فهرست مطالب عنایت عباسی

Transportation networks are considered fundamental infrastructures in any country and are significant in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental aspects. Freeways, as one of the vital lifeline infrastructures, can be among the essential elements of civilization and progress for any country, considering their technical and physical conditions and environmental quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of constructing the Khorramabad-Arak freeway on rural areas, with an emphasis on sustainable development goals. The methodology in this research is qualitative (data base theory). The samples were selected purposefully and by snowball method among local residents, workers, consulting engineers and employees in department of Roads and Urban Development. The results of this study indicate that the overall construction of the freeway has had positive economic, social, and institutional effects on neighboring villages. It has led to a reduction in vehicle consumption and fuel consumption, decreased travel distance, increased speed in the transportation of agricultural products, job creation for local people, increased job diversity in the region, enhanced safety, reduced accidents and human casualties, improved accessibility for tourists, and increased supervision by administrative forces in the area. However, in terms of environmental and agricultural aspects, the impacts of this freeway include the emission of fossil fuel gases from machinery, dust and noise pollution from vehicle and machinery activities, waste production around temporary private and labor workshops, changes in land use, deforestation, etc., which are evaluated as negative.

The village, as the basis of the system and due to its position at different levels of the development process, plays an important role in the life and prosperity of any society. Agriculture as the dominant activity in the village has a decisive role in providing independence and food security.  Agriculture has many capacities, and it is very important to use these capacities in order to provide a sustainable livelihood and maintain the population of the villagers. One of these capacities is benefiting from rural tourism. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to analyze the gap between the current and expected situation of the impact of rural tourism on sustainable livelihoods of rural households.

The present research is applied of view point of its purpose and is a descriptive-survey in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study included 224 households in Kalvan village. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 135 households were identified as the sample participated in this study. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the research tool was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used.

Examining the gap between the current and the expected situation, the results indicate that the expected situation score is significantly higher than the current situation score of the impact of tourism in each of the dimensions of sustainable rural livelihood. The results showed that there is the largest gap between the expected and current status of dimensions of institutional-structural, economic-financial and natural-environmental resources, respectively. Therefore, paying attention to these dimensions, including the introduction of Kalvan village as a tourist destination through mass media, as well as providing the necessary conditions to stabilize the livelihood of Kalvan village households and their permanence in the village will be of great help.

The key message of this study was based on the principle that the expectations of people living in Kelvan village on the sustainability of livelihood assets due to tourism have not been met to a large extent. The need to address the expectations of the target community (tourist areas) is related to the coordination among different organizations, including the tourism organization, the environmental organization, and the agricultural jahad organization of the province, as well as other related institutions. On the other hand, culturalization of the proper use of natural resources by tourists should be paid attention to by those in charge.

Fisheries tourism is a relatively new style of tourism in many countries, which has brought many benefits to both sectors by merging the tourism and fishing sectors. To create and develop fisheries tourism, the participation of the local community, including the fishermen community, as one of the most important groups related to fisheries tourism, is considered an effective tool and an important element. Among the most important prerequisites for the participation of communities in the development of fisheries tourism is the intention of these communities to participate. Therefore, this research was conducted with the general purpose of investigating the intention of fishermen to participate in fisheries tourism and the factors affecting it. This research is practical in terms of purpose, is descriptivr - correlational in terms of analysis, and has been carried out through survey relying on the theory of planned behavior. The statistical population in this research was fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline(N=9594). Due to the distribution of fishermen in the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan, the sample size of the study was determined to be 209 fishermen and the samples were selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed based on the theoretical framework of the research and based on the The Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB). The results showed that fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline have a high intention to accept and participate in the implementation of fisheries tourism. The results also showed that participation in the program "watching the local fish markets by fisheries tourists" has the highest level of intention among all fisheries tourism activities among the fishermen of beach seine cooperatives. They also expressed their intention to participate in programs for "watching beach seine fishing and throwing nets". "staying in the house of local people and being familiar with local fishing communities (cultures and customs)" and cooperation to "participation in local festivals related to fisheries" were other activities that fishermen were interested in participating them.

