فهرست مطالب علیرضا مهدویان

The moisture content of sugarcane sheath is a crucial parameter during the crop's growth period, as it plays a key role in understanding water stress and field irrigation management. Traditional methods of measuring crop moisture levels involve time-consuming and expensive processes like obtaining wet and dry weights, followed by calculating moisture content, which are impractical for large areas. Recent advancements in remote sensing technology have enabled the monitoring of plant tissue moisture content in large fields. Remote sensing data have a high capacity to update crop growth monitoring systems.  In this regard, it is possible to use satellite images that provide a wealth of information to users. This research aims to evaluate sugarcane leaf sheath moisture using satellite images and generate moisture maps based on the best model.

The sugarcane fields, which represent the largest agricultural operations in Khuzestan, have an area of over 84,000 hectares. It covers over 9,670 hectares are cultivated by the Amir Kabir Agriculture and Industry company, the focus of this research. The study area is located at a latitude of 31° 00' 20' N and a longitude of 48° 15' 22' E. A total of 18 farms of the sugarcane variety CP69-1062 were utilized for this research. Five points were selected from each farm, and the coordinates of the points were recorded using a GPS device. The study was carried out between July and September. Ground data were collected nearly simultaneously with the Sentinel-2 satellite imaging of the target area. The moisture content of each collected sample was determined gravimetrically in the laboratory. For each image, indices and spectral bands were calculated using QGIS software and the output was saved as Excel and TIF files. The indices and bands obtained from Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to estimate and monitor the moisture status of sugarcane leaf sheath. In the next step, a variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis was implemented to check the collinearity between indices and bands. Finally, the indices of NDVI, EVI, SRWI, Clgreen and single bands B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B11 and B12 were entered as input to four GRNN, RF, SVR and PLSR models. The Bayes algorithm was employed to optimize the parameters of the model.

The results demonstrated that the SVR model exhibited a superior ability to estimate leaf sheath moisture compared to other models. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis revealed that the SRWI, Clgreen, NDVI, B5, B12, B11, B4, B3, EVI and B2 parameters are effective parameters in the moisture content modelling process. In the final stage, the leaf sheath moisture was classified into five stress classes, namely irrigation time, low moisture, medium moisture, and high moisture, in the order from low to high. The results of the moisture maps and the irrigation schedule for each date indicate that the combined output of B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B11, B12, NDVI, EVI, SRWI and Clgreen indices and bands has a superior performance. These indices were utilized in the preparation of irrigation plans. This method was employed to assess the potential of S2 MSI spectral indices for the estimation of leaf sheath moisture in the sugarcane growth stage.

Based on sensitivity analysis, the SRWI parameter was found to be the most effective index in the modelling process. Consequently, it can be concluded that a combination of indices and bands of NDVI, EVI, SRWI, Clgreen, B2, B3, B5, B4, B11, and B12 provides a more accurate estimate of sugarcane sheath moisture than any single input. Thus, processing and analysis of Sentinel-2 satellite images can be used to enhance the methodologies employed for the monitoring of sugarcane sheath moisture content in expansive fields.

Stirred tanks have a wide range of uses in food, chemical, and mineral industries. As a result, accurate knowledge of the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluid in these tanks is essential. One of the issues that arises in stirred tanks when working at high speeds is the vortex inside the tank, which inhibits appropriate mixing. In the current numerical study, by attaching vertical baffles to the inner wall of the tank, the flow field and vortex phenomena were evaluated. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was employed to explore the influence of wall baffles on variations in radial velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. Based on the numerical results, it was discovered that adding baffles to the tank wall enables the radial flow to be extended, which provides for better mixing inside the stirred tank. Moreover, by adding the baffles, vertical flow is improved, enhancing the agitation inside the tank. According to the results, the turbulent kinetic energy for tanks with and without baffles is 0.00957 m2 / m3 and 0.0112 m2 / s3, respectively, while the energy dissipation rates were 0.955 m2 / m3 and 0.805 m2 / s3, respectively. Increasing velocity in the vicinity of the baffle, results in enhanced agitation, providing the energy demand for better mixing. This prevents continuous swirling motion which can reduce agitation quality.

