فهرست مطالب فاطمه احمدی

The aim of this study was to develop a model of critical thinking disposition with an emphasis on executive functions and learning style among graduate students.

 The research method was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of graduate psychology students in the academic year 2019-2020, from which 274 students were selected through convenience sampling. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, data were collected using electronic questionnaires on social media. For data collection, the following instruments were used: the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale (Ricketts, 2003), the Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire (Vahid Nejati, 2013), the Standard Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire (Biggs et al., 2001), the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), the Simple Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (McCormick, 1984), the Spirit of Inquiry Questionnaire (Heydari, 2013), and the Communication Skills Scale (Queendom, 2004). Data analysis was conducted using path analysis with structural equation modeling in LISREL 8.8 software.

 The findings showed that the direct effect of executive functions on critical thinking disposition was 38%, the surface learning style was -33%, and the deep learning style was 31%, all significant at the 0.01 level. Among the exogenous variables, only the direct effect of the spirit of inquiry was 59% at the 0.01 level, and communication skills were 18% at the 0.05 level, significantly affecting the critical thinking disposition of students. Assertiveness at 14% and emotion regulation at 4% did not have a direct effect on students' critical thinking disposition.

 In examining the indirect effect of the independent variables, all four variables were effective on critical thinking disposition through the mediating role of executive functions and learning style. Therefore, the impact of all four independent variables on the dependent variable, mediated by the intermediary variables, was confirmed. Finally, the findings indicated that the final conceptual model had relatively satisfactory goodness-of-fit.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of virtual education of physics concepts (such as temperature and heat) with a cognitive approach on the academic achievement, cognitive levels of learning, and learning strategies of students. It was a quantitative research with quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with two control and experimental groups. The research population included all male students in the 10th year of the experimental sciences field in Mashhad normal schools in the academic year 1400-1401. The research sample consisted of 67 students who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. To measure academic achievement, a researcher-made test was used, and to measure the cognitive learning strategies, the standard questionnaire of learning motivational strategies (Pentrich and DeGroot,1990) was used. Physics virtual education with a cognitive approach was provided for 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group, and the control group was subjected to conventional virtual education. To check the reliability of the researcher-made academic achievement test and the standard questionnaire of motivational learning strategies, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was computed as 0.74 and 0.76, respectively. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and inferential analysis of covariance were used. The results showed the effectiveness of this educational approach in improving learning, academic achievement and strengthening the learning strategies of students. Based on the findings, it can be said that teaching with a cognitive approach facilitates the formation process of knowledge structure in learners and increases their understanding of educational concepts.

Organizations need innovation and innovation management in order to keep pace with the changes and changing needs of their stakeholders. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to present the local model of organizational innovation in the companies of Ilam Industrial Town.

The current research method is mixed in nature and qualitative-quantitative combination. Delphi technique was used to collect research variables, and Kolmogorov test, sample t-test, Friedman's ranking test and focus group were used to analyze the findings.

The results of the research show that 7 dimensions (internal research and development, external research and development, core competencies of human resources, motivating factors, strategic thinking, organizational empowerment and knowledge exchange), on the local model of organizational innovation in the companies of the settlement Ilam industry has influence.

In the age of information explosion and rapid development of technology, dealing with the innovation process and providing practical solutions for its growth and training is a necessary and unavoidable thing for the survival of organizations.

Remote sensing provides a powerful data source for the mapping of urban areas and the monitoring of urban dynamics on a range of scales. Among the variues types of  remote sensing data, images captured at night offer an effective means ofmonitoring human activities on a global scale. The distinctive features and capabilities of these images permit the separation of urban areas and other human activities, the main feature of which is the use of light at night by accurately measuring the location, from the background without light. Via providing uninterrupted and continuous monitoring from the night world perspective, these images provide a valuable source of information about human activities over time from the past to the present. The time series analysis of this data is highly valuable for discovering, estimating and monitoring social and economic dynamics in countries, especially sub-regions where there are no official statistics. With recent developments in night-time data satellite sensors and new research conducted in this field, this study aims to review the advances in night-time sensors, introduce the existing data and products, review and express the advantages and disadvantages of each one, and review the methods and solutions presented in previous research for solving the existing problems and limitations in order to improve these images.

