فائقه شاه حسینی

In recent decades, a growing number of non-Persian speakers have been visiting Iran, eager to gain a deeper understanding of Iranian culture and civilization. Simultaneously, there has been a notable influx of Arabic-speaking students enrolling in Iranian universities. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to examine the Persian writing structure of advanced-level Arabic language learners from the corpus-based perspective. The study aims to discern spelling and technical errors in their written works, adhering to the writing guidelines established by the Persian Language and Literature Academy. To achieve this objective, a corpus consisting of 151 Persian essays from Arab learners from Iraq, who underwent the Persian proficiency test at Imam Reza International University, was compiled. The corpus consists of 3234 types and 32096 samples. Utilizing the Wordsmith software, word frequencies were extracted from the essays. Employing content analysis, the study scrutinized various error types, including spelling/stylistic errors, semi-space deletion errors, space deletion errors, space insertion errors, cross-typing, and separate writing. The findings highlighted that the most prevalent errors were in the category of space insertion, followed by semi-space deletion errors, spelling/stylistic errors, and spelling errors. Separate writing exhibited the lowest occurrence, with no errors identified in the category of space deletion. The analysis revealed that these errors predominantly originated from intra-language factors, specifically second-language learning and developmental errors.

Compiling dictionaries for Iranian languages has basically been concentrated on Persian. Since the 19th century onwards, almost all the bilingual dictionaries of Persian are also limited to some major European languages such as English, French, and Russian. However, in this almost uniform set, we can across a glossary in the 19th century, which is a Gilaki-English one, compiled by Alexander Chodźko (1804- 1891). In his book Specimens of the Popular Poetry of Persia as Found in the Adventures and Improvisations of Kurroglou (1842), Chodźko has provided the very first glossary of an Iranian language other than Persian, with the English equivalents. This book is a collection of songs of the inhabitants of northern Iran, and the Gilaki ones contain glossaries too. The current article aims to introduce this glossary on one hand, and compare it with some other glossaries published later on top show how the words have undergone semantic changes from the time of Chodźko up to that of ours.

The present study explored sentences in which motion verbs had been used. Recognition of transitivity is very important for language learners since it would help them identify the object of the sentence and insert “ra” after it as object marker. It would also help in deciding whether a structure could be passivized or not.  Since foreign learners of Persian language do not have native speaker intuitions about Persian grammar, recognition of transitivity is a learning problem for them. Also, conceptualizing motion verbs poses difficulties for Persian language learners. Therefore, in this study after classification of motion verbs, transitivity characteristics were also considered as a factor for prediction. 24 fifth level language learners at the International College of Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated in this study. They were assigned to two equal sized groups. The first group was considered as the experimental group and received instruction within Talmy’s (2000) theoretical framework. The second group which acted as the control group received ordinary instruction. Based on the instructor’s subjective evaluation and the results of the written test, the experimental group achieved better conceptualization of new verbs. Expanded Abstract The present study explored the notion of teaching transitivity of motion verbs. Recognition of transitivity is very important for Persian language learners. The importance of this structure in Persian is related to its use. On the one hand, the learners can guess whether they can use direct object and its marker (rā) or not, on the other hand, they can decide about using passive structure. Since the learners do not have native speaker intuitions about Persian grammar, recognition of transitivity is a difficult subject for them. Motion events involve situations encompassing movement or the maintenance of a stationary location. According to Talmy (2000), the basic motion event consists of one object (the ‘Figure’) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference-object or ‘Ground’). Besides these two components, its semantic structure has two internal components, i.e. ‘Path’ and ‘Motion’. The ‘Path’ is the course followed or the site occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground object, and the ‘Motion’ refers to the presence in the event of motion or location. Considering only the dynamic motion event (MOVE) and leaving the result of a motion (BE Loc) aside, we deal with the linking of semantic and syntactic properties. Following Talmy (2000), Persian language motion verbs are classified in fifteen groups, and one schematic representation was considered for each of them. In this study referential verbs describe a motion event only when their object denotes a location-type entity. After classifying Persian verbs into transitive and intransitive verbs, there is a semantic analysis based on their figure and grounds. All the subjects in intransitive structures are figures and the figures experience change in their location or move from a source to a goal. While, in transitive motion events, verbs are classified in three types; referential, relational, or causative. There is distinction between two types of linguistically defined entities: an object vs. a location. A location refers to a stable spatial fragment within a given frame of reference. An object refers to a material entity, not necessarily stable, within a frame of reference. Moreover, relational verbs such as ‘cross’, ‘pass’, and ‘climb’ do not implement any selectional limitations on the object/location alternation. They describe a motive relation between two implicit regions first defined in relation to each other. The semantic role considered as prototypical for the direct object is the Patient. And transitive structure followed this structure: NP1 Vtrans NP2. It means that all transitive structures in Persian language should apply one noun phrase as their direct objects and prototypically it is the patient of the verb. 24 participants of the study were in the fifth level of the International College of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and were assigned to two equal sized groups. The first group was considered the experimental group. After classification of motion verbs, the transitivity characteristics should also be considered as a factor for prediction. The results revealed that the experimental group had a better understanding of the transitivity of motion verbs in Persian Language. Based on the results of the present study which involved two groups of L2learners who underwent 16trainingsessions,it was found that the experimental group had a better understanding of motion verbs and its members better understood the meaning of new verbs.