Gilan province, one of the country's tourism poles in terms of its privileged natural location and climatic conditions, has many natural, historical, religious, cultural, social and economic attractions and numerous God-given gifts. According to the statistical yearbook of 2015, out of a total of 258 residences in the country, there was one tourism residence unit in Gilan province. In 2016, there were 5 accommodation units out of a total of 441 accommodation units, and in 2017, out of 540 ecotourism accommodation units, there were only three official ecotourism units, and this number reached 14 units in 2018. This statistic has grown significantly in the summer of 2019 and the number of eco-tourism residences in this province has reached 48 units. The rapid growth of ecotourism accommodations in recent years makes it necessary to provide proper services to tourists. This leads to the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists towards ecotourism accommodations. In this regard, the present research was designed and carried out with the aim at investigating the satisfaction with the service quality and the loyalty of rural tourists to the eco-tourist accommodations in Gilan province. In this regard, the American model of measuring customer satisfaction is the basis for measuring the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists. According to this model, the satisfaction of tourists in ecotourism accommodations is directly influenced by the quality of services, the expectations of tourists, and the value perceived by them. In addition to the direct effect, the quality of services and the expectations of tourists affect satisfaction indirectly through the perceived value. The satisfaction of tourists affects the loyalty of tourists both directly and indirectly (through the complaint reduction variable).

The study was descriptive - correlation and conducted through a survey method. The statistical population of the study included all rural tourists of ecotourism residences in Gilan province in 2020 year. The sample size was 315 tourists which were selected among five cities by using stratified random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by professors and relevant experts and its reliability was determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.72-0.89. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. To describe the variables mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage and cumulative percentage were used. To investigate the relationship between the variables, the correlation coefficient was used, and to calculate the difference between satisfaction and loyalty in different groups, the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis H tests were used. Finally, path analysis has been used to investigate the direct and indirect effects of variables on the dependent variable.

According to the results, tourists' satisfaction and loyalty to ecotourism residences were assessed at a good level. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between service qualities, customer expectations, perceived value with the dependent variable of tourist satisfaction at the level of 1%. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between tourists' satisfaction and complaint reduction with the dependent variable of loyalty at the level of 1%. In comparison, the perceived value variable has a higher correlation with the tourism service satisfaction variable. In other words, the valuableness of the services received makes tourists more satisfied. Meanwhile, according to the results of the path analysis, the received service quality variable has the highest total causal effect on the satisfaction variable, and the service perceived value variable ranks second. The results of Mann–Whitney U tests showed that there was a significant difference between men and women according to the variables of satisfaction and loyalty at 5% level. In this case, men are more loyal than women. The reason for this difference is probably due to women's higher expectations of the services provided by eco-tourist accommodations. According to the results of path analysis, the variable of services quality has the most total causal effect on satisfaction and the variable of reducing complaints has the most direct and total causal effect on tourist loyalty. Dealing with tourists' requests, providing compensatory services, as well as the appropriate quality of the services provided, will lead to the loyalty of the tourist and his/her next visit to the tourist accommodation.

In the present research, the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists in eco-tourism accommodations has been measured using a valid and documented framework. Examining the mean of the main variables shows that all these variables are at a medium to high level from the point of view of rural tourists. In other words, tourists have evaluated the current state of service provided, fulfillment of expectations, value of services received, satisfaction with services provided, addressing possible shortcomings and loyalty to eco-tourism accommodations in an appropriate situation. In order to improve the quality of eco-tourism accommodation services and also since the monitoring of the implementation is considered a basic process, it is suggested to evaluate the performance system in eco-tourism accommodation, especially in the field of services to tourists.Considering the significant growth of eco-tourism residences in recent years in Gilan province and in order to prevent a merely quantitative growth and also with the aim of sustainability and permanence of these residences, the results of the present research can be taken into consideration by the officials and owners of the accommodations in order to gain the satisfaction and loyalty of the tourists.

In Isfahan province, 27 out of 35 plains are prohibited. Southern Mahyar Plain - Asman Plain is one of these plains as a part of Gavkhouni drainage basin. According to studies, indiscriminate extraction of underground water is the main cause of land subsidence in this region. Since participatory management is one of the basic strategies of sustainable management of water resources, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the variables of awareness, sensitivity and social capital on the willingness to participate in the preservation of underground water in this plain. The research is quantitative in nature and practical in purpose. The statistical population of the research is 357 people who are actual users of agricultural wells in Mahyar Plain. The sample size of the study is 206 people who were randomly selected from five regions of Mohammad Abad, Nasr Abad, Porzan, Middle Jarqouye and Upper Jarqouye. Questionnaire was the main tool of data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using experts' opinions and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to the results, there is a negative relationship between sensitivity and willingness to participate, and positive and significant relationship between social capital and willingness to participate. According to the results, suggestions have been made in order to improve the participation of stakeholders in the participatory management of underground water resources.