Pectin, which is made from citrus peel and waste, is one of the most commonly used compounds in the food industry. For large scale production, a combination of membrane-vacuum filtering has been suggested as an alternative to traditional methods of purifying the acidic solution for pectin extraction. This study investigates the main factors regarding membrane filtering system for separation of fibrous materials from an acidic pectin solution under vacuum. These factors which include: filter-aid-particle size, amount of filter-aid (perlite) added to the solution, and the vacuum level, affect production efficiency, degree of esterification, and galacturonic acid content. Pectin extraction efficiency is an important criterion for evaluating the filtration system and test results showed that both perlite particle size and perlite-layer thickness significantly affect this dependent variable. By increasing the perlite particle size from 20 to 100 microns, the extraction efficiency has doubled. This is while increasing the perlite layer thickness from 1 cm to 2 cm cuts the efficiency in half (from 20% to 10%). The highest galacturonic acid content was obtained with 2cm perlite thickness and 20-microns particle diameter. The degree of esterification was affected by the extraction conditions, and results revealed that the extracted pectin samples have an esterification degree of 70±5%. The optimum extraction conditions were determined by the software to be: 2 cm perlite-layer thickness and 56-microns filter-aid particle size at a vacuum level of 0.38 bars. Findings of this study can be utilized in the industrial scale implementation of a biomaterial separation system using vacuum-membrane filtering.

Pectin, which is made from citrus peel and waste, is one of the most commonly used compounds in the food industry. For large scale production, a combination of membrane-vacuum filtering has been suggested as an alternative to traditional methods of purifying the acidic solution for pectin extraction. This study investigates the main factors involved in membrane filtering system for separation of fibrous materials from an acidic pectin solution under vacuum. These factors which include: filter-aid-particle size, amount of filter-aid (perlite) added to the solution, and the vacuum level, affect, separation quality, volumetric flow rate, and energy consumption . A vacuum separation device was developed for this purpose in order to separate the fibrous material dissolved in solution. The independent variables were examined at three levels, the data were analyzed, and the optimum value for each variable was determined using the response surface method (RSM). Results revealed that increasing the vacuum level from 0.2 to 0.4 bar increases the flow-rate 6.5 folds, while, further increase in the vacuum level decreases the flow-rate. This indicates clogging of the paper filter and decreased flow-rate at vacuum level of 0.6 bar and perlite particle size of 100 microns. The evaluation results showed that thickness of the perlite layer has the greatest effect on the separation efficiency and when increased from 1 to 2 cm,  increases the efficiency  2.5 folds. The maximum value of separation efficiency was obtained at a vacuum level of 0.2 bar, particle size of 20 microns and perlite thickness of 2 cm. The energy consumption of 60-micron perlite was 0.74 Wh in the optimal state, and the larger and smaller sizes of perlite had 4.5 times the energy consumption. These findings are applicable in the industrial scale implementation of a biomaterial separation system using vacuum membrane filtering.

Packaging, transportation, and separation of agricultural products are among the processes that cause potential damage, losses, and increased waste, depending on the type of product. Therefore, determining the mechanical strength properties is one of the most important approaches to prevent mechanical damage. Using mechanical tests, such as compression tests, is a common approach to obtain information, but simulation methods can help determine a wider range of information, such as stress and strain distribution patterns in the fruit, at lower cost and higher speed. Quince (Cydonia oblonga), which like other fruits is susceptible to mechanical damage, is rich in various compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acid, which contribute to anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and antimicrobial properties. In this study, to determine the mechanical properties of quince, compression tests were performed on fruit specimens at a rate of 10 mm/min using a materials testing machine and supplemented by simulation using ANSYS software FEM. The results of the experiments and simulations showed that a viscoelastic model adequately describes the behavior of the fruit under quasi-static loading. The simulation results for loading rates of 5 and 20 mm/min showed that the specimen is subjected to higher shear and normal stresses at a rate of 20 mm/min. The minimum of shear and normal stresses is associated with the rate of 5 mm/min. According to the evaluation results, it is better to perform harvesting and post-harvesting of quinces in such a way that lower loading rates (5 mm/min) are applied to avoid losses as much as possible.

