فاطمه محمدزاده لاریجانی

The purpose of this study is to identify and design a tourism ecosystem pattern in Khalkhal city. The present research is based on the purpose of application and in terms of method and nature of the mixed type. The statistical population of the research includes 15 local experts working in the field of entrepreneurship and tourism. ISM and MicMac software were used to analyze the information. The results showed that each element has a different position in the two methods, depending on the type of communication with other elements that are direct, indirect and potential. Nevertheless, the design results of the final model showed that the two elements of governance and leadership, physical infrastructure, and attractions are the underlying elements of the ecosystem. In contrast to the elements of quality of life, terrestrial factors, human resources, and financial infrastructure are the predominant elements of tourism ecosystems in the region.

geotourism plays an important role in sustainable development through the preservation of native culture and the participation of local communities. Since most geoparks are located in rural areas, it can be said that geotourism is a new move towards rural development. In this paper, the role of geotourism and geopark in the sustainable development of villages of Qeshm Island is studied. Therefore, the present research in terms of purpose is applied, and in terms of method and nature, is descriptive-analytic. The data collection method is based on documentary and survey methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS, Lisrel and GIS software. The statistical population of the study is the households of 20 villages of the island that are located in the area of 23 geosystems Geopark Qeshm. The results of the existing documentary reading show that the growth rate of job opportunities in rural areas of the island have been 2/53 and 4/64 percent in during the years 2006- 2011 and 2011- 2016 , and 28/98 percent of the migration to the villages of Qeshm Island have been with the aim job looking and better job looking. The results of the field study also show that among the three main objectives of the Geopark Global Network, the expansion of geotourism and the establishment of Qeshm geopark has been effective in the conservation of natural and historical heritage, respectively, 98%, in the education and preservation of indigenous culture 84%, and finally in Improving the local community economyhas had an impressive 83%.

In rural areas of developing countries, lack of facilities and geographical isolation can be considered as the major causes of poverty leading to limited opportunities in achieving sustainable economic and social improvement. Public transport system has a crucial role in the prevention of social and economic exclusion and marginalization of rural and remote areas. Access to public transport can have various effects on economic and social development of these areas. In this article we studied the role of the communication network and public transport system in economic and social development of the rural areas. Therefore it is intended to answer the following questions:- What are the different views of mountain village people and plain village people about rural road network and rural – urban public transport system?- Do the factors like improvement of network construction and expansion of rural roads and public transport systems lead to economic boom in the study area?- Do the factors like network construction, improvement of rural roads and expansion of public transport systems lead to improvement of social conditions in the study area?

The research was done on the base of descriptive and exploratory method. The population of this research is the forest-mountain and plain villagers chosen in the eastern region of Bandpey in Babol County. Due to the purpose of the research,  descriptive-analytical method was chosen. The data were collected by questionnaires. Validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by applying Cronbach formula with 78%. Residents of plain-forest and mountain-forest villages from Sajadroad and Fyrozjah rural districts are study population. The relative sampling method was used in the present study and for analysing the data, descriptive methods by SPSS software were applied.

It is shown that there are significant differences between the forest-mountain and plain villages in all fields of services like safety, infrastructure, quality of the communication network, and transport system and these factors influence the economic and social development except the quality of the asphalt. In the villages of the plains, two factors of safety road network and public transport system have influential role in the economic and social development. In the forest-foothill villages, social development is influenced by quality improvement of the infrastructure elements and economic development is affected by expanding safety road network and public transport system.

  Limited numbers of forest-mountain villages are selected as sample.

 In all societies, rural transport system has been considered as a prerequisite for progress and one of the important aspects of rural development. Furthermore, expanding road network and public transport are regarded as prerequisites and foundations of development in communities which have potential productivity. The aforesaid factors provide unbreakable bond between remote areas like rural ones with socio-economic development and ultimately prevent isolationism in closed economy of rural areas by strengthen the sense of belonging to a larger community.

Transportation is a prerequisite for the development of rural areas.