Due to the high volume of their daily production, the optimal management of food waste is of special importance in all countries, especially from the environmental and health point of views. Because of its chemical and structural nature, this type of waste is easily decomposed and has a high potential to produce leachate and emit greenhouse gases, soil pollution, etc. in case of improper management. Due to the importance of the subject, the present study was carried out with the general aim of analyzing the content of the upstream documents at three national, regional and local levels in order to deduce the goals of the sustainable waste management system in Tehran. For this purpose, 15 upstream documents (5 national documents, 5 regional documents and 5 local documents) were selected as targeted and available samples for study. The selected documents were analyzed using the content analysis method of Gal et al. and the relevant concepts were extracted and coded. According to the results, the goals of sustainable food waste management in Tehran are presented in the form of five institutional (integration and inclusion of key elements of the urban waste management system), technical and infrastructural (optimizing existing processes in the use of technologies), environmental (minimizing adverse health and environmental effects), economic (financial sustainability) and cultural-social (attracting the maximum participation of citizens) categories. Finally, suggestions have been made to achieve each of the goals.

The approach of water, food and energy nexus is a comprehensive view of sustainability; and agriculture plays a key role in the use of these resources and food security. Considering that the identification of the indicators of the water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector is the main criterion for checking the status of the deployment of these resources in order to establish security in the agricultural sector. The gap in this field has caused this article to compile and evaluate the indicators of the approach of water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector. To achieve this goal, the method of qualitative content analysis was used, using MAXQDA 18 software and manual analysis. The research sample included 228 articles related to the research topic, which were published in national and international journals during the years 2007-2022. The findings showed; Water, food, and energy security have eight, fourteen, and ten indicators, respectively, which were categorized into four categories: access, availability, usability, and sustainability. According to the findings, we conclude that these indicators include the dimensions of sustainable development, including economic, social and environmental dimensions, and are interdependent. Therefore, these indicators are a comprehensive tool to measure the approach of water, food and energy nexus in the direction of sustainable development.

The aim of this research is the comparative analysis of the educators’ resilience in the agricultural higher education system in the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research is quantitative in nature, practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive and comparative in terms of the method of analysis, which was carried out using the survey method. The statistical population was 3640 (N= 3640) of educators in agricultural faculties in public universities across the country. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table and stratified random sampling with proportional assignment, 347 of them were selected as the sample (n= 347), of which 288 completed the research questionnaires (response rate= 82.5 percent). The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. The Convergent validity was also checked with values of CR=0.80-0.90 and AVE=0.50-0.83. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by calculating ordinal theta (θ = 0.71-0.90). In order to analyze data SPSS26 software was used. In addition to descriptive statistics, mean comparison test (independent t) and One Way Anova test were used. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the resilient behavior of educators in universities with different performance levels (international, national, regional and local). There was no significant difference between the resilient behavior of educaors with different levels of experiences, different age levels, gender and different academic scientific level. Based on the findings, suggestions have been made in order to improve the resilience behavior of the educators.

Today, human food supply sources are threatened by various factors, such as the reduction of arable and fertile land on a local scale, the increasing dependence on fossil fuels for the production, processing and transportation of food on a global scale. Rethinking the process of production to consumption and self-sufficiency in meeting urban needs are among the solutions that emerge in the form of a new type of agriculture called urban agriculture. This research aimed to investigate the participation and factors affecting it for developing urban agriculture in Tehran city. The research was descriptive and correlational which was conducted through a survey method. Questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering which was validated using some agricultural extension and education experts’ points of view. Cronbach's alpha for different parts of the questionnaire was calculaed and were acceptable. According to the findings, all the variables, except the subjective norm, have an average more than moderate. The results of the correlation between the variables indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between all variables and citizens’ behavior to participate in urban agriculture. According to the findings, among the studied variables, perceived behavioral control has the highest correlation and total causal effect, and then the intention has the highest total causal effect on citizens' behavior to participate in urban agriculture. According to the results, practical suggestions have been presented for extension and development of urban agriculture in Tehran city.