To evaluate the application of the image processing method (RGB and Lab methods) compared to the visual evaluation method for determining the seed viability or stainability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) using tetrazolium test, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Mechanical and Biosystems Engineering of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University in 2019. The experimental factors included methods for determining seed stainability (visual assessment, RGB, and Lab methods), two plant species (wheat and winter vetch), physical stratification (cross cutting, longitudinal cutting, sanding, needling, and control), and duration of exposure to tetrazolium (10 and 24 hours). The results showed that the stainability of seeds exposed to tetrazolium for 24 hours was higher than those exposed for 10 hours. The highest stainability of seeds was observed in the longitudinal cutting treatment for both wheat and hairy vetch species in the all three determining seed stainability methods. The RGB and Lab methods showed the highest stainability percentage for wheat and hairy vetch seeds, respectively, where the seeds were cut longitudinally. Therefore, the RGB and Lab image processing technique can be used as a fast, precise, and new method for determining the seed viability of crops and weeds through the tetrazolium test.

In diesel engines, for reasons such as increasing power and efficiency, reducing volume, reducing weight and increasing combustion quality, it is very common to employ a turbocharger. One of the most common problems in diesel engines is the absorption of soot particles in the turbocharger outlet, which clogged after a while. The blocked filter prevent to exhaust the gases with required flow rate, as a result, the back pressure and temperature of exhaust gases increase. This factor causes the turbocharger to be located near the unstable operating range and these factors expected to change the vibration behavior of this set. In this study, by creating several levels of soot particle clogging at 2500 and 3200 RPM, the turbocharger vibration signal was stored. Using this non-destructive method, more accurate data obtained to perform active Regeneration than the conventional method. Employing fast Fourier transform on stored time signal and filtering expected range of the signal, the turbocharger operating frequencies were determined and by extracting the frequency domain characteristics and comparing them, it observed that the power spectrum density and spectral flux had a resolution of approx. It has 4 times more than other features in indexing this event. In addition, as the engine speed increases, the soot filter clogging has a greater effect on the vibration behavior of the turbocharger.

 Marital adjustment is one of the most important concepts in strengthening family and awareness of its predictors is very important. In this way, this study was done with the purpose of predicting marital adjustment based on components of spirituality and narcissism in the partners living in Tehran.

 The method used in this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all married people living in Tehran. Out of them, 330 people were selected by available sampling method in three parks (Qeytariyeh, Laleh and Shahr), who answered Lock-Wallace Marital Adjustment Questionnaire, Hall and Edwards Spirituality Questionnaire, and the NPI Narcissistic Personality Inventory. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

 Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Findings of Pearson correlation coefficient showed significant relationships between components of power and authority and management perception, between frustration and instability and ostentation, and between exploitation and most components of spirituality except magnification and instability (P=0.001 and P=0.005). Also, the findings of regression analysis showed that the component of frustration in spirituality (P=0.001), and the component of ostentation in narcissism (P=0.006), are able to significantly predict marital adjustment.

 According to these results, ostentation and frustration can be considered by psychologists and counselors as strong predictors of marital adjustment.

 Marital infidelity is defined as a sexual, romantic, or emotional relationship, which causes a person's infidelity towards its marital relationship and is known as one of the destructive events in intimate relationships and often leads to turmoil, dispute, dissolution, and divorce. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality dimensions and marital infidelity based on the mediating role of religious beliefs.

 The sample population was all married couples in Tehran in 2021, of whom 350 were selected by accessible sampling method. For data collection, McCree and Costa’s NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised, Bashirpour et al.’s Marital Infidelity Tendency Questionnaire, and Golriz’s Religious Attitude Questionnaire were used. In order to test the research model, the path analysis method was used by the maximum probability. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

 Based on the results, neuroticism had negative and extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and consciousness had positive effects on religious beliefs. Also, religious beliefs had a negative effect on marital infidelity. The neuroticism both directly and indirectly, affected the tendency toward marital infidelity with the mediating role of religious beliefs. According to the results, 47.5% of the variance in religious beliefs and 76.5% of the variance in marital infidelity were explained by the variables of the model.

 It can be stated that religion and religious beliefs can have a negative impact on marital infidelity. The key to living without conflict is to pay attention to spiritual issues and to cultivate religious beliefs. Values give meaning to life and act as a refuge when faced with life crises such as sadness, loss, and mourning. Religion provides couples with instructions on how to deal with and resolve conflicts when they arise.

