فائزه فرازنده پور

"Face" is a central concept in interaction. It is related to the value of "self" or "self-image" of the interaction parties. In Iran, face studies have focused more on Persian general culture and paid less attention to Iranian subcultures. The current research has investigated the dominant face in the southern regions of Kerman from the perspective of sociolinguistics and also from a critical point of view on Spencer-Oatey's rapport management framework. Data have been collected and analyzed using combined methods of ethnography, interviews, and review of oral and written sources. The data analysis shows that the dominant face in South Kerman is a type of face that has not been mentioned in the previous sources. This type of face, which can be called a tribal face, is not related to politeness, but rather related to the tribal identity of people. Tribal identity is also mostly transmitted through language. The tribal face is activated in daily interactions with interpersonal actions, and when threatened, the consequences are quickly drawn from the individual domain to the collective domain of the tribe. At the end, its differences with group and collective face are mentioned and the coordinates and components of this type of face are also introduced according to the data. Some of these components can be listed as the history of the tribe and its social level.

This article examines the observance of the linguistic rights of children of the linguistic minority and native speakers through legal linguistics, which is in accordance with international treaties and has been able to play a fair role in this field.

The research method used in it is correlation type, which explains the relationship between language rights in accordance with the international treaties regarding the importance of language and its rights, which have been mentioned in various historical periods so far. The collection of information is only through library studies and valid internet bases, which can only be obtained by studying and researching the available sources, and the collection tool is the research sheet.

The results of this article indicate that in mass media and in different countries, in addition to the first language, the second language should be removed from the language of linguistic minorities and native children so that the extinction of their language does not disappear in terms of value and in the area It should be used correctly.

The current conclusion is that according to Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the child must have social freedom in using his minority and native language so that he can express his opinions correctly and with the right to speak in the courts. He should fulfill himself and fulfill the rights of the child in this field. In the end, judicial linguistics can help the child in preserving and protecting the language rights of the majority and even the minority until the right is realized and the best is achieved

Forensic linguistics is defined as the study and analysis of language in the legal field, which is introduced as a relatively new field compared to syntax, phonetics, semantics, phonology and other branches of linguistics. This branch is the link between linguistics and law, which is also related to fields such as semantics, pragmatics, discourse analysis, stylistics and vocabulary. In this branch, linguistic knowledge, analysis and methodology are also applied in legal and criminological situations, and without proper understanding of its current and future status, it is impossible to work in this field. Considering that Iran has small portion of the linguistics market in the cyberspace, solutions are needed with a view to expand it so that the appropriate policies can be developed for the above-mentioned branch. In this article, firstly, the linguistics history, development, importance and application and then its relationship with cyber linguistics are discussed and finally, by examining the harms and challenges of the online space, the current situation and drawing of the ecosystem of cyber linguistics, attempts have been made to explore the related challenges whereby it presents linguistic solutions to face them and that the role of the government in providing a suitable platform for this field is explained.

Nowadays, television programs are an inseparable part of life and animation has a special place in these programs, in such a way that the audience is unconsciously exposed and influenced by persuasive communication. The main goal of the current study is to investigate the techniques of persuasion in the construction of linguistic value concepts in the animation of Shekarestan, in which linguistic tools such as allegory and proverbs, which are intertextuality topics, are used to convey concepts and persuade the viewer. The current research, which is conducted on eight episodes of the animation of Shekarestan, is of a descriptive-analytical type, and its purpose is to present the results of the study of the representation of cultural values in Iranian animation to influence children's cognitive behavior. The findings revealed that in every part of Shekarestan, an attempt has been made to convey and induce the message to the audience by using specific discourse, cultural beliefs and various persuasion techniques. The results show that among the techniques of persuasion, topicalization, repetition, flattery, exaggeration, and explicit claims are more used to represent cultural values.

In this paper, in order to investigate the implicit meaning  of medical words and terms in relevant semiotic system and to study their usage as symbols in Persian colloquial language,   the proper data were collected from  “Sokhan Oral Dictionary” and “Persian Colloquial Dictionary”, and then their implicit meanings were analyzed based on semantics and semiotics knowledge within Pierce framework. Then while presenting some examples for each concept in the medical semiotic schemes and also illustrating some instances of their  implicit meaning in Persian language, it was distinguished that each of these symbols behave in a new way when confronting the semiotic schemes of Persian language. Most frequent application of medical words and terms is the usage of organ-words in Persian colloquial language. Some of these words are widely used in comparison to the other terms of colloquial Persian language and are mostly applied in their implicit meaning such as the word “gut” in this proverb:“there’s no straight gut in his stomach” (i.e. he is not honest) or the word “skeleton” in this expression:     “ he is like a skeleton” (i.e. he is very thin). In general it was found that such words and terms which are used in the Persian proverbs are mostly represented as icons and are actually counted as metaphors and the metaphors can be considered as iconic signs.