The main objective of this research is to introduce and review the general charactristics of night-time light data, discussing their advantages, challenges, and methods for addressing these challenges. The majority of studies on DMSP night light images focus on two spatial and temporal dimensions. In the spatial dimension, inherent deficiencies of this dataset are observed, such as saturated numerical values in central urban areas and flourishing effects in suburban and rural areas. In the temporal dimension, the lack of calibration in the processor, necessitates the implementation of additional processes on annual products of stable DMSP night light data in order to examine urban dynamics. The existing methods for correcting spatial problems are divided into tow categories: spectral and non-spectral. Similarly, methods for addressing temporal issues are divided into two categories: annual calibration of night light data and adjustment of temporal patterns. NPP-VIIRS monthly images encompass various features including fixed light values such as city lights and transportation routes, as well as noise values such as gas flames, biomass burning, and background noise. Therefore, preprocessing is necessary before utilizing this data. Furthermore, the positioning accuracy of Loujia_01 data is lower than its spatial resolution, resulting in image displacement of up to 650 meters in some areas. Geometric correction is applied to rectify this issue, and various correction methods have been investigated.

A general comparison of the data sets reveals that, despite the existing problems and limitations, the DMSP stable night light data outperforms other night light datasets due to its longer time series, which spans from 1992 to 2013. This extended temporal coverage makes it a valuable resource for research on urban dynamics and estimating the overall growth trend of cities. On the other hand, NPP-VIIRS offers advantages and is sensitive to faint light sources. However, its passage time at 1:30 in the morning, when many lights are turned off, limits its utility for urban studies. Consequently, it may not be the optimal choice for exclusively investigating urban areas exclusively. Nevertheless, the NPP-VIIRS data is more useful in research related to economic activities. Furthermore, the sensor's lack of sensitivity to blue light emitted by LEDs impacts its ability to accurately quantify artificial light emissions from the ground.

The objective of this study was to introduce types of remote sensing night light data and their analysis. In short, current research in the field of correcting spatial saturation and blooming problems is divided into two categories: spectral and non-spectral. Non-spectral methods typically rely solely on night light data, although they may also incorporate non-remote sensing data. Spectral methods often employ spectral indices that are related to vegetation and ground surface temperature. Currently, correcting DMSP images from the temporal dimension can be achieved through inter-data calibration, specifically via the fixed reference regions or reference pixels method. One of the most reliable methods in this field is the reference area method. Following the conclusion of the DMSP-OLS mission, the VIIRS was introduced. In contrast to the annual data of this satellite, the monthly data requires correction due to the presence of background noise, and stray lights. A reviews of existing studies indicates that the majority of methods aim to remove noise using specific frameworks although with differing assumptions. Finally, considering the current challenges and limitations of night light satellites, several recommendations for future progress and development in this field are put forth. Further investigation could be conducted into the integration of DMSP-OLS data with NPP-VIIRS data or higher resolution Loujia-01 data, with the objective of developing a longer time series for future research on urban dynamics.

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death in societies, and improving people's awareness and attitude towards their risk factors is one of the effective measures in the field of prevention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the knowledge, attitude and performance about the risk factors of these diseases among industrial workers.

Workers with at least one year of employment were included in this cross-sectional study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and questions in three areas of knowledge, attitude and performance based on Likert scoring. Data analysis was done using SPSS 26 software.

609 people, all of whom were men, were included in the study. The diseases of high blood pressure, diabetes and increased triglycerides were found in 102 (16.7%), 26 (4.3%) and 120 (19.7%) people respectively. The questionnaire scores of the participants were divided into three categories: good, average, and poor, and the scores of knowledge in (71.0%) 401, attitude in (48.3%) 278, and performance in (36.4%) 216 people at a good level, and in most people the performance dimension scores ( 54.4%) and attitude (51.4%) were evaluated at an average level. Also, people with higher education have significantly obtained better scores in the field of knowledge and attitude.

The knowledge and attitude of the studied people are evaluated at an acceptable level. However, it is important to use different methods of education and awareness in order to identify the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.