Restrictions on water resources and less favorable attitudes toward agricultural water use a significant threats to the sustainability of these resources. Accordingly, the investigation of factors influencing the attitude of wheat farmers towards optimal water management in Kermanshah County was considered. The statistical sample of this study was 364 people who were identified by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. Finally, 322 people participated in this study. The questionnaire was the main tool of data collection. The validity of the research tool was evaluated using the opinions of academic and executive experts. Also, using a pilot study and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients, the reliability of the research instrument was confirmed (0.73 ≥α≥ 0.90). The results showed that the attitude of wheat farmers towards optimal water management is moderate. The results of path analysis showed that the sense of responsibility towards optimal water management directly explained 30.9% of the variance changes in the attitude towards optimal water management. Also, understanding the benefits of optimal water management, understanding the vulnerability to water scarcity, social norms and quality of extension services in the related to optimal water management through the variable mediation of sense of responsibility has an indirect effect on wheat farmers' attitudes toward optimal water management.

Having an appropriate and integrated entrepreneurial ecosystem in rural areas largely guarantees the sustainability of rural businesses. Therefore, this study was conducted with the purpose of classification of the rural regions of Haraz plain watershed in terms of entrepreneurial ecosystem.

This is a descriptive study that was done using a survey. The questionnaire was the key instrument for gathering data. The study samples were 182 pluriactive rice farmers and 50 rural experts.

The results showed that the studied regions are in an inappropriate situation in term of rural entrepreneurship ecosystem. Relative assessment using Shannon's entropy showed support component ranked at the highest level by a large difference compared to other components. The financial component ranked at the lowest level in comparison with other components. The results using the ORESTE and hierarchical cluster analysis techniques showed that Nour and Babolsar regions are the most appropriate regions in term of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem for rural business development, respectively.

The improvement of REEs in the six regions should be seriously considered and pursued by policy makers. At the same time according to this research and creating mental ideas for the authors, it is suggested that researchers study the REE and introduce the types of rural businesses appropriate to the situation of the EE in all region of the world; the subject that is not covered in this article. In addition, the method, model, and strategy used in this study provide an appropriate pattern for future researches in entrepreneurial activities development in different regions of the world.

Today, entrepreneurship and rural business development are very important in developing countries. Entrepreneurial ecosystem is also considered as a context for the growth and development of rural businesses. Accordingly, the study is a literature review to analyze the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the development of rural businesses. Despite the efforts made in various fields to develop rural entrepreneurship and business, but in practice, there is no proper growth and sustainability. Because entrepreneurs face many obstacles that result from the inappropriate of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. According to the results, the existence of a comprehensive approach in providing a favorable entrepreneurial ecosystem for the development of rural businesses is very important. On the other hand, regional characteristics, absolute, relative or competitive advantages in a rural area that are effective in business development should not be kept out of mind, Because each rural area, according to its own conditions and potentials, has its own entrepreneurial processes and different from other rural areas. Finally, practical and study suggestions are provided for those involved and researchers in this field.

Social capital is seen as the cornerstone of the endogenous development of a society in general and rural society in particular. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the canonical correlation between social capital dimensions and sustainability components of pluriactive rice farmers' activity in the Haraz plain watershed of Iran. It was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey study in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included all pluriactive rice farmers in the plain. Due to the lack of proper database, the snowball sampling method was used for sampling; finally, 182 concerned farmers were identified and participated in the study. The results showed that the relationship between the canonical variables of social capital and sustainability of pluriactive rice farmers' activity was 0.41; also, 17 percent of the variance of the sustainability of pluriactive rice farmers' activity was explained by the social capital canonical variable.Therefore, the higher the level of cognitive and structural components among pluriactive rice farmers, the higher the level of ecological, social and economic sustainability.

In the colleges of agriculture in Iran, the lecture is used as a dominated teaching method. Team learning is one of the most commonly used educational methods in the present era. The aim of this study was to compare the Team Member Teaching Design (TMTD) and the regular lecture method on the academic achievement and teamwork behavior of agricultural students.

A within-subject design was followed for two groups in which the first group attended a series of lectures and the second group participated in team teaching. Differences between lecture and team teaching methods were examined for their academic achievement and teamwork. The study samples were taken of the medicinal herb Department of the University of Arak during the academic year of 2018-19. The mean scores of academic achievement and the teamwork behavior of students were compared.