Considering the importance and extent of industries related to food processing in human life and the key role of a raw material such as pectin in this industry, the use of innovative, more optimal and less expensive methods of extracting this material can be important. A semi-continuous rotary separator system for separating pulp from fluid containing pectin has been investigated in the present study. In this research, to evaluate the separation process with the help of semi-continuous separator by considering the rotational speed, fluid input flow rate and time in the separation process, on the efficiency and energy consumption at flow rates of 60, 90 and 120 ml/min and five levels of rotational speed 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, rpm and time intervals 0-50, 51-100, 101-150, 151-200 and 201-250 seconds, according to the optimal energy consumption. The solution contains acid as a solvent for pectin and some solid fiber suspended in the fluid, in order to produce pectin, its solid particles must be separated first and a semi-continuous separator is used in this step. According to the obtained results, the input flow rate of 60 ml/min due to the longer retention time for better separation, the rotational speed of 6000 rpm due to the creation of the greatest rcf force, and finally the time interval of 0-50 seconds had the best separation quality. By considering the time and energy consumption and using the RSM, the optimal point with an efficiency of 99.12% in the conditions of a rotational speed of 3400 rpm, an input flow rate of 120 ml/min and a time of 50 seconds with a consumption of 6.48 W hours of energy consumption, by computer it was validated by testing the first 5 optimal points and with an error of 6% of the introduced optimal point.

Introdution
Nowadays, supplying the needed food for people is one of the main global issues. Among foods, rice as the second vital crop has an important role in the world. The amount of global rice losses is about 21 percent and in Iran is reported between 16 to 30 percent that the most amount of it belongs to harvest (mowers and crushers) part. The measuring device for rice picker combine losses at lab scale is a tool which could report the losses of separating and cleaning units. One of the advantages of this device is choosing maximum speed by the operator with considering the acceptable amount of seed losses. Therefore, research about detecting and decreasing this type of losses is important. In this research, only the losses of the harvesting step, especially at the end of a combine harvester machine was addressed. Different methods included piezoelectric and acoustic sensors, load cell, and FIS controller were used as the measuring device of rice picker combine seed losses. In this research, on the contrary with other studies, the slope of meshed plate and humidity of product was measured using a piezoelectric sensor at lab scale under different conditions of the rotational speed of meshed plate. Therefore, the general purpose of this research was design, construction, and evaluation of the measuring device for rice picker combine losses based on the piezoelectric sensor at lab scale to measure the seed losses in the straws at the end of the machine at rice picking.

A meshed plate with the 100 × 60 cm2 dimension was one of the main parts of the measuring device of seed losses. The diameter of its meshes was 7 mm based on the rice seed size. It separates the rice seeds from straws. Separated seeds from this part were fallen on the other plate which is mounted under the meshed plate. The seeds through four separated routes were fallen on the sensors and output pulses from sensors were sent to the operator plus shown at a monitor. The used seeds at tests were selected from Fajr rice cultivar with a high yield and short height. The used piezoelectric sensor had the ability to convert imposed force and pressure to voltage and vice versa. After the seed falling on the sensor and its vibration, the piezoelectric sensor worked as a beam fixed at one end. The used  Integrated Circuit (IC) was ATMEGA328, which receives the needed data through the sensor as a processing and action system. An electric motor was used to create the rotational speed of meshed plate. The LCD indicator was used for monitoring the obtained data from the test. The amount of seed losses at the end of rice picker combine machine was studied using the piezoelectric sensor with high sensitivity for detecting seeds to separate the seeds from straws. The tested sample in this research was 1 kg straw plus 52 g seed which was equal to 3 percent loss at the end of the harvest combine machine. The experimental design was a simple randomized complete design with three replications. The used treatments included the rotational speed of meshed plate at 3 levels (50, 75, and 100 rpm), the slope of meshed plate at 3 levels (25, 37, and 45 deg) plus humidity at 3 levels (12, 18, and 24 percent). Then the data analysis was done using the conducted test design. The GenStat software was used for data analysis.

