غلامعباس شیرالی

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) have a multifactorial nature. Biomechanical factors are one of the most important factors. Consequently, the precise identification of effective factors plays a significant role in controlling and preventing these disorders. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the awkward upper body postures and their effect on the prevalence of MSDs in office workers in both women and men groups by objective methods.

In this cross-sectional study, the participants were 36 office workers (18 women and 18 men). The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort was evaluated using the Nordic questionnaire. The upper limbs posture, including the back, neck, and wrists, was evaluated continuously with an electronic inclinometer and an electrogoniometer for 30 min, followed by analyzing the collected data.

The results revealed that the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in both gender groups was in the neck (58.33%), trunk (52.77%), and wrist (47.22%), respectively. The results disclosed that the median trunk and neck flexion in both groups is over 20° and the posture angle in women is higher than that of men (P<0.05). The results showed that pain and discomfort in the trunk and neck in both gender groups have a significant relationship with the median posture angle (P<0.05). Also, the wrist posture in both gender groups during work was in extension and static condition.

Based on the results of this study, the prevalence of disorders in women was higher than in men. Although the tasks performed in both groups were similar, the assessment of postures disclosed that women office workers had more awkward postures in the trunk and neck than men. In both groups, the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort had a significant relationship with awkward postures in the trunk and neck. According to the results of the current study, ergonomic interventions are recommended to reduce awkward postures and to prevent MSDs, particularly among women office workers.

Strategic management involves determining the organization’s direction, preparing a strategic vision and mission statement, and providing the basis for growth, profitability, and production. It also includes the inclusion of employee safety and health programs throughout the organization. The existence of a strategic plan for the scientific and practical strengthening of occupational health and safety is one of the country’s academic and industrial priorities. The purpose of this study is to present a strategic plan for developing the specialized field of occupational health and safety engineering in Iran.

The current study is a collaborative action research study that was conducted in 2021. The strategic planning committee consisted of 20 professors, experts, and doctoral students. Over the course of 14 weeks, they held regular weekly meetings, collected information from inside and outside the organization, analyzed the organization’s internal and external environment, and identified its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on this analysis, the committee determined the organization’s mission, perspective, values, and general and specific goals for 2021-2024. They also identified the necessary measures to achieve these goals and developed an operational plan to improve the performance of the specialized field of occupational health and safety.

Conducting this applied research led to the strategy of internal and external analysis of the specialized OHS field, determining the direction of the basic strategy, mission, perspective, values, and general goals. Finally, seven specific goals and 286 actions were determined to improve the performance of OHS. The SWOT analysis of OHS’s internal and external environment identified 27 strengths, seven weaknesses, 26 opportunities, and 12 threats. According to the results of the SWOT matrix, the strategic position of the OHS field is to implement preventive strategies and maintain existing conditions.

This plan aligns with the 4-year OHS plan. In developing the program, attention has been paid to the documents and policies of upstream organizations. The strategic position of occupational health and safety engineering is a prudent strategy. In this situation, strategies for maintaining existing conditions can be applied. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce the weaknesses of OHS as much as possible and increase its strategic capabilities by focusing on prudent strategies. From the second year of implementing the strategic plan, the OHS field can gradually focus on developing activities.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are the most common and costly preventable occupational problem that office workers suffer from the discomfort associated with these disorders. The aims of this study were to a) investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and b) continuously assess the trunk postures of office workers.

Thirty-six office workers of a medical university participated in this cross-sectional study. Thirty-six office workers of a medical university participated in this cross-sectional study. The prevalence of LBP was determined using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Work trunk postures were measured using an inclinometer.

More than half of the subjects reported LBP. There was a significant relationship between LBP with age, work experience, working hours, and gender (p <0.05). The mean maximum trunk flexion angle was 35.41±13.72, and the mean maximum angle of lateral bend in the frontal plane was 9.86±3.2. The mean trunk angles for all percentiles and plates studied were significantly different between men and women; It was more in women than men (p <0.05).

  The results of this study showed that there are awkward and static postures lumbar among office workers that can be considered risk factors for developing LBP. The findings can help to establish guidelines regarding prioritizing ergonomic interventions to reduce the prevalence of LBP among office workers.

Psychological parameters are among the most important components in determining the job performance of employees in the workplace and can be strongly affected by the epidemic of infectious diseases like COVID-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on mental workload and Occupational burnout of medical staff in Iran.

This case-control study was performed among the healthcare staff of two hospitals in Tehran province in 2021. All employees working in two hospitals were included by census method. The total number of people studied was 412 personnel. NASA-TLX and Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaires were used to assess mental workload and burnout, respectively. Data were analyzed using Independent t-test and Chi-square.

The present study results revealed that the mean age, work experience, daily working hours, and body mass index of the studied employees were 36.70 ± 11.48 years, 12.53 ± 7.13 years, 9.64 ± 3.13 hours, and 23.89 ± 4.73 kg/m2, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups of cases and controls in the values of mental workload (P = 0.011) and burnout (P = 0.001).