In compared groups, the effect of the TMTD method on the academic achievement of students was shown. The results of means comparison tests indicated a significant difference between the two methods of teaching in the field of academic achievement and the strengthening of the teamwork behavior of students.

The paper further discussed team method implementation and its implication for teaching and proffered the way forward for effective use of teaching methods for better results in the classroom teaching and learning process.

Teaching and learning processes in universities have not achieved expected outcomes. The mismatch between learning and teaching styles is a challenge in the education process. Instructors should strive to incorporate their teaching style with students’ learning styles in order to ensure effective teaching and learning process in higher education. The present descriptive-survey study aimed to explainthecompatibility of students’ learning styles using Witkin’s (1976) Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) and teachers’ teaching style using van Tilburg and Hamilich’s (1990) test. The target population consisted of students and faculty members at the agricultural college at Razi University, Iran. Results revealed that the majority of males were field-independent and the majority of females were field-dependent learners. Concerning four teaching styles (expert, provider, facilitator and enabler), the instructors tended to use the enabler teaching style. Instructors should consider the characteristics and needs of both field-dependent and field-independent students and use different teaching methods. Recommendations about matching learning and teaching styles are provided based on the results.

Implementation of extension sites approach is one of the activities for empowering the farmers. The aims of extension site approach were increasing in quality and quantity and sustainable production of agricultural products. The purpose of this study was to compare consumption of inputs in five crops of irrigated wheat, rain fed wheat, rapeseed, sugar beet and potato before and after implementation of extension sites approach in Hamedan province in 2018-2019. This research is applied in term of purpose, is survey in term of collecting data, is quasi-experimental in term of controlling variables and is ex-post facto research in term of analyzing the data. The statistical population included 78 extension sites approach in Hamedan province. For selecting the sample, first of all five cities of Kabudar Ahang (north), Hamedan (center), Nahavand (south), Famenin (east), and Asadabad (west) selected from different geographical situation. The number of extension sites approach were 43 in these cities. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s sampling table, 36 sites selected as sample and unit of analysis (n=36). Following that 142 main and functional farmers were selected and studied using random sampling method. The results of t- test showed that the consumption of inputs decreased after the implementation of extension sites approach and there were differences between consumption of inputs before and after running model site, except for human labor force. In addition, farmer’s income and performance per unit area have increased since the extension site was launched.

Since there are various social factors and differences between different sectors of the system, ignoring water users’ attributes and their social behavior as well as considering only the homogeneous and up-down management scheme, would not be a successful approach in sustainable water management. Agent-Based Modeling is a relatively new approach that provides helpful tools to simulate social behaviors in sustainable water management. In this study, the agriculture sector’s water use is simulated using a conceptual framework and an Agent-Based Model to study the behavior of the decision-making agents. Therefore, to prepare the conceptual model and to simulate and analyze the social behavior of water users (in three decision levels of the Government, local organizations, and farmers) to decide on the cropping pattern, the irrigation method, and consequently the water withdrawal volume, the MAIA framework has been applied. In this regard, the Agent-Based Model for a pilot study area (the Hablehroud River basin, Iran) was coded, verified, calibrated, and validated. This model had a good performance in simulating the basin’s conditions, including cropping patterns and areas, and therefore the stream flow and groundwater use. Furthermore, to assess the impacts of the government’s water conservation policies on the hydrologic conditions, different scenarios of taking and increasing water costs were defined and modeled (one to ten thousand IRR per cm of water use led to a decrease in the total water withdrawals in the range of 8-32 million cubic meters per year).