The highly competitive environment in tourism services, tourism activists are forced to seek new ways to improve their competitive advantage. Tourism Supply chain management is one of the most effective strategies that tourism firms can use to increase their competitive advantage. A study on the performance evaluation of supply chain management in the service sector, such as tourism, is very limited in comparison with the manufacturing sector. This shows the necessity of further study in this field. The purpose of this study was to identify the processes and components of rural tourism supply chain management using the Delphi method and their ranking with the DANP method. For this purpose, two groups of academic experts and local managers of Mazandaran were selected by snowball sampling method. Two questionnaires were designed In the form of Likert spectrum and paired comparisons. Experts' views were used to increase formal validity. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, the fitting coefficient of paired comparisons was used. The fitting coefficient was 0/0035 and it was of sufficient reliability. The studied area is mountainous and forest villages of central Mazandaran city including Savadkouh, Babol, Amol and Noor. A total 28 tourism routes and 164 tourist villages were identified. Finally, of 164 villages, 72 villages were identified as the main destination of tourists in tourism routes. Of the identified villages, 19 villages were located in Savdkouh, 17 villages in Babol, 19 villages in Amol and 17 villages in Noor.The results show that, according to local experts, the management process of performance assessment has the highest priority and the knowledge management process has the least importance in assessing the performance of rural tourism supply chain management. Based on the results, the rank and importance of the processes are as follows: 1) Performance Management; 2) Capacity Management; 3) Financial Management; 4) Market Management; 5) Demand Management; 6) Risk Management; 7) Customer Relationship Management; 8) Supplier Relationship Management; 9) Order Process Management; 10) information management; 11) knowledge management.

This study aims to identify potential of tourism in the Babolsar city and adopt the best strategies according to this potentials to design tourism development planning.This study is a kind of Functional and descriptive – analytical researches. Methods of data collection is based on documentary and survey methods. The research data Collected from four groups of Statistical population (The Local communities, tourists, officials and tourism experts). For the analysis of internal and external factors that affecting on tourism in the Babolsar City and the formulation of development strategies SWOT Model was used. Also, for designing strategies that have been identified, structural – interpretation and ISM software used. According to results the diversification (ST) strategies are acceptable strategies for tourism development planning in the Babolsar city. According to standard strategies (ST) recognized and structural – interpretation and ISM software used, appeared, strategy of codification of rules and regulation related to how the using of tourism centers the most fundamental and strengthening the tourism infrastructure, the use of experts in planning and improvement service providers to tourists are most dependent strategies in the strategic planning model.

This research is of an applied descriptive-analytical type. Data collection was based on documentary and survey techniques. The statistical population of the research included active individuals in the field of rural tourism and local officials. As many as 223 people who were the most active in the local tourism were selected. This selection was in terms of their access and participation in the field. Also, 10 officials were selected. In the first step, an ISM software program was designed for the primary design and data analysis. In the second step, the LISREL structural equation modeling software was used to test the primary model. Finally, to design a futuristic scenario for marketing elements, the Mic Mac software was used. The results indicated that, from the standpoint of the local authorities, the elements of "promoting and planning" have the most direct impact on the success of rural tourism marketing. However, the element of "planning" has the most dependency on the other elements of the study.

A key strategic factor for improving the effectiveness of tourism services and achieving better goals, such as increased competition, better service to customer and increased profitability, is the evaluation of the performance of rural tourism supply chain management. The review of previous studies shows, There is weakness in the Available frameworks for explaining the performance model of tourism supply chain. The purpose of this research is to develop a comprehensive framework of manufacturing processes for supply chain management services in the tourism sector with a systematic review. The present research is fundamental. Dimensions and components of tourism supply chain management between 2000 and 2017 were identified and analyzed by using systematic review. Information required has been gathered, firstly, by searching the 6 keywords " in 15 scientific journals. After searching, screening and qualitative evaluation of the studies, 42 papers were selected for final analysis. By analyzing the articles, 11 processes and 136 components were identified and proposed. This study shows that performance evaluation in the tourism supply chain is less than other service supply chains. Most studies in the field of tourism supply chain performance evaluation are single-dimensional, dispersed, and without systematic and process look. The proposed framework would help service-based companies in managing the effectiveness and the efficiency of rural tourism supply chain and to trace areas that need improvement through evaluating, monitoring and controlling rural tourism supply chain processes’ performance.

Tourism plays an important role at improving community mental health. Present study aims to study the strategies to improve social tourism in Teheran in order to provide suitable conditions for the benefit all people. The sample size is 141 including active tourism participants of Tehran county which were selected through snowball sampling and judgmental. The data collection tool is questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was proved by the experts. Besides, reliability of the questionnaire was proved by using Cronbach's alpha (0.73). SWOT model Strategic was used in order to evaluate the present condition. The results show that social tourism situation in the region has not a good situation. SWOT analysis results showed that distinction of internal factors is equal 2.018 and the distinction of external factors is equal to 2.418. Although appropriate strategies and high priorities have placed in defensive strategies, there are some suggested strategies in every four groups including defensive, aggressive, review and diversity. At the end to get priority among defensive strategies for future planning, suggested strategies were given to 30 experts in tourism sector using PROMETHEE techniques. The results of Promethee model showed that providing infrastructure and funds facilities with a score of 0.32, the formation of specialized office with a score of 0.28 and increase the government's role in development of social tourism with a score of0.28, are the most important strategies that have been identified.