The present study's findings revealed that the prevalence of COVID-19 could increase the values of mental workload parameters and burnout of health care personnel in medical settings. Therefore, control measures and psychological interventions to improve healthcare personnel's mental and physical health during the COVID-19 epidemic are mandatory.

Employees' awareness about safety is a required element to develop a safe behavior so that it allows designing programs to improve safety performance at work. Therefore, the present study attempts to examine the effects of organizational culture on personal safety level with employees' satisfaction as a mediation variable.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted with 229 steel industry workers using a standard questionnaire. The questionnaire had 47 items arranged in two sections, including demographics and job information as section one and organizational culture, personnel safety awareness, and employees' satisfaction as section two. Data analyses were done using SPSS and LISREL, and the relationships between the variables were determined using a structural equations model.

The mean score of satisfaction and personnel safety awareness was equal to 54.58 and 8.65, respectively. The highest mean score of organizational culture dimensions was obtained for patriarchy vs. matriarchy (33.2), and the lowest mean score was obtained for individualism vs. collectivism (16.08). Organizational culture was notably and positively affected by individualism vs. collectivism, avoiding uncertainty, and distance from power. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the total mean score of the dimensions of the organizational culture questionnaire and work wards (P<0.001).

The study showed that organizational culture has a direct relationship with personnel safety awareness and job satisfaction. These results point out that the human factor has the most important role in preventing occupational accidents. Accordingly, businesses and employers should establish and disseminate organizational culture in their organizations.

 In many workplaces today, the incidence of human error can lead to catastrophic accidents in which human error is the main cause of accidents. Due to the vital role of the control room in guiding and controlling various sites of the pipe industry, especially the outer coating sector, the incidence of any error can lead to human accidents, damage to machinery, and interruption in production. This study aimed to identify and evaluate human error by Human Error Calculator (HEC) method in the epoxy control room of a pipe mill company. 

 In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, the HEC method was used to identify and evaluate human errors. The HEC technique is provided by Risk Map Company, in which the probability of human error is based on five factors affecting the occurrence of human error, including a degree of urgency, complexity, importance, degree of individual skill, and task repetition, using a disk-shaped tool called Risk Disk is determined through direct observation, available instructions and interview with the head of the mentioned unit.

 According to the results of this study, out of 11 identified tasks, five job tasks with a risk number of 70% have a high probability of human error, four job tasks with a risk number of 50%, and one job task with a number There is a 40% risk of moderate human error, And a job task with a 20% risk number has an increased chance of human error.

 The results of the present study showed that the HEC method is easy to use and is a simple and useful tool for professionals to calculate the probability of human error. In addition, HEC is a practical, effective and beneficial method for managers to reduce human error.

Heat stress is a critical problem in hot industries, especially in incredibly hot climates. It can greatly impair the work process and put the health of workers at risk. This study aims to investigate the applicability of the WBGT index in determining the allowable working time in very hot weather conditions in one of the steel industries in Ahvaz.

This study was conducted in different sectors of a steel industry in Ahwaz. The physiological parameters of sixty workers working in different parts of the industry were evaluated. Environmental variables and the Wet-Bulb globe temperature (WBGT) Index were also simultaneously measured during work shifts. The acceptable work time was calculated based on the reserve heart rate (RHR) and the WBGT index.

The heat stress index among all occupational groups, based on the WBGT index, was incredibly high and surpassed the recommended level (P<0.05). The statistical test results also indicated a significant difference between the two indices in predicting the adequate work time at different work stations (P <0.05).

The current study results revealed that using the WBGT index for assessing and managing the risk of heat exposure in a hot climate may not have sufficient reliability and performance. Consequently, it is recommended to use optimal indices based on environmental and physiological assessments in a hot climate in order to monitor and control the heat stress associated with heat exposure.

Date palm is the second most important agricultural crop of Iran after pistachio. Traditionally, the nature of work for palm farmers requires physical work, including the undesirable and long-term postures when working on the tree. This study aimed to investigate the ergonomic conditions and the relationship between the severity of discomfort and working postures in date palm farmers. 

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 skilled date palm farmers who were engaged in date cultivation during 2020. To investigate the ergonomic conditions and the relationship between the severity of discomfort in the farmers, the REBA and the Body Part Discomfort Rate )BPDR) methods were used. The data of farmers while working on palm trees by traditional tools was recorded, and the data were analyzed by SPSS Ver.26 software. 

The results of the present study showed that the most musculoskeletal discomfort was in the upper arm, legs, and trunk. According to the tasks analysis, in most of the farmerschr('39') tasks, there was a significant relationship between awkward postures and the severity of discomfort in different body regions (p <0.05). 

Upper arm, legs, and trunk are most exposed to musculoskeletal disorders among date farmers. Also the "harvesting" and "climbing/descending" tasks can be considered as high-risk operations in terms of musculoskeletal disorders and therefore, using mechanical tools to perform operations on palms can play an important role in reducing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in date farmers.