Agriculture is the most important and essential part of providing human needs. The imagination of developed world is not possible without agriculture. Agriculture is one of the main sources of employment and income generation in many countries, especially in developing countries and in this regard is responsible for providing food security and safety as a national target. But, in order to achieve this goal, farmers must be healthy. Thatchr('39')s while agriculture is known as a high-risk sector all around the world and farmers are exposed to a wide range of occupational hazards by doing hard work. Agricultural injuries are reported from all around the world. Of a total of 335,000 work-related incidents worldwide about 170,000 deaths happen among agricultural workers per year. Occupational disease is particularly relevant to agriculture and has an incidence rate similar to that of other sectors. In Iran, in spite of the importance of agricultural areas and the agricultural workforce, there are not enough statistics about injuries and work-related accidents in this sector and limited epidemiologic research has evaluated the health status and potential occupational hazards among farm workers and most of farmers are not covered by occupational health. So farmers are faced with many challenges in relation to agricultural occupational health. Among the many factors that cause accidents and injuries, behavior has been identified as one of the most important factors. In other mean, Behavior has been identified as the most important factor that cause accidents and injuries and which, in turn, has an important role in reducing exposure to work-related damage. So, considering the importance of behaviors in accidents and work-related injuries, to prevent and reduce accidents and injuries, the focus on individual behaviors is necessary. Because preventive activities before hurt and injuries have the greatest ability to reduce them. Strategies for promoting behavior is one of the preventive activities. Investigated show that, so far, no study has been done about improving the occupational health behaviors among Iranian farmers. So the purpose of this research is to identify and rank approaches for promoting farmers’ occupational health behaviors.

The study was conducted based on a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. It was conducted between July 2016 to November 2018. In qualitative section content analysis method was used. The study population in this part included faculty members of agricultural science and occupational health of medical science, agriculture experts, occupational health experts, and the farmers. This study used purposive and snowball sampling methods to select the sample. At the beginning of the sampling, a number of experts were selected purposefully and then they were asked to introduce other people who had enough information in this field to participate in interview. The data from the interview reached saturation through in-depth individual interviews with 47 participants. All the participants of the study were interviewed by a trained researcher who conducted the interviews on their farms or in their residences in Kermanshah province in western Iran. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, observations and group discussion. Unstructured interviews were performed with follow-up questions with group discussion until “reaching saturation”. Also, Coding technique was used for analyzing the data. To this end, the transcribed interviews were studied and analyzed after each interview session. Then, data coding procedure was performed. To have open coding, texts relevant to each interview were carefully studied line by line and elements containing a point related to the main research question were identified and labeled with the same theme. The output was extracted themes related to the subject of the study. Then, the resulting themes were carefully examined and compared in terms of similarities and differences. After that, themes of the same nature or with relevant meaning were classified as categories. After identifying the categories, their features and aspects were specified to thoroughly distinguish them from each other and to determine their exact nature. In the next step, the main categories and sub-categories were linked.In order to ensure reliability and validity in quantitative research, prolonged contact with the participants was used for gathering and analyzing data. Also, multiple methods were used for gathering data. The coded interviews were reviewed. After coding the interviews, part of it was returned to participants to ensure implementation of the codes with their experiences. In this research, intended to do the sampling with the greatest diversity. To ensure consistency in the process of analyzing data, some colleagues were asked to review and revise the codes. The text of interviews, codes and categories gathered were sent to people familiar with qualitative research for investigation and their opinions about the validity of the analysis and interpretations were obtained. Also, when coding each interview, we investigated previous coded data. To increase generalizability, the researchers tried detailed descriptions and meaningful research process to provide follow-up research process to others. The quantitative research section of this study, in order to select the best strategies and determine the importance and weight of each of the strategies, and finally rank them, among the methods (coefficient of variation, Mean Rank, Friedman test, Hierarchical analysis, etc.) are used for ranking, Analytical Hierarchy process was selected. Hierarchical analysis is the most suitable method for comparing paired ratings. This method helps decision makers to combine group memberschr('39') decisions with each other so that optimal decision-making involves the opinions of all members. The study population included experts in field of agricultural occupational health. Purposeful and theoretical sampling method were used to select samples. At the beginning of the purposeful sampling, referred to several experts, then they were asked to provide other people with sufficient information in this field to complete the questionnaire, a total of 14 people were identified and examined. The data were collected through questionnaire that was designed according to the extracted categories related to the qualitative part of this research. In order to evaluate the content and face validity of the questionnaire, four experts were asked to study the questionnaire and express their opinions. After collecting the assessment of experts, the necessary changes were implemented in the tool. In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, an inconsistency rate was used. This is a common method of measuring reliability in hierarchical analysis. The incompatibility rate of judgments in paired rankings is up to 0.1, which is 0.02 for the questionnaire. SPSS version 16, Expert Choice11 and appropriate statistical tests were used to analyze the data.