Dropping out of education every year plagues educational systems so it’s important to improve the mental health of students who drop out. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of education based on the cognitive-metacognitive-behavioral model and the proficiency of making an app on the problem-solving style of teenage girls who dropped out. The research is semi-experimental and the sample group was selected voluntarily and included 25 teenage girls who dropped out, who were randomly assigned to 3 groups. One group was trained in both protocols, one group was trained in the application development protocol, and the other group was control. The research tool was Cassidy and Long's (1996) problem solving style questionnaire, which was used as a pre- and post-test. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. This research showed that the difference between the 3 groups in non-constructive style wasn’t significant, because academic failure leads to the formation of negative self-concept, which takes time to change. The difference between the 3 groups in the constructive style was significant. The combination of training was able to help the participants cognitively, behaviorally and skillfully in order to increase their scores in constructive problem solving style.

In recent years, with the increase in competition between automobile companies and the establishment of government laws to further reduce fuel consumption and, as a result, the requirement to reduce vehicle weight, the third generation of advanced strength steels have received much attention in the automotive industry due to their better tensile strength and ductility than the first generation and lower cost than the second generation. In this research, a new candidate of the third generation of advanced high-strength steels, with the name of 112HR, was design, production, and introduced and its mechanical properties were investigated and compared with SAPH440 steel, which is currently used in the domestic car industry and in the car cabin. Uniaxial tensile test was performed in three directions of rolling, perpendicular to rolling and 45-degree angle to rolling. 112HR steel with a tensile strength of 1190 MPa and an increase in length of 54.5% and a ductility index of more than 60 GPa% has shown better properties than SAPH440 steel with a tensile strength of 450 MPa and elongation of 43%. But in the tensile test of grooved sample and hole expansion, which is a three-dimensional stress, 112HR steel performed worse, so that the cavity expansion rate of SAPH440 steel was about 3.76 times higher than that of 112HR steel. The reason for this difference is the transformation properties of austenite to martensite during deformation in 112HR steel and the low shear strength of martensite. The transformation of austenite to martensite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and optical and electron microscopic investigations in 112HR steel.

The main purpose of this article is to present the revenue financing model in Tehran municipality.A combined method with the priority of the qualitative stage over the quantitative has been used. In the qualitative approach, in order to meet the objectives of the research, interviews were conducted with 15 experts on the subject and by correcting the indicators identified from the qualitative content analysis of the interviews, the Delphi method was used. The data was determined using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.5 software and the confirmatory factor analysis technique for the analysis and weight of the variables.The findings show that seven dimensions of justice, transparency, local independence, thrift, income adequacy, sustainability and practicality, non-shifting of the tax base were extracted for the revenue financing model. The indicators of these dimensions include charges on official documents, charges on added value, charges on buildings and lands, charges on communications and transportation, charges on professional business licenses, charges on parking, charges on centralized collection, charges on property. Real estates are income from municipal services. Experts have a positive consensus about the proposed dimensions of this research.The results of this research can help the municipality of Tehran metropolis in advancing the goals of financing and making use of existing financial resources, which is one of the most important concerns of that organization, and this synergy and participation leads to the satisfaction of citizens.

Spiritual health has been recognized as one of the most important dimensions of human health and of course complementary to other dimensions. Although research has been performed in the field of spiritual health consequences, few researchers have investigated the antecedents of this construct. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of patience, cognitive flexibility, and wisdom in predicting the spiritual health of students. For this purpose, 200 undergraduate and graduate students of Arak University in 2022-2023 were selected by cluster sampling method and responded to comprehensive spiritual health (Amiri et al., 2014), patience (Khormaei, Farmani, and Soltani, 2013), cognitive flexibility(Dennis and Vandwal, 2010) and wisdom (Schmidt, Maldon, and Ponders, 2012) questionnaires. The data were analyzed by Enter and Step-by-Step regression model using SPSS 26 software. The linear combination of predictor variables including patience, cognitive flexibility and wisdom with spiritual health is significant and about 61% of the variance of spiritual health is explained by these variables (P˂0.01). In the step-by-step regression analysis, the two variables of patience and cognitive flexibility had a significant role in predicting spiritual health (P˂0.01), but the contribution of wisdom in this prediction was not significant.  It can be stated that considering the significant and prominent role of patience as an Islamic moral and psychological virtue as well as psychological flexibility in predicting spiritual health, it could be benefit from teaching these two concepts in strengthening spiritual health.