According to Talmy (2000), the basic motion event consists of one object (the ‘Figure’) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference-object or ‘Ground’). Moreover, its semantic structure has another two internal components, i.e. ‘Path’ and ‘Motion’. The ‘Path’ is the track followed or the location occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground object, and the ‘Motion’ refers to the presence in the event of motion or location.
The present research focuses on the transitivity of motion verbs in Persian language. In order to seek the notion, research data have been analyzed based on Talmy's theoretical framework (2000), and the components of motion in these verbs have been investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Consequently, seeking the notion of transitivity in motion verbs, the research includes 219 Modern Persian verbs from two sites (Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB) and Hamshahri Online news website). Among those mentioned motion verbs, 126 cases were intransitive and 63 were transitive. Based on the main goal of the research, the question was raised; “what is the difference between the figure and the ground in transitive and intransitive verbs?” it is necessary to mention, the criterion for determining the transition is following the pattern of "NP1, transitive verb, NP2".
Persian language express a Motion event using the transitive construction in which the subject denotes the Figure (the moving entity) and the object denotes the Ground (the reference object). In Persian language, in most cases, verbs can express a motion event in the Intransitive Construction. . In Persian, the object usually depicts the referral point or path based on the semantic features of the verb. In cases of causative verbs, the object is the same as the figure that makes the displacement. In addition, in the intransitive structures, the subject is the figure and intransitive verbs demonstrate a change or a new position. In these examples, the path is often shown through a prepositional phrase.

Cognitive typology is focused on conceptual principles, experience, and cognition to analyze language universals and differences in the representation of categories, experiences, etc. among the languages of the world. One of the fundamental principles of cognitive linguistics, and thus cognitive typology is the rejection of the distinction between diachronic and synchronic linguistics. In fact, neglecting the changes a language goes through time, results in neglecting the evidences that historically affected today’s language use. Therefore, this research aims to study different ways of using motion verbs in the Middle Persian (focusing on Zoroastrian Middle Persian) and comparing them with Modern Persian to find out about the changes in representation of motion verbs through the history of Persian language. Theoretical framework of this research is cognitive typology (Talmy, 2000) based on which languages are classified into two types of verb-framing and satellite-framing. In verb-framing languages, the information about path of movement is expressed in a verb, but in satellite –framing languages, information about the path is expressed outside the verb. One of the main elements of events is the path of motion which is represented in different ways in different languages based on their features and capacities. Therefore, motion verbs represent different information about the path of motion. In this article motion verbs in Middle and Modern Persian are analyzed and compared based on a cognitive approach. Results show that in this regard, Middle Persian is verb-framing, but Modern Persian is both verb-framing and satellite framing which may be due to the cognitive development of the speakers through time, and the growing capacity of languages to communicate the concepts.

The present study examines the notion of cognitive morphology, considering the productive Persian morpheme "kār" as a polysemic morpheme. Image schema was studied to categorize various forms of the function of this morpheme. The present research revealed that when Persian speakers encounter words which use this morpheme, they predict the metaphorical meaning and form an embodied schema of that related usage. In this paper the cognitive morphology approach is introduced, metaphor and image schemata are discussed, and previous researches on this morpheme are presented. In the final section this morpheme is analyzed and discussed synchronically based on the cognitive morphology approach, and the related embodied schemas are presented.

Shortening Proper Nouns is so current and common among Iranian and different kinds of processes are involved in this process. The article describes this process and reviews the role of gender in this process and phonological limitations in shortened nouns. Our approach toward shortening nouns can be an example of interaction of two sciences of Inflection and Sociolinguistics. The samples of study were chosen from 790 Farsi Proper nouns among which 330 are boy names and 460 are girl names. The selected samples were extracted from the official website of National Organization for Civil Registration. The standard for selecting samples includes high frequency and being one-part nouns; so we did not use rare and lowused names and those with more than two parts which involves two or more separate nouns. The applied theoretical framework is the Optimality Theory. Shortened nouns were reviewed and analyzed based on this theory. The results show that shortening Proper Nouns in Farsi is rarely predictable against the common belief Iranian may have. The other considerable result worth noting is that although shortening is an inflectional process, it involves phonological units more than inflectional units. Removed parts in this process are so varied in size and status and words that are created in shortening processes of Farsi inflection are usually phonologically ungrammatical. Moreover, the analysis of data shows that gender is also an effective variable on shortening Proper Nouns in Farsi.

The present article studies Prototype of transitive structure in Persian verbs. So far, transitivity has been studied from different aspects. However, in Persian language it has been studied limitedly from a cognitive perspective. The main objective of the present article is to get to a precise and clear definition of transitivity regarding Persian speakers’ cognition. To do so, the author defines prototype of transitive structure based on seven major criteria, and one minor criterion. According to the findings of the research, to define transitivity we have to consider both form and function. Transitivity can be defined on a continuum, ranging from prototypical transitive verbs to non-prototypical transitive verbs, and intransitive verbs.

The present study explores the notion of categorization and prototypes based on cognitive approaches. In cognitive semantics, language is not separated from mind and cognition.  A main objective of this study is to seek a comprehensive explanation for prototype and its importance in cognitive studies. Meanwhile, the researcher uses the prototype theory as an analytical tool. According to this theory, the prototype is the central example of the category and other members assigns their membership by means of a judgment of similarity to a central example. The results show that the language phenomena's depends on form and function. In other words, to analyze language we should consider both form and function. Although prototype is primarily a semantic concept, but in order to study language we must notice the structural implications too.