Measuring physical work capacity is one of the important topics in work physiology. It is done with the aim of examining the fit between the work and worker. Body composition components are among the factors influencing the maximum aerobic capacity.They need to be determined using direct and instrumental methods and it is necessary to provide a model to predict the estimated  physical work capacity based on the results of these methods.

 In this cross-sectional study, 50male students were randomly selected. To estimate the maximal aerobic capacity, Bruce protocol and a treadmill were used. Subjects’ body composition components were measured using an instrument during the test. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between the variables. Finally, a model was presented to predict maximal oxygen consumption based on linear regression analysis.

The mean of age of students was21.36±2.08 years. Mean of maximal aerobic capacity of students was estimated at 44.01±4.75 (ml/kg/Min). The results of present study revealed a significant and negative relationship between maximal aerobic capacity and body composition components.

Since estimating the physical work capacity requires relationships and equations that have acceptable accuracy and validity, a model is presented in this regard based on the results of the present study. The variables of body mass index, body fat percentage and waist-hip ratio play an effective role in estimating physical work capacity and the maximal oxygen consumption can be estimated with high accuracy based on the presented model.

Considering the accreditation of international standards of hospitals and the necessity to improve the safety and quality of patients’ care, this study aimed at evaluating reliability among nurses using predictive analysis of cognitive errors and human event analysis techniques.

The analysis of nurses̓ tasks was done by HTA method. Then, the types of errors and their causes were identified by TRACER method. In the next step, the error probability of each task was calculated by ATHEANA method. In order to calculate the probability of total event, the probability of human error was imported to probabilistic risk assessment.

Factors affecting performance of the nurses were included: the complexity of the work, high workload, nurse’s experience, work environment design, fatigue, anxiety, shortage of the workforce, insufficient time period for doing job, sleep disturbance, and poor lighting and noise pollution. According to the instruction of ATHEANA method, the error probability for each base event was considered 0.001. Given that there are 15 base events, the probability of human error in the heart attack event was calculated 0.015.

The finding of this study was indicated the need for providing required nursing workforce, reducing overtime, scientific planning for nurses’ work shifts and giving practical training and stress management methods in the emergency conditions.

The aim of this study was to identify and assess human errors in a petrochemical plant using the Technique for the Retrospective and Predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors (TRACEr).

The sample size was all the eight operators of control room working in four shifts. In the first step, all tasks were analyzed using the hierarchical task analysis in order to identify sub-tasks. Then, for all the subtasks, different error modes (external and internal), Psychological Error Mechanism (PEM) and Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs) were identified and recorded in TRACEr sheet.

The analysis of TRACEr sheets indicated that of a total number of 1171 detected errors, the internal and external errors were 50.67% (n=593) and 49.33% (n=578), respectively. In this line, ̔timing/sequence̕ errors with 35.36% and chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))quality/selectionchr(chr('39')39chr('39')) errors with 30.03% were identified as the highest and lowest external error modes, respectively. In classifying the internal error modes, action errors with 31.87% and decision making with 10.73% were identified as the highest and lowest external error modes, respectively. Within PEMs, ̔distraction/preoccupation̓ (23.61%) was identified as the main causes of perception errors. The analysis of the PSFs shows that ‘Organization’ with 27.95% and ‘task complexity’ with 8.74% were two main factors affecting the task errors. 

The current study could identify many of the errors and conditions that affect the performance of operators. Therefore, this study can be introduced as a basis for managers and stockholders of chemical industries with complexity and high risk in order to prioritize human error prevention programs.

The development of residential and industrial areas has led to increasing gas consumption and overcrowding in gas supply networks. Accordingly, hazards and risks caused by human errors, processing and mechanical failures in pipelines, and gas leaks are on a rise. Several techniques have been so far proposed for identifying and controlling human errors. The main purpose of this study was to compare two human error evaluation techniques, namely, Human Error Template (HET) and Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) in gas supply operations using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to select a suitable method.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was to identify the human error modes in one of the gas supply projects operating by Kurdistan Gas Company, Kurdistan, Iran. Different tasks in gas supply operations were accordingly determined by the health, safety, and environment (HSE) unit, then the ones susceptible to human errors were selected and analyzed through task analysis technique. The next step was to weight and rank the human errors by evaluating indexes based on many variables including accuracy, sensitivity, and quantity of the errors as well as usability, time, and education analysis using the Expert Choice software (ver. 11).

According to the findings of this research, the criteria were ranked based on accuracy (0.339), sensitivity (0.322), quantity of errors (0.118), usability (0.116), time (0.056), education (0.050), and analysis. The inconsistency ratio was also equal to 0.1, which meant that the subjective judgments were accepted.

The results also showed that the analysis of human errors, using the HET, required less training and time, while the number of the detected errors and applicability in the SHERPA was greater. Considering the weight of the criteria, their importance in determining the superior technique and the weight of each one in relation to the criteria, the contribution of that method in the relevant criterion was expressed. Calculating the final weight of the techniques revealed that SHERPA with a weight of 0.53 was more practical compared with HET with a weight of 0.46.