The main task of educational supervisors is to communicate and work professionally with teachers to improve the teaching and learning process. The purpose of this research was to identify the roles of educational supervisors and their influence in improving the teaching and learning process. exploratory mixed method with both qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. The theme analysis method was used in the qualitative approach. In this regard, a semi-structured interview was conducted using a purposeful approach, with 13 teachers and supervisors working in primary schools in the villages of Qom. After the implementation of interviews and data analysis through systematic coding by MAXQDA2020 software, 285 conceptual codes, 25 sub-categories and 5 main categories were identified, which included five dimensions of developmental, educational, logistic, leadership, and supervisory roles. In the quantitative part, 120 teachers working in elementary schools in the villages of Qom province completed the questionnaire. Smart pls software was used to analyze quantitative data. Results showed that the five mentioned roles positively and significantly affect the teaching-learning process.

Explaining the quality of employee-organization relations in unplanned changes resulting from an event such as an epidemic in the workplace is an important concern. With this aim, this article presents a model on the effect of transparent communication within the organization on the quality of employee-organization relations. From the point of view of use, purpose and time, this research is applied, exploratory and a cross-sectional study, and in general, it is a quantitative research with a survey and gathers data by a questionnaire tool that is in the form of a matrix and with scalable closed questions resulting from literature review and interviews. The statistical population includes the employees of one of the subordinate organizations of the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Support, and the sample size, using the available method, was 95 people. Structural equation modeling and SmartPLS software have been used to test the hypothesis. The findings of the research include that clear communication within the organization directly and through the mediating variables of "control exposure strategies" and "perceived uncertainty" affects the employee-organization relationship in unplanned changes. It can be concluded that transparent communication methods provide the possibility for employees to participate in the decision-making process and receive sufficient and reliable information during unplanned change, to equip themselves with the tools to face such changes. Also, clear communication practices help manage unplanned changes by reducing uncertainty.

Subject and Objective of the Article: 

The main purpose of this article is to present the model of cooperative financing based on risk management studied by Tehran Municipality.

The purpose of the research is exploratory-applicative, and the qualitative data research strategy of the foundation was used in its conduct. The required data were collected using non-probability seeding and snowball through semi-structured interviews with 15 managers and employees of the financial sector of Tehran Municipality, and for the analysis of the data, Max Kyuda version 12 software was used.

In this regard, 20 categories were obtained, which include budget allocation, information transparency, income transparency, and income adequacy as causal conditions, policy and legislative background factors, technology background, organizational background, and income background as contextual factors and the government and sanctions. and industry were identified as intervening factors.

Conclusion, Originality and its Contribution to Knowledge:

 Based on the results of this research, serious attention is needed to review and implement cooperative financing in Tehran Municipality, and by adopting appropriate strategies, Tehran Metropolitan Municipality can be used to advance the goals of financing and productivity. The available financial resources, which is one of the most important concerns of that organization, helped.

Subject and purpose of the article: 

This research was carried out with the aim of providing a hierarchical model for evaluating the effectiveness of bold financing of the Barkat Knowledge Foundation Institute.

The method of conducting this research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, 112 valid scientific and research articles were examined using the meta-composite approach, and finally 41 articles were selected to extract the indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of bold financing. After detailed analysis, 19 indicators were identified and extracted to evaluate the effectiveness of bold financing. Then, in the quantitative section, the opinions of 16 experts were confirmed about the validity of the index using a fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, then the combined method of Dimtel-ISM was used to present the model.

In the Dimtel section, the relationship and effectiveness of the extracted indicators were compiled with the help of experts. With ISM MATLAB software, the collected data were analyzed in the form of self-interaction matrix and a four-level model was obtained. The research model showed that the strategic performance is the most influential indicator in evaluating the effectiveness of bold financing of Barkat Knowledge Foundation Institute.

Conclusion, originality and its addition to knowledge: 

The risk that threatens bold funds is that the project fails. Therefore, due to the fact that no research has been done on the effectiveness of these funds. This article can be a help for those who intend to finance and support start-ups as investors in these funds.