According to the findings, the factors such as educational, safety requirements of agricultural machinery and inputs manufacturers, supporting and entities, information and media, interactions and organizational communication and also monitoring and evaluation were extracted as approaches for promotion of farmerchr('39')s occupational health behavior. From the specialists’ perspective educational factors and information and media were in the first and last ranks, respectively.

The results of the research indicate that there are several strategies for promoting the occupational behavior of agricultural industry which should be considered at macro level and in the medium and long term planning. Also, all the institutions and organizations that are in some way associated with the farming industry or with farmers, should consider themselves to be promoting occupational health behaviors among farmers, because promoting occupational health requires multiple approaches and partnerships. Considering the extent and distribution of agricultural farms and the number and variety of employed farmers, the unit of Agricultural Extension and Education or Occupational Health cannot lonely promote the farmers’ occupational health behavior. Achieving to this important goal requires the interaction and collaboration of the producers of agricultural equipment and the relevant organizations and institutions. Considering the educational strategy as the first way to promote farmers’ occupational health behavior from the perspective of participants, agricultural occupational health and safety education should be put in formal and informal training. In formal education planning at relevant faculties and departments, occupational safety and health, as in other developed countries, should have a definite position in which students who will somehow be associated with farmers in the future can play a role in promoting farmers’ safety and occupational health. In informal training, by making the needs assessment and designing various training programs we can attract farmerschr('39') attention to educational programs. The last rank of media and information strategy, means the less media activities in promoting agricultural occupational health behavior. But given the availability of appropriate infrastructure and by using of these potentials, media can play a tangible role in this regard.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of farmers' time perspective on their drought risk management behavior in downstream of Karkheh dam. This research is a descriptive-correlational and ex post facto research that was conducted using a survey. The statistical population was farmes who were members in water user association in downstream of Karkheh dam, Khuzestan province (N=3668) which 350 of them were selected using Karjesi and Morgan table and stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts in the field of agricultural extension and education and its reliability was determined using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.79≤α≤0.92). The findings indicated that farmers' risk management behavior is moderate and most farmers have a present-oriented viewpoint. Also, from the viewpoint of time perspective, there is a significant difference between past-orientd farmers and others (present-orinted and future-orinted farmers) from the perspective of drought risk management practices, and the past-orientd group exhibits a weaker behavior in this regard. Accordingly, as a policy strategy in water resource management planning, shift farmers' time perspectives should be considered from past-oriented to present and, in particular, to future perspectives.

Rural entrepreneurship is a new way in development theories for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas to change the current pattern of human living to a desirable and merit pattern. One of the manifestations of entrepreneurship is pluriactivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was conducted on analyzing and pondering in the farmers' pluriactivity. Pluriactivity is defined as a combination of agricultural and non-agricultural activities that run by the farmer's household. In other words, pluriactivity refers to the fact that one person (farmer) or group of people (farmers) are involved in different activities (agricultural and non-agricultural). These types of farmers are called pluriactive farmers. In general, the types of businesses alongside agriculture are classified into three categories: industry, agriculture (outside the main activity of the farmer) and services. Pluriactive farmers include 1- Farmer as Farmer; 2- Farmer as Entrepreneur; 3- Farmer as Contractor and 4- Rural Entrepreneur. Developing smallholder farmers' pluriactivity is crucial to promotion living standards, reducing urban and rural income disparities, controlling the urbanization process, and reducing the cost of social reproduction. Therefore, paying attention to the farmers' pluriactivity is a step forward towards sustainable rural development.

This study aimed to identify and assess classrooms’ physical environment improvement strategies by horticultural education teachers to work with students with special needs in Iran. This first phase was conducted used a modified Delphi technique. The specialized Delphi team consisted of gardening education teachers in the Special Education Organization of Iran (31 teachers). The outcome of this phase of the study was 27 strategies to improve the physical environment of classes. Results showed that all respondents agree that these strategies include: repeat and practice of the teaching procedure (two or three times orally) ; more practical training, putting disabled students beside students of the border, assignment of students to small practical projects meant to be fully accomplished. It seems that, before starting any teaching course, the agriculture teacher must comprehend the field of exceptional teaching and understand the needs of students with special needs in order to be able of providing proper feedbacks and a good strategy. The second phase was conducted a survey study. The population consisted of 80 horticultural teachers in Special Education Organization of Iran. According to finding, 34.8% of gardening education teachers evaluated their strategies at a very high level, 45.5% at a high level, and 19.7% at a moderate level. In addition, comprehension of the classrooms’ physical environment improvement strategies by the teachers brings about long-term consistency of agricultural teaching programs in exceptional schools.