Cultural development is on the one hand the underlying cause and reason of different dimensions of the development of community as well as the effect of the same dimensions. This means that the all-round development of society, to grow their own culture is helpful. The study objective approach to indigenous peasant subculture theory is Rogers; Efforts have been made Inhibiting factors peasant subculture theory of Rogers in the area investigated and the relationship of these factors as a negative factor in the development of rural areas is determined by the level of development.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: There are several theories with different orientations in the field of rural development. One of the most important and pivotal ones in school modernization theory is the theory of peasant subculture by Rogers. This theory deals with the weaknesses and shortcomings of peasant's subculture. According to Roger's theory, if there is no correct understanding of the values, ideas and motivations of farmers in social change programs, these programs will fail to succeed. The rural development program administrators should pay attention to cultural and demographic characteristics of the audience and program makers have to consider them carefully.

The research method used in this research is descriptive and analytical; to collect data, field (questionnaire), and library methods were used. The investigation was based on the households in the district temper Sokman Abad. To analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used and to determine the level of development of the villages studied Vikor technique was applied.

The findings suggest that the subculture of "family-oriented", "state dependence" and "Fatalism" in the village studied, and the element of "mutual distrust" Apart from the village Mamish Khan and the element of "good impression "limited exception Kalavanis and Mamish Khan rural communities are considered part of the cultural values. The subculture of "localism" and no waiver of future benefits for the immediate benefits "in rural communities were not part of their cultural values. In the next step, using Vikor technique to measure, the level of development of villages were studied. The results showed that villages of Gildor and zive have the highest, and Kolus and Sonnat have the lowest level of development among the other villages. Finally, comparing the level of influence that the villages received by cultural factors discussed in Roger's theory with their level of development revealed that the Villages that are less influenced by the cultural elements have higher level of development than the villages that are more influenced by these factors.

Since the findings of this study showed that the cultural elements of the theory of Rogers and level of development of the villages in the area are related to each other, to prepare appropriate basis for development in the area, social and cultural actions with an emphasis on improving the present rural culture are necessary. On the other hand, since there is a relationship between cultural development and other aspects of development, reformation and improvement of economic and environmental conditions can play a role in the creation and improvement of suitable substrates.

Among various types of rural tourism، one of the most important types is second home tourism. This article is going to analyse the effects of development of second homes as a consequence of tourism development in rural areas of Eastern Bandpay villages، one of the township of Babol countryside. Despite the growth of Second Home Tourism (SHT) in North of Iran، particularly over the past 2 decades، there are a few researchs about the nature of such effects. The main approach of the article is sustainable developmeant of tourism. It focuses on assessment of economic and social effects of tourism on the area. These include both negative and positive effects. The research has carried out on the basis of descriptive and exploratory method. The statistic population of the reserach are local people in rural areas، second home owners and rural managers and dicission markers. According to Cochrane Method a Sample Size of 60 participants has been chosen. The data have gathered by a questionnaire that had been made by authors. The validaty of the questionnaire has been estimated by chronbach method and was about 0. 8 which is reliable. For analysing the data we have used Spearman Correlation test and other descriptive methods by SPSS software. This research has been conducted in Babol district in North of Iran. So، in this article the negative and positive effects of second homes from view point of local communities and tourists and rural managers have been argued. The results show that tourism has had different positive effects on the economic and social aspects. It also shows that there are different ideas about tourism economic effects، between three groups of the research participatiants. Meanwhile there are the highest disagreement in the case of social effects. The research findings indicate that rural managers had the most agreement about tourism extension in the villages. In second level there is second home owners who admiredtourism as a means for rural development. However، despite their knowledge about positive effects of tourism، local people disagereed about tourism development in the current shape. They belive that this process of tourism development will demolish social structure of their village. Therefore، they emphasize on changing process of rural tourism development.