With the spread of the corona virus in all parts of the country and avoiding the gathering of people in crowded places, schools became the first places to prevent the gathering of people. Distance education in virtual space by teachers and coordinated by schools helped students for not attending schools physically. The Ministry of Education designed a type of educational system for the students. This system is called "Shad" which stands for "Student Educational Network" and it is a practical software. In terms of its nature, this research is a descriptive type of research that analyzes data in a qualitative method and, along with its pathology, provides appropriate solutions to improve the educational quality of this network. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Shad educational network from the perspective of linguistic principles and to provide suitable solutions to improve the educational quality of this network. In this research, 100 sentences from the three levels of primary, first and second secondary stages have been investigated based on the theoretical framework of Zulfaqari's non-standard linguistic patterns (2015) in three technical, linguistic and rhetorical fields. The finding shows that the most non-standard patterns in the technical field are related to incorrect spelling amount to (30%), in the linguistic field related to the noun in the form of excessive use of loan words in the amount of (20%) and related to the verb in the form of the subject and verb inconsistency amount to (15%) and in the field of rhetoric, it is related to the relocate of sentence elements to the amount of (19%). These results demonstrate that errors occur due to students' ignorance of the Persian language and hardware defects or errors and hand or finger errors.

The present study deals with hiatus resolution through vowel reduction in Kurdish and Persian based on OT phonology. A collection of movies, TV series, and written texts formed the corpus of the study. In data description and analysis, the linguistic intuition of native Persian and Central Kurdish speakers were used. Based on the analysis, the authors concluded that Persian and Kurdish use glide formation through vowel reduction to resolve hiatus in certain phonetic environments. In Persian, to resolve hiatus, the two high vowels /i/ and /u/ are converted into a short vowel and the glides /j/ and /w/, respectively. In Central Kurdish, glide formation occurs in high vowels /i:, u:/ and mid-high vowels /ē:, ō:/. Glide formation in Persian is accompanied with a quantitative change in vowel /i:/ and a quantitative and qualitative change in /u:/. In contrast, glide formation in Central Kurdish is accompanied with only quantitative change in long vowels. The OT analysis revealed that the main factor driving hiatus resolution in both Persian and Kurdish is the need for an onset in syllable structure. In contexts in which glide formation occurs through vowel reduction, the active constraints in Persian and Kurdish are: ONSET, AGREE(place), MAX, DEP, IDENT(µ).

The idea of Manichaean and Mazdakian Affected on later ideas. Except for rituals hostility to oppression is one of the most important of some sects of Mysticism and Sufism. In this research it was studied the Zoroastrian and Manichean and Islamic literature and unfolded the origin of jar of some Sufism discoursesagainst to oppression is the Manichaean and Mazdakian ideas, this study based on the theory of discourse of Laclau and mouffe (1985). After the study of sources, we will understand the Manichaeans and Mazdakians Were a pattern for the dissidents of the Abbasids.Often the Abbasid Caliphate attributed the dissidents to the Manichaean and Mazdakian (The heretics in the Sassanid period) and they are suppressed by the Abbasids. for the simulation of Mystics to the rioters in the Sassanid period the style of suppression to them (Mystics) very simulated to the hanging of the followers of Mazdak and Mani. Thus, the nodal point of the opponents of Sassanian empire and Abbasid Caliphate was the moral corruption but the nodal point of them was the justice.

The present study investigates and compares the process of vowel shortening in Persian and Central Kurdish languages based on optimization theory. Since almost the same phonological processes occur in co-type languages, despite the long vowels in Persian and Kurdish, it is expected that vowel shortening process will occur in these languages. In the present study, Phonological analysis of data showed that vowel shortening occurs in high and low vowels in both Persian and Kurdish. In Persian, three long vowels /i, u, ɑ/ and in Kurdish, two long vowels /i, ɑ/ undergo vowel shortening process. Depending on the phonetic context, in the both languages the vowel /ɑ/ can only be reduced to two short vowels /e/ and /æ/ in Persian and two short vowels /ə/ and /æ/ in Kurdish. In Persian, the number and variety of context in which long vowels are shortened is more than in Kurdish. Optimality analysis also showed that the type and order of final constraints and marking constraints on the shortening of long vowels /ɑ/ and /i/ are the same in different phonological contexts of Persian and Kurdish.