Existing a desired entrepreneurial ecosystem in rural areas largely guarantees the sustainability of rural businesses. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the current and desired situation of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem in the watershed of the Haraz plain. The research has been conducted using survey and required data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Isenberg's Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Model. The statistical population of the study consisted of pluriactive rice farmers in the watershed of the Haraz plain. From whom 182 subjects were identified using snowball sampling. The results of the current situation of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem showed that the human capital component is in ranked first. However, the policy and financial components were ranked lowest, respectively. Also, the results showed that in the desired situation of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem, the market component is in the first rank. However, the policy and financial components were ranked lowest, respectively. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that the deepest the gap between the desired and the current situation belongs to the policy and financial components.

The common pistachio Psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae) has wide distributed pest in most pistachio orchards all around the world. This study aimed to evaluate awareness of farmers with economic injury level of the common pistachio psyllid. The research is a kind of descriptive which has done through a survey method in 2017 year. The statistical population consisted of all pistachio farmers in Rafsanjan Township. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s Table and stratified random sampling method with proportion to size, 380 farmers were selected from six area as sample. Questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. According to the results, farmers considered pistachio psyllid as the most important pest in the region and are more aware of this pest compared to other pests. Most farmers, spray as soon as observing the pistachio psyllid. This shows that pistachio producers couldn’t tolerate the psyllid population as long as it reach the threshold of economic losses. It seems that pistachio producers don't pay attention to the economic injury level and thus many problems arise in the Rafsanjan Township pistachio gardens including improper use of chemicals, resistance to the psyllid and the loss of biological control effective factors. Based on correlation test, there are significant differences between extensional programs and knowledge of pistachio producers about pistachio pests. Therefore, familiarizing farmers with pests and their economic injury level requires a dynamic extension programs.

Small and medium-sized enterprises, by increasing job creation and reducing poverty, lead to the economic and social growth of developing countries. Today, these companies face rapid market shifts and budget cuts that have reduced their ability and, consequently, increased risk of planning. Therefore, the need for a new management system, called the lean production system, is feeling. Lean production is a production method that deliver quality products to customers while eliminating any process that is not worthwhile for the customer.The main objective of the present research is to determine the factors affecting the implementation of the principles of lean production in food industry small and mediumsizedenterprises of Khuzestan province. The statistical population of the study consisted of allmanagers of small and medium-sized food enterprises of Khuzestan (N = 307). By usingKrejcie and Morgan’s Table and stratified random sampling with proportional to size 170 people (n = 170) were selected asa sample and161respondents completed the questionnaires. The results of correlation analysis show that there is a significant positive relationship between management commitment, employee empowerment, employee involvement, teamwork, human resources management and customer relationship management by implementing the principles of lean production. According to the results of regression analysis, three variables of customer relationship management, human resources management and empowerment of employees have the highly effect in implementing the principles of lean production.

This research investigated the effectiveness of IPM/FFS project from economic, technical, social-communicative, environmental and psychological aspects in a descriptive-correlational design based on the survey method. The research population consisted of 70 greenhouse producers that had implemented IPM/FFS project in Tehran and Alborz provinces, Iran. Using Krejcie and Morgan (1970)'s sample size table and stratified random sampling method, 55 greenhouse producers were selected as the research sample. A questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.77≤a≤0.86). The results showed that the IPM/FFS project has affected social-communicative, psychological, environmental, technical and economic factors, respectively. There were positive and significant relationships between effectiveness of the IPM/FFS project and education, the duration of IPM implementation, satisfaction with governmental support and the characteristics of IPM/FFS learning sites whilst the effectiveness of IPM/FFS project was negatively and significantly related to age and greenhouse area under IPM project. According to multiple regression analysis, the characteristics of IPM/FFS learning sites, education and satisfaction with governmental supports could account for 66 percent of variance of the effectiveness of IPM/FFS project. Finally, as implementation cost of integrated pest management is usually beyond greenhouse producers’ financial ability, it is suggested that the government provide greenhouse producers with more economic supports (e.g. granting loan and special facilities and guaranteed purchase of organic products).