The relationship between this world and the hereafter is the relationship that exists between the first and the last person in the same path. In fact, this world and the hereafter are two faces of the same reality. With a systematic approach to the teachings of Sajjadiyya's scriptures, we find that sometimes the ecstasy of the world is drawn in the direction of the hereafter and the world's credit system has led to the true system of the hereafter. Sometimes the world is opposed to the hereafter, so that the inclination towards one will be a reason to stay away from the other; Sometimes, with the view that the Qur'an's worldview is basically the sum of the good things of this world and the good things of the hereafter, the sum between the world and the hereafter has been proposed; In such a way that you should take advantage of both of them to reach the total happiness of this world and the hereafter.

Metalepsis that causes transgression between levels of narrative, can be transmitted from one medium to another as a special type of narrative. At the origin, it appears in a different form at the destination.Although the properties of metalepsis have been considered in the postmodern situation, extensive research on it in the ancient cultures of the world shows that the use of this method in literature and art has a long history. In today's era, since the desire to read and see postmodern works has increased, the need to recognize and adapt the characteristics of these works in literature and cinema is also developing. The present study has examined this procedure from literature to cinema and its concern is to investigate the transmission of written metalepsis to visual metalepsis. The present study aimed to analyze the signs and effects of metalepsis, including immersion, aesthetic illusion, and how to break the fourth wall in the transition from literature to cinema. The research method is qualitative with a narrative research approach. Therefore, the novel and the movie The Book Thief have been studied in a comparative way to identify the cognitive schemas of the levels in the work. The result shows that in the novel with continued metalepsis,we usually encounter even minimal transgression and sometimes stronger signs. In the film, since most of the narrative is carried out by a neutral camera, unlike in the novel, we do not encounter continued metalepsis, and only occasionally does metalepsis occur with intense and obvious signs.

We investigated the effect of electronic contents in the field of physics, which are designed on the principles of cognitive load theory, on academic progress memorability and cognitive load perceived by students. The research method is a pre-test-post-test quasi-experimental design with a control group. The statistical population includes all 9th grade female students of the secondary school in the 17th region of Tehran. The sample was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling with a volume of 120 people. The learning data were collected by an academic achievement test. To measure the amount of cognitive load perceived by students, a researcher-made cognitive load measurement was used. The results of covariance analysis test for academic progress showed that the design of digital content based on cognitive load theory improves the academic progress of students in the experimental group compared to the control group. The result of the independent t-test for the learning test shows that there is a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in the amount of learning. Also, the result of the independent t-test for the cognitive load questionnaire showed that the cognitive load test group reported less cognitive load than the control group.

Background and Objectives Typhoid is a contagious disease transmitted through food and water and is a public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The present study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of typhoid fever in suspected patients referred to the Laboratory of Jahad Daneshgahi, Ahvaz, Iran. Subjects and Methods This retrospective study was conducted on all patients suspected of typhoid fever who were referred to the Laboratory of Jahad Daneshgahi in Ahvaz, Iran, in a 10-year period from 2011-2020. The Widal serological test was considered positive 1.160 and above. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and Chi-square test. Results Out of 8,642 patients, 88 (1.02%) cases were seropositive. Despite the trend of changes in positive cases from 0.4% in 2011 to 1.4% in 2015 and its zigzag diagram in different years, no statistically significant difference was observed between the positive cases by year (P=0.08). The lowest and highest seropositive frequencies were in summer and winter seasons (0.8% ver.1.2%); and in October and February months (0.4 ver.1.6%), respectively (P=0.43). Although the frequency of seropositive cases of typhoid fever was higher in women (1.07%) than in men (0.97%), this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.37). The highest frequency of seropositive cases was observed in the age group under 15 years (1.3%) and the lowest in the age group over 65 years [0.6%; P=0.56]. Conclusion The obtained results showed that the changes in typhoid fever in this period of time were zigzag and had no constant trend. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was observed between males and females at different ages. The findings of this study could be helpful for healthcare policymakers in understanding the epidemiology of typhoid fever in this region.