The analysis of variance table showed that all treatments have a significant difference in the number of rice lost seeds at 1% probability level. The interaction between the rotational speed of meshed plate and seed humidity had a significant difference at the 1% level. On this base, the best separation of seed from straw recorded at 100 rpm and 12% humidity. The reason was the higher vibration of the meshed plate at high rotational speed and better separation of seeds at low humidity. Increasing the slope of meshed plate and humidity of seeds caused decreasing in the device efficiency. Because the motion speed of the sample on the meshed plate increased with increasing the slope of the meshed plate, a lower period was needed for separating the seeds from straws, and this separation at higher humidity was done hardly. The highest efficiency at this condition was obtained with 12% humidity and 25º slope. Increment of the rotational speed of meshed plate and decrement of meshed plate slope caused the best separation by the device. Its reason was high vibration at the high rotational speed and having enough time for separating the seeds from straws at a low slope of the meshed plate. The best angle for separating was 37º. Increment of the rotational speed of meshed plate, decrement of meshed plate slope, and sample humidity caused increasing the device efficiency. The reasons were high vibration at high rotational speed, having enough time for separating seeds from straws, and decreasing the compression at low humidity amounts. The results showed that the best device efficiency with 95.51% was obtained at 100 rpm rotational speed, humidity of 12%, and 25º slope of the meshed plate.

In this research, a measuring device for detecting the amount of seed losses combined by straws at the end of a rice picker combine machine was designed and constructed, and then was assessed. The results of lab tests showed that increment of the rotational speed of meshed plate plus decrement of meshed plate slope and sample humidity causes an increment of device efficiency. With installation and evaluation of this device on the rice picker combine machine, the needed correction at the farm will be done and the amount of losses will be decreased.

Examining marital satisfaction can play an important decisive role in creating and maintaining a marital relationship and it has the strength of family focus. Therefore, this study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on the variables of empathy, marital commitment, and attachment styles of married women in Tehran in 2021.

The current research has been conducted by the correlation research method, and the sample volume includes 350 married women in Tehran, which were chosen via convenience sampling.  For variable assessments, The Empathy Scale (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972), Dimensions of Commitment Inventory (DCI) (Adams & Jones, 1997), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) (Collins & Read, 1990), and Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS) (Hudson, 1992) were used. Finally, data were analyzed by the standard multiple regression.

The research result showed that the variables of Empathy, Marital commitment, and Attachment styles predict Marital satisfaction so that, the empathy subscales such as Expressive, participatory, reactive, emotional stability, and emotional impact directly and empathy for others and control indirectly related. Also, the dimensions of marital commitment were directly and avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles inversely predict marital satisfaction.Discussion and

According to the research findings, it can be said the factors of empathy, marital commitment, and attachment styles have an important role and influence on the level of marital satisfaction and mental health of the family. Therefore, a detailed study of these factors’ effects will help psychologists in intervention and counseling programs.

The phenomenon of seed dormancy in weeds not only lead to management difficulties over time but also can disrupt the biological, morphological and ecological studies carried out on these species. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ultrasound on seed dormancy breaking of Datura stramonium and Convolvulus arvensis in laboratory conditions. Two separate experiments were conducted as a completely randomized design with four replications for each species. The ultrasonic waves were applied at five powers including 0, 80, 150, 250 and 350 watts for four and eight minutes, where the applied ultrasonic frequency was 20 kHz and the temperature of water was remained constant at 25°C. In addition to the ultrasound treatments, the common dormancy-breaking treatments including chilling (natural chilling, moist chilling and dry chilling) and mechanical scarification were applied on D. stramonium and C. arvensis, respectively. All sonication treatments decreased accumulated maximum germination (Gmax) of both weed species. Also, the ultrasound treatments increased time to 50% of maximum germination (G50) of D. stramonium. The ultrasonic effect on G50 of C. arvensis was depended on ultrasonic power, where at low ultrasound powers the G50 of D. stramonium was similar to untreated seeds, while it was decreased at high ultrasound powers. Accordingly, ultrasound was not a suitable method to break seed dormancy of D. stramonium and C. arvensis. As the best treatments, the natural chilling and mechanical scarification increased Gmax of D. stramonium and C. arvensis up to 49% and 38%, respectively.

Infidelity is a common issue in couple therapy and is known as a common and challenging clinical problem for both clients and therapists. The aim of present research was to evaluate the fit of the transdiagnostic model of healing from marital infidelity.

