selection is aimed and the samples selection were according to the theoretical saturation. Smirnoph-Gelmograph tests was used to assess the normalization of data, and Kidou, Enwa and Friedman tests were used for quantitative hypotheses examination, and in qualitative section also content narrative analysis method was used.  

Findings showed factors such as individual-characteristic features, job and organizational, social capital, maintenance system, management style and maintenance ones are in sequence of priority influential over optimal maintenance of organizational vehicles.   

Results indicates that regarding geography status of the province, type and number of assigned organizational missions, individual, job and organizational factors have the most influence on the optimal maintenance of police commandment of kurdistan province’s vehicle navigation that can be achieved through reformation in law, education-centrism, correct supervision and inspection and using reward and punishment system.

Determining the morphological characteristics of each plant is an important criterion in generating information for breeding programs. Understanding the vegetation of the region provides planners with a sound vision of the future. Zanjanchr('39')s Tarom Sheet area is a desert state and only allows certain species to grow. In this area, the plants are highly resistant to drought and with unpredictable rainfall. Capparis spinosa, one of the most important multifunctional plants, is of less concern to the inhabitants of these areas and grows in places with minimal rainfall and sandy soils. It is one of the rare plants that can withstand this harsh condition. Unfortunately, the plant is under threat from genetic erosion, pests and severe grazing. In order to preserve this valuable food, medicinal, industrial and cover crop and evaluate the genetic diversity of six blind populations of the region under 752 hectare conditions, the area was randomly selected. 18 phenotypic and quantitative traits and 4 qualitative traits were measured and analyzed. Multivariate analysis was performed using SAS 9.1 statistical software and one-way correlation coefficient was determined by Pearson method. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the data. Data analysis using these methods showed the relationships between the studied populations. Principal component analysis helped to create patterns of diversity and identified germplasm of the studied populations in the blind, taking into account the main traits, the existence of blind diversity in the Sheet area. The analysis showed a significant difference (at 1% level) in all studied traits with the exception of width, petiole length, width of spleen and spine length which was significant at 5% level. Among 18 morphological traits by cluster analysis, four clusters were obtained by Euclidean square method using intergroup linkage method. The first three principal components accounted for about 81.34% of the total variation among the 18 traits. The results of principal components showed that traits such as flower and fruit size and their components, number of main and secondary shoots and leaf size were the main distinguishing traits in the blinds of Sheet area. The highest amount of total phenol and antioxidant activity belonged to region 6 and then region 2. In cluster analysis of phytochemical traits, in cut from 5 Euclidean units it was observed that Capparis spinosa growth sites are divided into three separate groups. In the first group are places 1, 4 and 3. 5th place in a separate group and 2nd and 6th place in the third group.

Verbascum songaricum Schrenk. as a perennial herb belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family has good therapeutic properties. The application of bio-elicitors increases secondary metabolites in sustainable agricultural systems and the improvement of the quality of active ingredients of medicinal plants. In order to evaluate the foliar-applied salicylic acid on phytochemical properties of the leaf and flower of mulch, the present study was done in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the field of research center for medicinal plants of Shahrekord during 2016 and 2017. Foliar application of salicylic acid at three levels (control, 0.5 and 1 mM /L) was applied on the flower in three replications in three growth stages of plant. Total phenol content (TPC) in the leaves and flowers was determined by spectrophotometric method and the phenolic acid amount was determined based on gallic acid and flavonoids (flavonol quercetin) in the extracts by HPLC. According to the results, the effect of salicylic acid on the TPC, phenolic acid and flavonoids in the flower (as the main part of plant) extract of the plant was significant. In conclusion, the foliar application of salicylic acid promotes of polyphenolic compounds by 26% in the amount of flavonoids (flavonol quercetin) in flowers and 20% in the amount of phenolic acids (gallic acid) in flowers of Verbascum songaricum.