Population growth has resulted in rapid changes in urban landscapes in many countries, including Iran. Monitoring urban areas can be accelerated by utilizing remote sensing images and spectral indices in urban planning. This requires evaluating the performance of indices according to the application in different conditions, which can be challenging for users. This study was conducted to compare and analyze suitable solutions for analyzing urban indicators using satellite imagery and their effectiveness. For this purpose, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images were first analyzed to extract spectral index; then automated threshold algorithms were applied to separate constructed areas. Results indicate that Sentinel-2 images perform better than Landsat images in general. Among the spectral indices, the UI index for Landsat and Sentinel-2 images in Rafsanjan with overall accuracy of 86.28 and 98.19, the NBI index for Landsat and Sentinel-2 images in Amol city with overall accuracy of 87.21 and 97.48, and the UI index in Landsat and IBI in Sentinel-2 for Isfahan with overall accuracy of 78.73 and 91.69 have the best performance. Furthermore, applying the manual threshold limit to weak indicators has increased accuracy in most cases. Another study used Sentinel-1 images with user-controlled thresholds to identify built-up areas, and the results for Amol, Rafsanjan, and Isfahan were 89.24, 80.03, and 76.10, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that the performance accuracy of indices can vary depending on parameters such as the type of climate, different sensors, and thresholds. Therefore, as a strategic model, the results of this analysis can provide researchers with a better understanding of indicators as a result of considering different parameters.

In this article, we considered the effect of uniform acceleration on the quantum binomial state, which consists of a superposition of single-mode Fock states with binomial coefficients. In particular, we studied the nonclassical features of the quantum binomial state under Unruh effect. We obtained analytically various witnesses of nonclassicality such as squeezing, Mandel parameter, and Vogel’s criterion. We found that squeezing could be increased or decreased by the Unruh effect for different observers.  In addition, with the increase of the number of single-mode Fock states in the quantum binomial state, the squeezing increases. Moreover, we found the Mandel parameter and Vogel’s criterion which is a sufficient condition for the nonclassicality of the state and compared the results with the inertial observer.

Efficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the presence of polyphenolics, polysaccharides and other compounds that bind or co-precipitate with the RNA. The present study is to compare different methods of extracting high-quality total RNA in Thomson navel orange. Citrus is one of the most strategic fruits of Iran, finding an efficient and low-cost method is important for executive and molecular works.

Plant materials used to extract total RNA were collected from two different parts of Thomson navel orange peel (consisting of both flavedo and albedo) and pulp from Ghaemshahr Horticultural Research Station, Mazandaran in 2020. Fruits were frozen in liquid nitrogen after sampling and were stored at -80°C until used. These samples were transferred to the laboratory department of horticultural science and engineering, Gorgan where the samples were applied to analyze the molecular expriment. For this study three methods including of: Trizol, Non-column Denazist and RNX-PlusTM were evaluated for total RNA extraction. In order to show the quality and quantity of RNA, were assessed on 1% agarose gel and using a nano drop spectrophotometer with 230, 260 and 280 wavelength. Results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with three replicates, Duncan test with a significance level of 0.05 using SAS 9.0 software.

The result showed a distinct 28S and 18S rRNA bands visible on an agarose gel. The RNA integrity was assessed by the sharpness of ribosomal RNA bands. Also by using this protocols, the absorbance ratio at 260/280 was ranged between 1.80 – 1.93 which indicated there were no protein in the extracted RNA. A ratio A260/ A280 ratio from 2.0 to 2.14 indicated a lack of polysaccharides and phenol contamination. Trizol method, which was significantly different than compared to other methods. This protocol was successfully applied to isolate total RNA from the organ of two section fruit. Generally, the samples with a ratio in the range of ~ 1.9 to 2 revealed high purity of the extracted RNA using Trizol and the average concentration of RNA ranged from 379.90 (ng/µl) of orange peel and 352.15 (ng/µl) of orange pulp, respectively.  And concentration was observed in Non-column Denazist method which treated with the lowest concentration (263.10 ng/µl) of orange pulp.

The Trizol method was the best choice for extraction of high-quality total RNA. In this respect method represented the highest RNA yield and purity from various samples (peel and pulp) of citrus. However, generally peel samples (flavedo and albedo) produced high concentration total RNA.