Occupational hazards in the workplace cause serious injuries to workers and create many problems for them. The assessment of workers' safety attitudes and implementation of codified safety training can reduce accidents, unsafe practices, human errors, and costs. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the correlation between the demographic characteristics of individuals and the safety attitude towards work in the workers of a dairy company.

This descriptive study was conducted on all 168 employees working in a dairy company's production line. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire, and the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21).

As evidenced by the obtained results, most workers had a positive attitude toward safety (6.7±80.18). There was a significant relationship between the number of occupational accidents and the level of workers' safety attitude (P=0.01). Moreover, the results pointed to the significant relationship between the number of occupational accidents and the work experience of workers (P=0.004) and the number of occupational accidents and job satisfaction (P=0.044).

The assessment of safety attitudes and its dimensions can be of great help to identify those areas of training that require more attention and better design. Prioritizing safety and improving workers' safety attitudes can reduce occupational accidents in the industry.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated metabolic risk factors. The most widely-recognized set of these risk factors are: increase in waist circumference (abdominal obesity), elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, growth in serum glucose and reduction in high density lipoproteins. There have been various definitions for the diagnosis of MetS, but those which introduced by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) are more widely implemented because they do not require measurement of insulin resistant. Based on the definition offered by ATP III, if a person has three of the aforementioned factors, he/she has MetS. MetS directly increased cardiovascular disease and diabetes.  The cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity are the major health challenges in the 21st century. Therefore, attention to this disease must be much greater than in the past due to its prevalence in the current century.  Studies show that various factors affect MetS, the most important ones are age and body weight. Studies have also shown that lack of physical activities, alcohol consumption, unhealthy food habits and smoking increase occurrence of MetS. Gender, race, Body Mass Index (BMI) and prolonged sitting at work are among other factors affecting MetS. Various studies have reported different prevalence rates of this syndrome. The global prevalence of MetS varies from 10 to 50 percent. According to IDF, one-fourth of adults in the world are suffering from MetS and among them, the risk of death and chances of a stroke and heart attack are two and three times higher, respectively. The estimated rate for Iran is 34.4 percent, whereas (according to the ACEP criteria) 20 percent of the general population in the United States suffer from MetS. MetS is considered as an important health challenge because of its costs on healthcare systems and furthermore due to its high socioeconomic costs. Studies show that the average annual costs per person in the US is estimated at $ 4,000 for treating this syndrome. Workers are an important component of any organization, and workplace directly affects worker’s physical, mental and social condition; there for workplace is a very critical environmental and social factor affecting worker’s health. Up to now few studies with small sample size have been carried out on the prevalence of MetS in industrial workplace in Iran. Since identification of the risk factors related to MetS can play an important Role in the worker’s health and consequently increase industrial productivity, it is necessary to carry out a thorough and comprehensive study on a large sample population of the Iranian workers in order identify and control this syndrome and its related risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its effective demographic factors among workers in one of the petrochemical industries. 

The following cross sectional study was conducted among 692 male workers of a petrochemical company in south-west Iran. All participants had at least one-year work experience without any history of congenital disease, heart failure, kidney problem or hypertension. Stratified random sampling method was used to select participants. The procedure and aims of the study were explained to the participants and they were assured that their personal information will be kept confidential. Also all participants signed an informed written consent form prior to their participation. A data was collected by a two-part questionnaire in this study. The first part was focused on demographic information (age, marital status, education, and smoking status) and included questions on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the second part collected anthropometric information (height, weight, and waist circumference), blood pressure, and the parameters obtained through performing blood tests and BMI values (BMI obtained through dividing body weight in kilograms by height in meters squared). Based on criteria defined by World Health Organization, the BMI values were classified into four groups: less than 18.5 (underweight), 18.5-24.9 (normal range), 25-29.9 (overweight), and higher than 30 (obese). Since few participants had BMI values lower than 18.5, the BMI values of underweight participants and the BMI values in the normal range were categorized into one group. The participantchr('39')s blood pressure was measured by a standard mercury manometer. Each participant’s blood pressure was measured twice in a sitting position on the right arm, with a 5-minute rest between the twomeasurements, also each participant was asked to sit down for at least five minutes and then theirblood pressure was measured. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the participants, then their anthropomorphic information and their blood pressure were measured by a researcher. After that they were asked to visit the laboratory to have their blood samples taken (after fasting for 12-14 hours). Three markers from the blood sample tests were recorded: fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and HDL-C. After blood samples were taken, tests to measure fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides levels were carried out using the enzymatic colorimetric method, employing Pars Azmoon standard kits. HDL cholesterol tests were performed employing the antibody-enzyme method and using Pars Azmoon standard kits. Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) method was used to diagnose MetS in the study population. MetS was diagnosed based on abdominal obesity, increased blood pressure, increased triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol level, and increased fasting blood sugar. Based on the ATP III method the copresence of at least three of the following indicators is considered diagnostic for MetS: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men and ≥ 88 cm in women, triglycerides level ≥ 150 mg/dl, HDL level ≤40mg/dl in men and ≤50 mg/dl in women, systolic blood pressure ≥130.85 mm Hg, diastolic pressure ≥85 mm Hg and fasting blood sugar ≥ 100mg/dl. Using SPSS version 24, descriptive statistics were analyzed. Mean, percentage, range and standard deviation were calculated. In order to determine correlation between MetS and its factors with shift work odds ratio (ORs) for the MetS, 95% confidence level (95% CL), chi-square test, Spearman correlation test and logistic regression analysis were performed. To assess the effect of shift work on NCEP ATP III factors and demographic factors, independent samples t test and Cramerchr('39')s V were implemented. The level of statistical significance for p-value was set at <0.05..