The research method was a descriptive-correlational type of structural equation model. The statistical population of the research included all betrayed women who had referred to counseling centers in Tehran in 2019. These women had not received any therapeutic measure before this research. From this population, 400 people were selected using available sampling method. Participants were assessed with the questionnaires of the relationship healing after marital infidelity (Momeni, 2013), the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) (Wales, 2004), early maladaptive schemas (Young, 1998), Bagarozzi intimacy (Bagarozzi, 2001), Forgiveness (Ray, 2001), and Emotional Efficiency (Mazlum et al., Subprint). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and LISREL and SPSS software.

The results showed that the early maladaptive schema (T-Value= -3.93), metacognition (T-Value= -2.05), emotional efficiency (T-Value= 3.41), intimacy in the relationship (T-Value= 4.53) and forgiveness based on personal values (T-Value= 6.24) had a significant direct and indirect effect on healing from marital infidelity. The early maladaptive scheme did not have a significant direct effect on forgiveness (T-Value= -1.77). In addition, there was no significant effect in mediating forgiveness between the early maladaptive schema and healing from marital infidelity (T-Sobel= -1.113). The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the transdiagnostic model of healing from marital infidelity could predict healing from infidelity (R2= 79). The present model had a good fit with the research sample data. (RMSEA=0.013, Chi-Square/df=1.073, SRMR=0.023, GFI=0.88, AGFI=0.87, NFI=0.99, CFI=1, IFI=1, RFI=0.99). Discussion and

According to the achieved results, it can be concluded that this model can improve the researches related to the healing from marital infidelity and facilitate clinical treatments related to this issue.

In the processing of vegetables as well as preparation for fresh consumption, the leaf part of the vegetable is separated from the stem manually and non-mechanically. This research was carried out in order to design and development an automatic system for precise cutting of vegetable stems harvested from the field. Machine vision was used to determine the appropriate cutting position. In this way, after placing the product on the conveyor, it is automatically photographed and after identifying the cutting location, a cutting mechanism separates the leaf part of the plant from its stem. The designed cutting system performed the cutting of the samples with an accuracy of about 3 mm. It takes about 4 seconds to identify the cutting location and perform cutting, so the maximum capacity of the machine is 15 cuts per minute. The output of the machine had acceptable quality in cases where the incoming vegetables were evenly and freshly harvested.

One of the most important factors in employee job dissatisfaction is the inability to solve individual and organizational problems. When these problems are new or complex, innovative and effective decision making is a very important factor in solving them. According to the researcher's studies, the effect of problem solving skills on job satisfaction and employee creativity in Iranian companies and organizations has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of problem solving training in improving job satisfaction and creativity of employees.

This study is quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Subjects were selected using the available sampling method. The problem solving skills were taught to 50 employees who get the lowest score in the problem-solving ability self-assessment test. Then, their job satisfaction and creativity were evaluated before, immediately, and 4 months after the end of training. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is a positive correlation between problem solving skills, job satisfaction, and employees’ creativity.

problem solving skills training, as a short-term psychological intervention, can increase job satisfaction and creativity of staff, and the effect of this intervention will remain stable over time.

With serious energy crisis in recent years, phase change materials (PCMs) are among the best choice for thermal energy storage. These materials have attracted special attention in energy saving. PCMs absorb energy during the heating process accompanied by their phase transitions. This energy can be transferred into the surrounding environment during the cooling process. In other words, these compounds have the ability to store and release high amount of heat through phase transitions with a slight temperature variation. PCMs are classified into four groups of organic, inorganic, eutectic and polymeric materials. However, the major limitation of PCMs is their mixing problem with other materials. Encapsulation might be the best way for effective use of PCMs to increase heat transfer rate, preventing their leakage, reducing their interaction with the external media and limit volume changes during phase change. Encapsulation is a coating process of PCMs with a suitable material to protect solids, liquids or gases in a solid shell. Encapsulated materials are categorized into macrocapsules, microcapsules, and nanocapsules, based on the capsule size. Among these, microencapsulation is a successful method to develop PCMs application in construction, pharmaceutics, agriculture, and textile industries. Different types of microcapsules can be made with a wide range of shell materials by various physical, physico-chemical and chemical methods. Depending on the chemical nature, three types of shell materials are used for microcapsulation, including organic, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids. The conventional polymeric compounds in the shell include polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyamide, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde and acrylic resins. Due to the importance of encapsulation methods and versatile applications of encapsulated PCMs in various industries, the most important methods for encapsulation of PCMs are reviewed in this paper in preparation of stable PCMs by consideration of the role of polymers.

