فاطمه منصوری

Based on the needs of the elderly, there are various treatment methods such as spiritual therapy. Spiritual therapy encourages therapists to address the important spiritual beliefs of patients at the right time and use interventions by considering their spirituality during recovery. The present study aims to review the effects of spiritual therapy in the elderly. Information sources or data: In this systematic review study, after searching in reliable databases (IranMedex, Google Scholar, SID, PubMed, Scopus), related articles published from 2010-2020 were extracted. The review of studies was done using a step-by-step matrix approach. The qualitative evaluation of the articles was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools.

Of 3561 found articles, 30 related articles were selected, of which 20 articles were finally selected for the review which were descriptive and analytical studies and clinical trials.

Spiritual therapy affects various aspects of life in the elderly, including which quality of life (QoL), life expectancy, depression, death anxiety and mental strength.

Considering the positive effects of spiritual therapy on the physical and mental health of the elderly, managers, nurses, and all people who are in contact with the elderly can use this type of treatment to improve the general conditions and increase the QoL of this group.

Pitavastatin is in the statins class and is mainly used for the treatment of dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. According to the anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and antiplatelet effects of pitavastatin, in the present study, the protective effects were investigated against the reperfusion injuries and edema in the animal model of local and transient cerebral ischemia.

21 rats were assigned into three groups; sham, control ischemic, and treated ischemic groups. Brain ischemia/reperfusion was induced by 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24-hour reperfusion. Rats received pitavastatin intraperitoneally at a dose of 4 mg/kg immediately after termination of MCAO. Neurological deficit score (NDS), infarct volume, and brain swelling, as an index of edema, were assessed 24 hours after termination of MCAO.

MCAO induced neurological dysfunction (3.28±0.28) and brain infarction in the control ischemic group (299±21 mm3) accompanied by brain swelling (11.83±2.61 %). Administration of pitavastatin in the treated ischemic rats significantly reduced neurological dysfunction (1.57±0.20), brain infarction (117±28 mm3), and brain swelling (4.75±0.80 %). Also, pitavastatin considerably decreased the mortality of rats in the treated ischemic group.

The findings of the present study indicated that pitavastatin, as a potent neuroprotective agent, effectively reduces reperfusion-induced brain injuries and brain edema independently of cholesterol-lowering effects in the experimental model of ischemic stroke.

One of the psychological variables related to the academic achievement of underachievement gifted students is psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of successful intelligence training on the psychological well-being of low-achieving gifted students.

In this study, a single case study method with A-B-A design was used. The statistical population included all underachievement gifted high school students in Isfahan in 2020, from which 3 people were selected by purposive sampling. After determining the baseline position, 12 sessions of successful intelligence intervention were performed for students within 2 months and one month after the end of the intervention, follow-up was performed. The research instruments were Academic Achievement Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC) Fourth edition, Progress Checklist and Psychological Welfare Questionnaire.

The results of the study showed a steady increase in the scores of the students' psychological well-being scale, which indicates the effectiveness of successful intelligence training in increasing psychological well-being.

Psychological well-being increases academic self-efficacy, which increases the motivation to learn more and academic progress, and on the other hand, successful intelligence training can be achieved by creating a balance between three analytical, creative, and practical abilities and a reasonable belief in weaknesses. To be effective in increasing the psychological well-being and in the result of the academic progress of gifted and underachieving students

Background &

Adolescence is a period between childhood and adulthood that make up a large part of the world's population, in many countries, about 40 to 50 percent of people are under 18 years of age, and this is the important of paying attention to It shows the mental and behavioral health of teenagers. This period is characterized by the increase of stress factors in different areas of life in a way that is full of conflict and fluctuation between dependence and independence. During the changes specific to this period, teenagers may show certain behavioral problems that can have a great impact on their future and if these behavioral problems are not taken seriously, they will lead to adverse consequences in adulthood. Therefore, emotional and behavioral problems can appear simultaneously or separately during adolescence. Behavioral problems are chronic extreme and deviant behaviors that include aggressive actions or sudden excitement to depressive and withdrawn actions, which internalized and externalizing behavioral problems are the most widely and widely used classification of these problems. The wide range of behavioral problems based on Achenbach's perspective includes two categories of externalized problems such as; Exaggeration, conflict and aggression, as well as internalized problems such as withdrawal, isolation and depression. The research showed that the period of adolescence in relation to the processing of social information leads to many behavioral problems such as aggression, social isolation, etc. Internalized behavioral problems include symptoms of depression/anxiety, withdrawal/depression, and physical complaints that usually bother the individual, and externalized behavioral problems are incompatible behavior patterns that conflict with other people (such as aggression, disciplinary problems, conflict, excitement, delinquency, uncontrollable behaviors, etc.) are placed. In fact, these behavioral problems appear in teenagers and represent the negative effect of these children on the internal and external environment; therefore, while they affect the person himself; they will cause problems for others. Therefore, due to the increasing importance of this type of behavioral problems, the necessity of intervention and training specific to this problem is important. Considering the increasing prevalence of behavioral problems among adolescents in today's Iranian society, and a significant percentage of them are suffering from behavioral problems that can lead to costs for themselves and their families on the one hand, and for society on the other hand; Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the behavioral problems of this group of children, and on the other hand, due to the influence of different approaches, the present study prompted the researcher to use the intervention based on parent-child interaction as a relatively new approach in Iran and compare its effect with the therapy. Solving the gap of previous studies regarding the comparison of the effectiveness of these two approaches on the component of adolescent behavioral problems. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of solution-oriented therapy and parent/child interaction training on behavioral problems (internalization and externalization) of adolescents.