The findings show that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 15.1%, elevated waist circumference 27.3%, high-density lipoprotein deficiency 71.6%, elevated triglycerides 49.5%, hypertension 34.1%, elevated cholesterol 37.8 % and elevated fasting plasma glucose 13.4%.The correlation tests for demographic factors and metabolic syndrome indicate relationships between metabolic syndrome and each of the factors: age, hypertension, body mass index, shift work and high-density lipoprotein deficiency. So that metabolic syndrome had a moderate relationship with hypertension, body mass index and shift work (s=0.316, s= 0.371, and s=0.452 respectively) and while, the extent of this relation for age and high-density lipoprotein deficiency were small (s= 0.18 and, s= 0.15), other demographic factors, namely, marriage status, being a smoker, and education level found to be unrelated with metabolic syndrome (P>0.05).A significant difference between mean values of body mass index, high-density lipoprotein, shift work, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure and plasma glucose was identified among people diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and healthy individuals (p<0.001).The probability of metabolic syndrome occurrence found to be affected by blood pressure with OR=3.12 (C.I. 95% = 4.1 – 2.37), body mass index with OR=1.301 (C.I. 95% =1.38 – 1.22), age with OR=1.09 (C.I. 95% =1.088 – 1.031), high-density lipoprotein deficiency with OR=1.015 (C.I. 95% =1.01 – 1.019), fasting plasma glucose with OR=2.78 (C.I. 95% =1.786 – 4.343), waist circumference with OR=9.830 (C.I. 95% =6.105 – 15.829), shift work with OR=7.309 (C.I. 95% =4.249 – 12.290), and triglyceride with OR=1.009 (C.I. 95% = 1.006-1.011), which results in increases in Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval).

Due to high metabolic syndrome prevalence and abnormal levels of waist circumference, triglyceride, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, and fasting plasma glucose, as well as, the significant relationship between syndrome prevalence and age, body mass index, and shift work, raising awareness to change work conditions in order to live a healthy lifestyle and controlling demographic factors related with metabolic syndrome might reduce the consequences of metabolic syndrome and promote the overall health of people.

Back pain among construction workers has a high prevalence compared to other jobs. Based on qualitative studies, numerous risk factors are involved in the development of back pain. The present study was conducted to evaluate prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the compressions loads on back based on surface electromyography in construction workers.

This study was conducted on 30 workers of various professions of building construction (rod busters, mason, stonemason, and manual material handling workers) in ahvaz city, Iran. In order to estimate the compression loads on the back, the surface electromyography technique was used, processing signals were determined using MATLAB software and analysis and interpretation of data were determined based on amplitude probability distribution function. The covariance analysis test was used to compare the compressive loads on the low back (L4/L5) as well as the exposure time between different occupational groups.

The highest and lowest mean of compression pressure (50th percentile) was estimated among the manual material handling workers and masons, respectively.There was a significant difference between the compressive loads on the back among different occupational groups(p <0.05).Stonemasonry workers and manual material handling workers bear more than 3400 N compression load in their low back between 25% and 30% of the exposure time. Stonemasonry workers and manual material handling workers had significantly more exposure time to compression loads over 3400 N, compared to the armature assemblers (p <0.05).

The biomechanical evaluation results of this study showed that the compression load on the back of the workers in various construction jobs was high, especially among manual material handling workers and in comparison with the threshold limit, some jobs are in exposure to many risk factors due to their nature. In general, according to the findings, it seems that with the implementation of administrative (reducing the work time and rotate the tasks of lifting and carrying) and engineering controls (use of proper mechanical devices and maintenance of transport equipment), the risk factors contributing to the development of back disorders can be controlled.

Today, the major problem in the field of industrial safety is that most traditional risk assessment and safety management methods alone do not meet the needs of modern technologies and complex industries. In other words, traditional methods, such as risk analysis and probability safety assessment, are in practice capable of do not provide many of the solutions needed for todaychr('39')s industries. There are various reasons for this claim, the most important of these reasons are their roots in the very simple models of the incident as a cause-effect chain. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new approaches in risk assessment and safety management, and resilience engineering (RE) has been proposed as a remedy to satisfy that need. Resilience Engineering is the new window which uses the insights from research on failures in complex systems, organizational contributors to risk, and human performance to develop engineering practices including measures of sources of resilience, decision support for balancing production/safety tradeoffs, and feedback loops that enhances the organization’s ability to monitor/revise risk models and to target safety investments. Therefore, RE was defined as: "The intrinsic ability of a system to adjust its functioning prior to, during, or following changes and disturbances, so that it can sustain required operations under both expected and unexpected conditions."However, the purpose of this study is to provide a framework for assessing the resilience of socio-technical systems based on the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM).