Depression is among the most prevalent mental disorders, i.e., related to rumination. Moreover, it affects 20% of women and 10% of men in their lifetimes. It is a frequent mental health problem that causes decreased mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self–esteem, disturbed sleep or appetite, decreased energy, and poor concentration. The etiology of depression is not entirely understood. Numerous mental health professionals consider rumination as the hallmark of depression; it can predict the duration of depressive symptoms. Rumination is defined as a mode of responding to distress that involves repetitively and passively, focusing on symptoms of distress. There are sufficient reasons to choose rumination as a primary therapeutic target. Depressed patients report elevated levels of rumination, compared to those who have never been depressed. Despite the high frequency of all depression types, we still face a significant treatment gap. Most individuals with depression fail to receive treatment; about one–third of those who do receive treatment fail to respond to the current therapeutic approaches. Rumination–Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (RFCBT) and classic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) are the two psychotherapy approaches used in depression management. RFCBT is an extended and practical form of CBT, i.e., applicable to depressed individuals. This treatment method helps patients to develop effective alternatives to habitual and dysfunctional ruminative patterns. Besides, it assists them in becoming more concrete and action–oriented toward problem–solving strategies, instead of fostering an abstract and passive attitude. CBT is empirically–validated psychotherapy, i.e., recommended as a first–line treatment for depression. CBT is a structured, short–term, and present–oriented approach to psychotherapy that helps patients modify inefficient patterns of thinking and behavior to resolve current problems. The current study aimed to compare the effects of RFCBT and classic CBT on rumination and depression symptoms.

This study was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest, follow–up, and a control group design. The statistical population of the study comprised all females with depressive disorder referring to counseling centers in Dezful City, Iran, in 2018.  Of them, 24 subjects with depression were selected by purposive sampling method using a structured clinical interview. Then, they were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (RFCBT & classic CBT) and a control group. Each group included 12 participants. The interventions included 12 sessions for each test group. The research tools included the Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition (BDI–II) and the Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ). These tools were completed by the study participants in the pretest, posttest, and follow–up stages. These scales’ validity and reliability have been confirmed in previous studies. The analysis of data was accomplished at two levels. In the descriptive level, mean and standard deviation were used, and in inferential level, mixed analysis of variance was used in SPSS. p<0.01 was considered statistically significant.

The obtained data suggested that both treatment interventions (RFCBT & classic CBT) effectively reduced rumination and depression symptoms in the studied samples (p<0.001). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two groups in different time series.

According to the present study results, RFCBT and classic CBT could be used as efficient approaches to reduce rumination and depression symptoms.

Stimuli-responsive materials based on thermochromic are a new class of smart materialsthat has received a great deal of attention in the recent decades. The importance ofsmart polymers or stimuli-responsive polymers is growing due to having properties suchas toughness, simple processability, flexibility, elasticity, biocompatibility as well as beingcapable of reversible chemical and physical changes in response to variable environmentalconditions relative to inorganic materials. The most important characteristics of thesepolymers are their microscopic response to small environmental changes and they canreturn to their initial state under further stimulus. These polymers may respond to severaltriggers such as light, temperature, mechanical factors, electrical and magnetic fields,polarity, enzyme, and biomolecules. Recently, the rapid advancements on smart materialswith thermochromic properties have become a promising field. A thermochromic materialcan be in the form of monomer or polymer, organic or inorganic compound, and a singleor a multi-component system. The color of these compounds can change spontaneously orcontinuously in response to changes in temperature in a reversible way which is as the resultof changes in light reflection, absorption or scattering properties. These materials could beused in several fields such as thermochromic papers, inks, sensors and thermometers.