In this article, using the approaches related to "critical discourse analysis" (CDA), the function of the word "Zindiq" (heretic) over time has been studied.Apparently, this word was used for the first time in Sassanid Pahlavi literature in the inscriptions of Cartier (Zoroastrian dogmatic priest) about the Manicheans who were oppressed and killed by this person.The word "Zindiq" was then used in Pahlavi, Arabic, and Persian literature to drive out and suppress ideological dissent.According to Foucault's classification of "exclusion" methods (in 1970), presumably, the derivation of "zand" to the Avestan root of zan- (to know) in "Zindiq" had been hidden by Zoroastrian priests in Sassanid period.In this study, it becomes clear that according to Fairclough (1995)'s three-layered model in discourse analysis and "intertextuality", relying on the texts of a period, the discourse function of words such as "Zindiq" is not understood or it is hardly possible to understand the discursive functions of this word in the texts of one area.It will also become clear that over time, Zandik's rejection of the discourse will expand, and that the leaders of any discourse, along with their followers, will often expel their opponents on Zandik charges in order to gain hegemony over their ideology.According to Laclau and Mouffe's (1985) theory of discourse, from during the juridical discourse of Sasanian period and later on, the new meanings were added to this word (Zindiq) by different "elements". Consequently, the function and meaning of "Zindiq" changed from “interpreter of Avesta” to innovator (heretic), sinister, magician, etc.Thus, the implications of lexical jurisprudence are useless without CDA for understanding the meaning and function of "Zindiq".

The link between language and literature in transferring ideologies is an attractive and practical field in contemporary linguistics. Since, in addition  to the language, our way of thinking is metaphorical, one can achieve the dominant thinking in a discourse by examining the metaphors of a text. The study of prevailing thoughts in fiction is important because of the interaction between the audience and the community. In this research, the effect of feminist ideology was evaluated through the analysis of conceptual metaphors. The quantitative data of this research, which were examined through a descriptive-analytic method have consisted of 136 conceptual metaphors with the female target domain, selected and evaluated from the works of six male and female authors (of the eighties(AH)). The results indicated that 17 source domains including animal, plant, food, dish, struggle, religion, object, trade, occupation, well, water, fire, light, instrument, event, mountain and the mine is used to conceptualize the female. A few metaphors have been influenced by feminist thinking in the discourse of the story, and the feminist ideology of dominant thinking is not considered in this decade, although the stereotypical attitude toward women has been somehow changed in these fictional works, the dominant ideology still looks traditional.

Legal translation is a special type of Language for Special Purposes (LSP) translation involving cross-linguistic communication in the legal context and it tends to involve more cultural specific components. Since the main functions of legal language are normative and performative, it is important to make sure what the actual purpose of the translation of a legal text is. On the other hand, legal translators are expected to produce not parallel texts but texts that are equal in legal effect. So, they must be able to understand not only the legal concepts and the legal effects they are supposed to have, but also how to achieve those legal effects in the target language, especially when it is based on a different legal system. The vast differences in Persian and English legal systems and legal cultures, and consequently the associated incongruity of terminology, highlight the many challenges in legal translation. This paper aims at presenting a strategy through which we can convey the legal culture of SL (Persian) to TL (English) and while creating similar legal effect in TL, improve the quality of legal translation, relying on the two notions inspired by Venuti (1998), i.e. domestication and foreignization. In this regard we analyzed legal translation of 20 Persian to English Divorce Decrees within the domain of Private law, the study of which has been seldom attempted despite the customary presence of these instruments in the legal routine. As a result of this analysis we can conclude that legal texts in different legal systems are translatable and a similar legal effect can be created in TL provided that the legal genre of the source text is preserved and also functional and conceptual equivalences are employed through foreignization and domestication.

This paper aims at describing the mechanism of German loanwords adaptation with respect to constraints of Persian language and within OT framework. Consequently the adaptation of consonant clusters and diphthongs as well as the phonemes substituted in loanwords will be examined. Prince and Smolensky’s (1993) Optimality Theory with its key notions of faithfulness and markedness constraints is suited to model this aspect of linguistic competence. So in this research a number of 30 German loanwords were selected as research data of which some were collected through the library method from written resources and the rest are the trade names of German Products that are collected through a field work. Descriptive analysis of the mentioned data within Optimality Theory comes into valuable linguistic conclusions such as: “In Persian، initial consonant clusters of German loanwords are broken up through vowel epenthesis which is mostly identical to the vowel of the second syllable.”

This research intends to present a new pattern for providing the summary of judicial verdicts in a plain legal language. Further to linguistic analysis of the judicial verdicts, a new pattern, namely Khallaq Pattern, is introduced, by which we can produce the final summary of written judgments, including the key expressions and macro phrases of the original text, through five separate stages and in plain legal language. The linguistic corpus of the research contains 50 written judgments with both penal and legal subjects that are analyzed through the content analysis method, as a type of Descriptive-Analysis method. After implementation of the verdicts (linguistic corpus) in the Khallaq Pattern, in order to evaluate the comprehensibility and comprehensiveness of the attained summary in comparison with the relevant original text, two qualitative methods, i.e. “Comparative Study” and “Focus Group”, are employed accordingly. The obtained results indicated that the verdicts’ summary produced through the said pattern include the key expressions and elements of the original text. Further, it is more comprehensive than the main written judgment.