In this research, after identifying the indicators of resilience through reviewing the literature and interviewing experienced industry experts, information on these indicators in the operating units of the industry was obtained through a semi-structured interview with 16 experienced operators whose average working experience was more than 10 years. Semi-structured interview is a meeting in which the interviewer does not strictly follow a formalized list of questions. They will ask more open-ended questions, allowing for a discussion with the interviewee rather than a straightforward question and answer format. Interview topics included buffering capacity with 29, safety margins with 24, system tolerance with 10, cross-scale interactions with 5, learning from accidents, incidents and normal works with 16, system flexibility with 24, anticipation of expected and unexpected events with 6, attention to problems in the system with 10 and proper and timely response to them with 11 topics. Then, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine the weight of the indicators and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used to determine the ranking of different units. The Minitab version 16 and MATLAB software was used to process the collected data.  

The results showed that the three indicators of buffering capacity (0.43), Attention (0.39) and learning culture (0.36) have highest weight and rank and the indicators of tolerance (0.26) and cross-scale interactions (0.21) have the lowest weight and rank. In addition to strengthening the weak indicators, the management of the organization should also make a lot of efforts to promote and develop the desired indicators in accordance with the principles of resilience engineering. For example, identifying safety margins, reducing stress, reducing uncertainties in work processes, identifying worn-out systems and equipment and types of threats can improve the systemchr('39')s tolerance index. In this context, the cross-scale interactions can also be improved through effective interactions between individuals, groups, and different sections, attention to competency-based education, training and experience and positive and effective communication. Accordingly, operational units 2, 3 and 11 also ranked the best in terms of resilience indicators. Also by examining the rankings based on the similarity to ideal solution, it was found that the lowest distance from the positive ideal solution and the highest distance from the negative ideal solution was related to unit 11 and unit 6, respectively. Therefore, unit 11 get less priority to improve than other units, and unit 6, which has the lowest similarity to ideal solution, has a higher priority for improvement.  

The study showed that considering the nature of risk and its complexity in socio- technical systems, it is no longer possible to identify those using traditional methods. Hence, there is an enormous need for further development in risk assessment tools and safety management systems. This requires to an insight that pushes management beyond traditional counts of negative occurrences and finds new types of leading indicators that reflect critical aspects of an organizationchr('39')s resilience. Furthermore, the results of indicators analysis and unit ranking showed that PCA and TOPSIS may be a reasonable and practical alternative for evaluating resilience of complex systems. Because they can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the system in terms of resilience and based on input information. Therefore, the managers and decision makers of the industry will be able to use the results of this research as an important step in improving and enhancing the industrychr('39')s resilience and safety.

This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating human errors among nurses in three hospital wards including emergency, emergency delivery, and cardiac care wards in one of the hospitals of Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences to eliminate or reduce the human errors of nurses and promote the health and safety of patients through recognition of potential.and obvious human errors.

The present applied and cross-sectional study was conducted among all 54 nurses in three wards of a hospital. The data were collected using direct observation of the activities of nurses and supervisors in each ward. After hierarchical analysis of the tasks, human errors were identified and evaluated using standardized plant analysis risk-human (SPAR-H) technique and the worksheets were completed. In the last step, the level of risk was evaluated using the probability and severity of the error.

Injection of blood products has the highest percentage of human errors (74.3%) in the emergency ward. The highest percentages of human errors in the cardiac care unit ere related to duties such as giving injectable drugs (74.3%), blood and its products transfusion (74.3%), and announcement of code and initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (67.8%). Higher probability of human errors in the emergency ward were observed in the receiving drug orders (32.8%) and completing the drug orders (57.1%) which are the main tasks of nurses in this ward. In the delivery emergency ward, blood transfusion had the highest percentage of human errors (74.3%).

The main identified human errors in this study were drug errors, errors related to the transfusion of blood products, and the maintenance of equipment and data storage errors. The main cause of these errors are shortage of time, irregular working shifts, and the limitations and defects in experience and education.

job stress is one of the factors affecting workers occupational productivity and health. In recent years, stress has been emphasized as an alarm that results in loss of productivity and efficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of job stress on worker productivity in one of the Southwest Oil and Gas Companies.

In this study, two separate questionnaires were used to collect job stress and productivity information. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been reviewed in previous studies. All data was processed by SPSS 24 software. 

The mean score of job stress was 3.68 ± 0.43. The results showed that 36.4% and 63.6% of workers had low and no stress, respectively. It also found that productivity with job stress and each of the indicators related to  role, relationship, support of authorities, support of coworkers, demand had a significant and inverse correlation (p <0.05). Productivity was also significantly correlated with age, work experience and education (p <0.05).

Controlling occupational stress and related factors in the workplace is one of the strategies to increase productivity, because there is a significant and inverse relationship between the mean of job stress and productivity.