Salafiyyeh is one of the new sects that consider themselves subordinate to Salaf Salih and are interested in reviving the tradition and style of Salaf Salih and following the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), his companions and followers. The Salafi movement, in its own opinion, has placed religious reformism and ideological reformism at the forefront of its interpretations and beliefs. He considers it his mission to remove rationalistic beliefs and restrictions from the field of religious texts, and they emphasize the superficiality and simple understanding of the Qur'an and the Sunnah based on the opinions of the Salaf Salih without considering the logic and principles of correct understanding. The interpretative inconsistency of the commentators of the Salafi movement, such as Ibn Taymiyyeh, Ibn Kathir and Alousi in a wide range, is a sign of the weakening of the ideological structure of this movement. In order to explain and clarify the error of their interpretive votes, it is necessary to deal with the interpretive approach of Salafiyyeh. Understanding the interpretation methods and choosing the right methods and how to use the hadiths in the right way is one of the important goals of this research. One of the most important findings of this research is that the Salafists consider themselves to adhere to the sayings of the Companions and followers in the interpretation of the verses of the Qur'an, including the verses of the vision of God. According to them, reason has no place and they don't value it. Salafis constantly insist on the appearance of verses, whose interpretive structure is hadiths. Their appearance orientation and fixation on the appearance of the Qur'an is one of the main factors of the weakness of their method. This article has been compiled with a descriptive-analytical method and referring to authentic books, in order to explain in detail, the reasons and critique it from within the Qur'anic verses and hadiths

The current research studies and examines the resilience of financial technology businesses. Resilience is determining strategies that can prevent inefficiency and collapse of businesses, or in case of system inefficiency, return to the pre-failure state or better than that in the shortest possible time. In addition, in this research, a comprehensive model of resilience of financial technological businesses and its introduction to the studied society is presented. All the failure modes that cause the inefficiency of financial systems for technological businesses include 12 failure modes that have been identified through research literature and experts' opinions. The statistical population of this research are managers and experts in the field of financial technology business and related groups in Tehran. In the analysis, the FMEA technique is used to determine resilience strategies in financial technology businesses before failure and the new FAAO technique is used to determine resilience strategies of financial technology businesses after failure. Through the FAAO technique, 6 strategies were determined to make risk management more resilient to failure.

This study is investigated the effectiveness of science education with STEM approach, in a combined (face-to-face and virtual) method, on problem solving skill of the students of the middle school in the topic of energy. This research is a semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test type with the control group. The statistical population is all the 7th-grade male students from middle school in Tabadakan region, Mashhad 2021-2022. From this statistical population, 70 students were selected by the convenience sampling who were in two classes. One of the classes was randomly selected as the experimental group and the other as the control group. The control group received training through the traditional approach, whereas the experimental group underwent training using the STEM method. The research tool was Hepner and Patterson's (1988) standard problem solving skill questionnaire. In order to develop lesson plan with STEM approach, the proposed standard framework (STE(A)M IN INTEGRATED LEARNING SCENARIO) was used. Data from questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS, with statistical indicators calculated and normality. Also, hypotheses investigated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and covariance analysis. The significant values obtained for problem-solving skill (0.033) and its subscales, including Confidence (0.022), Approach-Avoidance style (0.046) and Personal Control (0.025), indicated that the STEM approach was helpful in improving learners' learning and strengthening their problem-solving skill. Also, this study showed that students generally have difficulty learning scientific concepts and problem solving skills, but hybrid approaches such as STEM can improve educational processes and learner performance in developing countries such as Iran. Therefore, the role of STEM approach in education becomes highlighted.

The training process has several stages, one of the most important of which is the evaluation of training programs. One of the new evaluation models that can be used as a qualitative tool in assessing students' level of learning is the solo evaluation model. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of learners' observable learning outcomes in physics by solving a test and evaluating their answers using the solo model. The method of this research is descriptive, survey type. The statistical population of this study is female high school students in Fardis city, from which 251 students of 10th, 11th, and 12th grade have been selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. The results show that on average 82% of tenth-grade students, 65% of eleventh-grade students and 86% of twelfth-grade students of theoretical schools in Fardis city are at the Unistructural level and almost none which did not reach the high levels of solo, that is, the levels of relational and extended abstract.