​Distillates are one of the most popular consumer products of medicinal plants. High essential oil and low methanol contents have always been considered as two desirable factors by experts in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In order to investigate the effect of harvest height on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) distillate quality, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four harvesting heights of 15, 25, 35 and 45 cm (measured from the highest point of the plant), as well as the remaining stalk, were the treatments in this research. The measured traits were: methanol and essential oil content in the distillates. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant effect of treatments on the studied traits. It can be said that methanol values significantly increased with the harvesting height measured from the top. It varied from 71.64 ± 2.7 mg/l for the height of 15 cm to 219.77 ± 3.52 mg/l for 45 cm. In the remaining stalk, methanol values increased from 142.33 ± 1.34 mg/l for 15 cm height to 393.86±24.65 mg/l for 35 cm height. It should be mentioned that at 45 cm height of cut, there was no remaining stalk. The amount of essential oil in the distillate increased with harvesting height. The findings of this study showed that the harvesting height of 15 cm from the highest part of the plant is recommended for obtaining a higher distillate quality with lower methanol content, and the possibility of increasing the number of harvesting cuts for the production of medicinal and nutritional products.

Depression is a very common disease of the present age. It is important to study the causes and factors associated with depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between perfectionism and depression of students by mediation of rumination. The research method was descriptive-correlational. 270 students from Dezfoul Islamic Azad University were selected by cluster sampling. In order to collect data, "Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale”, the “Rumination-Reflection Scale”, and the “Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition” were used. Validity and reliability have been confirmed in previous studies. The model was evaluated using a structural model using the SPSS.18 and IMOS 20. In structural equation model, relationships between these variables were of acceptable fit. Correlation between perfectionism and depression (β = 0.44, P = 0.01), between rumination and depression (β = 0.44, P = 0.01), and between perfectionism and rumination correlation of perfectionism with rumination (β = 0.56, P = 0.01). Perfectionism correlates with depression either directly or indirectly through rumination. Therefore, holding workshops on improving perfectionism and managing rumination in students is recommended.

The just war is one of issues that Is discussed in the ethics of war and Looking for to limit the scope of war and the resulting destructive consequences. This issue has been neglected in Islamic thought .In this research Indicators of just war has been extracted with focuses on the wars of Amir al-Mu'minin. This research examines just war on two areas of the right to war and Act of war, The Battle of the Jamal, Siffin and Nahrawan have been studied. The achievement of this research can be divided into two main sections. The first part is the extraction of key questions of just war in conventional theories, and the second part is answering it from Amir al-Mu'minin's (a.s.) Sire Military .first section, Include this questions: By whom? (Authority), why? (Fair Cause), when? (Necessity), with what purpose? (Right Intent), and how? (Fair Behavior). In the second part, the answers to previous questions is extracted from Amir al-Mu'minin's (a.s.) Sire.

Nowadays and with developments in science and technology of nanomaterials, polymers have displayed new capabilities by addition of inorganic nanoparticles like magnetic substances, besides retaining their natural characteristics. To maintain the initial properties, nanoparticles must be dispersed in the polymer matrix uniformly. Various ways have been proposed to improve this dispersion by modification of the nanoparticles surface with organic compounds. These functionalities can even participate in polymerization reactions or help their compatibilization. Most organic polymers can protect these nanoparticles against environmental degradation due to their hydrophobic nature. Magnetic nanoparticles and nanocomposites have several applications in dye, ink, sensors and microprocessors, medicine, controlled drug delivery, catalysts, water treatment and waste separation. Magnetic polymers have become increasingly important because of their properties such as toughness, easy processability, flexibility, elasticity and biocompatibility, as well as reversible chemical and physical changes in response to an external magnetic field. The main feature of these polymers is their ability to respond to changes in external magnetic field, as they quickly undergo microscopic changes structurally by on/off switching of the magnetic field. Magnetic gels and elastomers are some examples of these materials that have attracted much attention recently.

Aim and The present research aimed to compare family functioning and parent's marital satisfaction among the adolescents with and without suicide attempt.
Methods and Materials: The study sample consisted of 100 adolescents, 50 with and 50 without suicide attempt, who were selected via accessible sampling and clustered-randomized sampling methods, respectively. The without attempt group was matched with attempt group from the view of demographic characteristics. The Persian version of McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire with the reliability of 0.93 and 0.92, respectively, were completed by mothers. The data were using independent t, Pearson correlation coefficient, logistic regression tests, as well as descriptive statistics.
Findings: There were significant differences in terms of family functioning and parent's marital satisfaction, and also their dimensions, between the two groups (P Parent's marital satisfaction and family functioning impact the adolescent's suicidal behavior. This addresses the importance of systematic therapies, and presenting family and couple therapy in therapeutic sketches of adolescents with suicide attempts.