Hundreds of methods have been introduced to analyze various events. Hence one of the effective and principle steps in accident analysis is proper and targeted selection of accident analysis method. Traditional methods of accident analysis in complex industries are not comprehensive and examine each components of the system separately. So, the use of new systematic methods to overcome these problems may be beneficial. The aim of present study was systematic analyzing of one deadly occupational accident in a car industry. This qualitative case study of analysis of an accident leading to the death in a car industry was performed using systems-theoretic accident model and process (STAMP) in 2018. For this study, the documentation of work accidents archived from 2008 to 2012 was reviewed. Then, a description of each specific accident and constraint, hierarchical levels of control and inadequate control measures were determined, and ultimately the safety of the system was assessed in relation to each incident. In analysis of the accident in assembly line, several factors were involved and interactions between various components of the socio-technical systems were effective in the incident, among which the insufficient measures of safety unit had the higher contribution.  The STAMP technique, by determining a control structure, as a systematic approach for analyzing this incident, has included several factors in the incident and, unlike the traditional methods, has not consider the incident as a component of the system. Therefore, it can be used as a useful tool for accident analysis, especially in complex and sensitive systems.

Undoubtedly, noise and vibration are major problems of industrial world and lot of people are very exposed to these phenomena in their workplace or residential areas. Researchers have shown that exposure to noise may increase the risks related to personal health, like nervous frailty, extreme irritability, muscle cramps, stress and anxiety, dizziness, headache and migraine, anger, loss of body balance, vomiting, pain, hypertension, high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems, deterioration of sleep quality, mental stress, etc. However, the purpose of this study was to assess and control and reduce the risks resulting from noise in the reduction unit 2 of a steel industry. This study was conducted in two steps. 1) Evaluation of noise pollution in the compressor room and its surrounding: For this purpose, total sound pressure level (SPL) and SPLpeak were measured in the places where workers worked or were traveled. The parameters were measured in the mentioned places according to a grid pattern in both the compressor turn on/off. Because the workers exposed to a noise fluctuating, in addition to SPL analysis on the octave-band frequencies to determine critical frequency when the compressor was switched on, the value of Leq was also measured. The critical frequency is very important in noise control issues. The measurements were performed by using sound level meter, model of “B&K 2231.” The apparatus was calibrated before and after measurements by using “B&K 4230 calibrator.” 2) Noise control measurements: After identifying noise leakage paths to outside of the compressor room, noise was controlled in door, wall-fans and roof window area through installing a silencer on the wall-fans and redesigning the door and the roof window using the previous step data. Inside the compressor room, the total sound pressure level and the critical frequency was estimated 106.2 dB (A) and of 250 Hz in the Lin network, respectively. The total sound pressure level in the area around the compressor and the critical frequency were also estimated 94.3 dB (A) and 2000 Hz respectively. Moreover, the value of Leq was more than the threshold value (<85 dB) at all measured stations. In order to control the noise in the area of ​​the fans, considering the noise assessment and the critical frequency, there was used an absorption silencer with glass wool as adsorbent material. To control noise at the door and roof window, there was designed and installed a steel door with dimensions of 3.9 * 2.13 meter and thickness of 1.5 mm which was filled by a noise-adsorbent 40 mm of glass wool and attached to a metal grid. Moreover, to control noise in the roof window was applied a structure with the same specifications, but with the different dimensions (4.2 * 4.2 m and 7 mm mesh diameter). However, the results related to before and after implementation of the control measurements showed an acceptable attenuation in the SPL (91.8%). The average SPL before and after implementation of the control measurements was 95 and 87.2 dBA, respectively which this value was an acceptable level in comparison with background noise, i.e., 86.4 dBA. On the other hand, The slight difference between the mean value of the background sound pressure level and the average of controlled sound pressure level (0.8 dB) is due to factors such as temperature, variations in sound at different positions, generated noise sources (off or on and so no) and the movement of fluids in the pipes and so on.  

The results of the field study indicated that door, window and roof window were identified as the main paths of noise leakage to outside of the compressor room. Therefore, the implementation of the control measurements could be reduced to an acceptable level, but due to high background noise level even after the implementation of the control measurements, the noise level was less higher than the maximum permissible level (85 dB). Therefore, there were presented a few recommendations such as controlling the other sources of noise (e.g. moving fluid through pipes), utilizing the hearing protection devices and how to choose them properly to reduce background noise and the protection of workers against noise.