In clause 1 of general policies of the government on passive defense, it ‎is emphasized on miliary activities necessary against enemy threats and ‎action, and based on the present threats, developing and culturizing ‎passive defense is presented as an important issue. Based on this ‎matter, this research has been done with the purpose of culture ‎producing strategies in passive defense. This research is practical in ‎terms of purpose, and in terms of content and method is descriptive. The ‎data collection has been done through surveys with the use of open and ‎close questionnaires based on the experts of military field. In order to ‎analyze the data, SWOT analytical patter was used to identify strength ‎and weak points and to determine strategies, and for proritizing the ‎strategies, analticial process of ANP was used. The result of the ‎research shows S1 with 0.864 has the highest score among the factors. ‎In terms of prioritizing the strategies based on the experts views, the ‎strategy of “using national media as a tool on national scale and glogbal ‎coverage SO 3 with the score 0.948 were chosen as the main strategy, ‎and “holding short and benefitial educational programs” with the score of ‎‎0.902 was chosen as the replacement. In addition, organizations related ‎to the field of culturizing of passive defense were determined , therefore ‎the national TV was chosen as one of the effective tools.‎

With the entry into the information age, educational institution has undergone radical changes. In this context, e-learning as a new paradigm to provide different learning contexts. With the development of e-learning methods, teaching and learning process in nursing education has been facilitated as well. This study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of e-Learning in the Nursing Education. This was a review study. For the purpose of data collection, articles published in the specialized English and Persian databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, SID were retrieved from 1995 to 2015. For this purpose, hierarchical search method and keywords “e-Learning” and “Nursing education” were used. Finally, 20 articles were selected and scrutinized. According to the results, overall benefits of e-learning could be summarized as in the following phrases: interaction between teacher and student does not require physical presence of teachers and students in the classroom; change of attitudes and knowledge of nurses and nursing students; increasing knowledge and awareness of nurses ultimately provide the best information in the clinical care; improving patient outcomes, and establishing an appropriate method for the appropriate functioning of nursing at the patient's bedside; increasing satisfaction in the nurses in implementing this approach to training and skills enhancement and competencies of nurses in providing care to the patients. Due to the advantages of e-learning, it is suggested that this method be considered as an effective method of teaching at medical science universities. With the development of e-learning in the schools, hospitals, and scientific management, this method will help us to achieve more productivity.

This article study demographics features between border areas and non-border. Demographic index such as enlargement and population density, immigration patterns, between 1365-1390 years populations combinations of border regions has taken under demographic analyze. In order to identify the problems and security challenges because of this population changes is compared to non-border areas.

Research style is based on analyzing secondary data and it is used of country census data between 1365-1390 years. .Data: Results are expressing that in general population of Iran national environment, are centrifugal and centralization, this issue base on political demography in long term creates security challenges. Population centrifugal in Iran has caused deduction of population in some of the border area and these areas are facing low population. Having less population in border area not only will decrease border security but also will decrease military deterrence in some of the border of country. Meanwhile centralization of the population has caused decrease in crime control performance and city anomalies especially in macro cities. Also more population density in cities will increase danger level and people vulnerability against possible foreign air strikes.

This article specifically is suggesting for national and border security promotion, redistribution of population should happen in order to density optimization, these policies require leading diplomacy such as industrial, educational and careers decentralization policies.

Heart failure، one of the most common chronic diseases and major causes of mortality in the world with high prevalence of progressive with hospital admissions are unpredictable. Self care one important aspect of treatment in patients with heart failure. Self-care education، is necessary part of the comprehensive plan of care for patients during hospitalization to be exposed. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational interventions on knowledge، performance and readmission in heart failure patients was conducted in Ardabil. This randomized clinical trial، a total of 44 samples from patients with heart failure hospitalization Sabalan and Emam Khomeini (RA) Ardabil gradual sampling were selected randomly in two groups case (n=22) and control (n=22) were studied. Patient groups، for four 20-minute sessions were trained by the researcher. Data from the questionnaires and during interviews with patients before and after the intervention were collected. Data using SPSS version 16 software and using descriptive statistics and chi-square، independent t-test and the paired t-test were analyzed. Results indicate that after training، mean knowledge score in case group 89. 60±5. 95 in control group 62. 47±8. 84، mean performance score in case group 80. 75±3. 7 in control group 54. 78±6. 24، readmission rates in case group 15. 8 with a mean and standard deviation of 1±0. 15 and in control group 42. 1 percent with a mean and standard deviation of 1. 37±0. 37 based on independent t-test mean knowledge and performance with P=0. 0001 in the two groups had significant differences، but the amount Readmission Based on independent t-test with P>0. 05 is not significant. The findings of this study indicate that educational programs implemented to promote awareness، self-care behaviors and decrease readmission of patients is effective. Therefore، planning authorities and health team members and provide educational services to patients with a purpose Improve self care behaviors can be largely prevented the readmission of patients and obviously it helped the family economy and society will and obviously it helped the family economy and society will And recommended the education of the patient privacy and the privacy will be respected.