Among various types of rural tourism in the country، one of the most important types of tourism in rural areas is second homes tourism. This article is going to analyse the effects of the expansion of second homes as a consequence of tourism development in rural areas of Eastern Bandpay villages، one of the townships of Babol countryside. Despite the growth of Second Home Tourism (SHT) in the North of Iran، particularly over the past 2 decades، there has been limited research into the nature or such effects. On the basis of importance of this phenomenon، this article is likely the first step towards investigating the matter at a local level in the area. By underestanding that SHT has different environmental، social and economic effects، the main approach of the article is the sustainable developmeant of tourism. It focuses on the environmental effect of tourism on the area. Theoretical framework: The relationship of tourism with the environment is complex، and many activities can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure، such as roads and airports، and of tourism facilities، including resorts، hotels، restaurants، shops، golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand، tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance the protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. This research has been done on the basis of descriptive and exploratory methods. The statistical sample are the rural locals، second home owners and rural managers and decision markers. On the basis of the Cochrane Method، a Sample Size of 60 Participant was Chosen. The data were gathered by a questionnaire that was developed by the researcher. The validaty of the questionnaire was estimated by Chronbach’s alpha to be about 0. 8، which is reliable. For analysing the data، we used the Spearman Correlation test and other descriptive methods by SPSS software. Second homes Tourism، in many parts of the world has negative environmental impacts، especially in rural areas. Thev negative impact of tourism occurs when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment''s ability. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as: soil erosion، increased pollution، discharges into the sea، natural habitat loss، increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. Increased construction of tourism facilities has increased the pressure on these resources and on scenic landscapes. Direct impact on natural resources in the provision of tourist facilities can be caused by the use of land for accommodation and other infrastructure provision، and the use of building materials. Forests often suffer negative impacts of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing. Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other industry: air emissions، noise، solid waste and littering، releases of sewage، oil and chemicals، even architectural/visual pollution. In this article، we found that there is no positive effect on the environment، due to extension of tourism; so this article is going to analyse the negative effects of second homes as a consequence of tourism development on the natural environment of villages of Eastern Bandpay villages in the Babol countryside. Conclusion and Suggestions: The results، based on the Tukey and Duncan tests، show that there are differences between the three groups of participants'' attitudes. the most convergence is seen between the views of residents and tourists about the environmental impact، and the greatest divergence is observed between the rural managers with the views of residents and tourists on second homes tourism. The most important environmental challenge to the region is: the destruction of orchards and pastures، the scarcity of water and its pollution، the destruction of beautiful landscapes، increased natural hazards (floods، Landslides)، etc. Finally، the findings show that SHT can lead to unsustainability by leaving negative effects on the environment of villages، so applying the land use zoning strategy and design the guidelines for the sustainable development can be useful in achieving rural sustainable development.

Second homes are an integral component of tourism in rural and peripheral areas. Attractive rural areas of Northern region in Iran have recently experienced a rapid growth of second home developments. Despite the growth of Second Home Tourism (SHT) in North of Iran particularly over the past 2 decades, there are a few researches about the nature or such effects. Due to theimportance of this phenomenon, this article is likely the first step towards investigating the matter at a local level in the area. The study seeks to examine the perceptions of SHT within local communities; on the basis of sustainable development approach. By understanding that SHT has different environmental, social and economic effects, this study is concentrated only on physical effects. The research has been done on the basis of descriptive and exploratory methods. Random sample of 120 individuals (residents and tourists) were selected by using stratified method. But all local administrators who were 6 people, participated in interviews and completed the questionnaires. The data gathered by questionnaires with validity of 0.8 % is reliable. For analyzing the data, descriptive methods by SPSS software has been used. This study has been carried out in Babol district in North of Iran. So in this article the negative and positive effects of second homes from view point of local residents and tourists and rural managers have been discussed. The results show that the second home tourism sector, strongly driven by private real estate investors, fails to generate tourism activities which are expected to sustain community development and it is going far away from traditional pattern of local housing. This study further indicates that municipalities concentrating on the second home tourism segment may deprive access to other forms of tourism activities. The results on the basis of Tukey and Duncan test shows that there are convergence between the positive effects of second homes in the physical structure of villages among managers, tourists and residents. But the greatest divergence is appeared in the opinions about the negative physical effects of the second homes between managers and tourists. So that, unlike tourists, managers believe that the second homes have left more negative physical effects behind on rural areas such as land use changes and commercialization of grasslands and river. Meanwhile the villagers have more positive view about the impacts of second homes tourism but referring to their privacy violations as a negative effect. Finally the findings show that SHT can lead to unsustainable condition by leaving negative effects on physical environment of villages, so applying the land use zoning strategy and design the guidelines for the sustainable development can be useful to achieve rural sustainable development

The rural regions due to global, national and regional processes ever opens to changes, and this changes can be evaluates the structure and function in rural regions. In a few recent decades these changes intensified and restructured the rural life diverse dimensions. Thus study of functional changes in rural regions and explanation the factors affect these changes and also theirs planning and management are very necessary and important. The object of this research is explanation of functional changes in rural regions using the life cycle. The study area is Firuzjah County and located in Babol Township. Research method is descriptive and analytic and required data is gathered by documental methods using census data and then completed by field study and household questionnaire and finally analyzed by statistical methods The results indicate decrease of agriculture activities, rural migration and depopulation in a few recent decades that of course many of villages before the full depopulation renewable again in recent decade through increase tourism activities.