The most important goal of modeling is to acquire knowledge about the real system's behavior. Toxic leakage in process and chemical industries is likely to be one of the main causes of working people and residents around these industries. In this study, the ammonia liquid release from storage reservoir in one of the southern refineries was investigated and analyzed using of ALOHA software. This research was modeled on three scenarios: 1. modeling the formation of toxic vapor clouds 2. Modeling the flammable environment 3. Modeling the toxic explosive atmosphere. Based on the results of this modeling, the concentration of ammonia is 1100, 5 km around the reservoir (red range). The area around the reservoir (orange range) is about 160 miles (about 10 km) from the area. In the event of full leakage of ammonia from the reservoir up to 500 m, the ammonia concentration is about 90000, which is about 60% of the minimum flammable concentration of ammonia gas and up to about 1.7 km of the ammonia concentration tank of 15000, which is about 10% of the minimum flammable gas concentration Ammonia. In the event of a supersonic explosion, the explosive wave pressure is approximately 700 meters from the reservoir equivalent to Psi 8, which can cause serious damage to the buildings. According to the results of modeling, ammonia toxicity is the most important threat to personnel. Therefore, inspections in accordance with the company's proposal on ammonia repositories and emergency response plans will have an effective role in limiting the harmful effects of toxic and dangerous emissions.

In recent years, the importance of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has increased more than gasoline and petrol. Using this gas as a clean fuel to reduce air pollutants and restrictions on the supply of oil resources, has led to an increase in the expansion of its supply stations in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the methane release model at CNG fuel stations to provide the protection map around them.
The present study is a case study .In this study, modeling of fire and explosion consequences has been done by using ALOHA software at one of the CNG stations in Ahvaz. In this modeling, various scenarios were examined; including creating fractures on pressurized methane tanks with diameters 0.01, 0.20 and 0.03 meters.
The results of this study, by comparing different scenarios, showed that by increasing the diameter of the fracture, the range of thermal radiation would be enhanced at greater distances. The diameter of the fracture from 0.01 to 0.33 mm, in 10 kw / m2 has increased from 10 to 21 meters, respectively. Moreover, in flammable range of methane vapor, the concentration of 30,000 ppm is about 60% of the minimum explosive level (LEL), which ranges from 68.58 to 160 m.
The consequences of the explosion wave up to 160 meters and thermal radiation up to 21 meters are the most dangerous factor at CNG fuel stations that threatens employees and surrounding residential areas. Therefore, by considering the permitted distance of the residential areas, increasing safety actions, and preventing accidents around the fuel stations, casualties and accidents can be reduced.

incidents are one of the most important causes of damages in an organization. incidents, rarely, occure of a big mistakes ,they usually occur due to chain of Most minor and less important human or series errors. May each error, Have minor consequences But with combination their effects, sets or systems are moving invariably to the serious consequences and disastrous. Therefore, this study aimed to identify human errors leading to incidents in a gas refineries using Human Factors Analysis and Classification System.
This study is a retrospective study that was performed in a gas refinery. incidents Data of this study be provided from gas refinery, first root causes analysis reports (RCA) of incidents that occurred during the last 8 years was prepared And then were analyzed by using the HFACS model.
the maximum error of HFACS viewpoint Related to the first level i.e errors caused by unsafe acts that in the first level was related to the "violations", in the second to the physical environment, in the third level to the inadequate supervision and in the fourth level to the management of resources have a Most repeated in mentioned levels
The results of this study showed the causes of accidents and several weaknesses In refineries. It can be helped to reduce human error in the organization by utilization at the same time administrative controls and by creating an appropriate learning environment and raise employee awareness.

Extensive human and economic losses due to the fire accidents shows the necessity of scientifically dealing with major industrial fires, , investing in the development of fire protection technologies and determination of the most effective techniques to limit damages. This study is conducted to evaluate the effect of active and passive protection methods on reducing the level of fire risk, in the control room of a thermal power plant.
Material and In the first phase of this study, fire risk level for buildings, goods, occupants and activities was calculated using Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering. In the second phase, from 36 sub-factors affecting risk level, three sub-factors of passive protection measures and two sub-factors of active protection measures were analyzed and modified, in reducing the fire risk level of occupants.
The results of the present study showed that occupants’ fire risk level (20.64) is above the acceptable level. Correction of three sub-factors, including constant fire load, floor number, and changing the dimensions and area of the control room up to 40% and installing an automatic fire extinguishing system and training the occupants to use fire extinguishing equipment and emergency evacuation up to 33%, is effective in reducing the fire risk level.
Passive and active protection methods, despite their impacts on reducing the level of risk, cannot provide an acceptable level of fire safety independently. Therefore, combined use of these methods is essential to protect buildings and people, and prevent any interruption in the system’s activities.

Resilience engineering is a novel approache to risk management and is the inherent ability of a system to adapt their work before, during and after the changes and adverse events in such a way that maintain the system performance under predictable and unpredictable conditions. The aim of this study was to identify indicators of organizational resilience of refineries and ranking them using fuzzy TOPSIS technique.
Material and A qualitative study was done to identify organizational resilience indicators of refinery complex. The main method of data collection was semi-structured interviews. Indicators were determined using qualitative content analysis and literature review. Weighting and ranking identified indicators was performed using fuzzy TOPSIS technique.
Eleven indicators were identified as follows: management commitment, performance management system, flow of information/communication, involvement culture, error management culture, education, preparedness, flexibility, innovation culture, change management, and human resource management.
Critical sociotechnical organizations especially refinery complexes in order to improve safety management and resilience situation should focus on effective indicators. Monitoring and improving them will increase safety and the resilience level of organization