The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all male and female students of the first and second secondary schools in Anbarabad city, Kerman city in the first year of 1402. 45 students from the said community were screened and selected as the final sample and were replaced in two experimental groups (intervention based on parent-child interaction and solution-oriented therapy), 15 people and a control group (15 people) in a completely random way. The data collection tool included the Achenbach Child Behavior Problems Inventory (CBCL). To analyze the data, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test with SPSS-26 software were used.

The findings showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training on internalized (anxiety, depression, isolation, and physical complaints) and externalized (law-breaking behavior) problems has been effective and has reduced these problems. Also, the results showed that solution-oriented therapy was more effective in reducing internalized problems and externalized problems compared to Wald-Cook interaction training.

The conclusion of the present study showed that solution-oriented therapy and parent-child interaction training have an effect on the behavioral problems of adolescents and these approaches can be used to improve their behavioral problems. Therefore, it is suggested to hold training classes for parents of teenagers with behavioral problems in order to reduce them and improve the mother-child relationship in teenagers to make them resistant to behavioral problems and life challenges. In explaining the results obtained from the present research regarding the effectiveness of parent-child interaction training on behavioral problems, it can be said that this type of intervention and training is a therapeutic method that emphasizes training parents to improve relationships with children and solve their behavioral problems. On the one hand, a harsh, dry, and bigoted family atmosphere makes possible the emergence of behavioral disorders, and on the other hand, many behavioral problems of children and adolescents are rooted in negative parent-child interactions. Parents' negative behaviors such as shouting and threatening strengthen children's negative behaviors such as irresponsibility, which worsens parents' behaviors and this cycle continues. Since parent-child interaction group training aims to break the cycle of parent-child negative behaviors by encouraging positive parent-child interactions, parents' behavioral stability, and parents' use of non-violent discipline techniques, this therapy can have an effective role in reducing children's behavioral problems. It can also be said that in this treatment model, people have the skills to solve their problems, but they are unable to use their strengths and abilities. Considering that solution-oriented therapy emphasizes cognitive processes such as repetition of skills, organization of thoughts, and expansion of daily activities, therefore, it is not far from expected that solution-oriented therapy is more than education. Parent-child interaction can cause a stable reduction of internalized and externalized behavior problems in adolescents.

Hypertension is one of the most common problems of the elderly in developing countries, including Iran. One of the main determinants of controlling hypertension is self-care behaviors and one of the factors affecting the level of awareness and thus its more effective control and prevention is health literacy. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between health literacy and self-care behaviors in the elderly with hypertension admitted to cardiac intensive care units.

The present correlational study was performed in 2020 on 76 elderly patients with hypertension admitted to CCU and post CCU wards in East Guilan public hospitals. The instruments used in this study included a Health Literacy Questionnaire for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and a Self-Care Behavior Questionnaire for patients with hypertension.

The results showed that the majority of elderly people with hypertension had adequate health literacy (57.9%) and relatively desirable self-care behaviors (94.7%). Findings also revealed that there is a significant correlation between health literacy and self-care behaviors (r=0.528 and p<0.05).

Elderly health literacy affects the level of self-care of the elderly, and the higher the health literacy of the elderly, the higher the level of self-care of the elderly with hypertension. So, it can be acknowledged that the issue of health literacy in the elderly is of particular importance and empowering the elderly in the field of health literacy is an important factor in promoting self-care behaviors and ultimately the health of these people. Therefore, it is suggested that health officials and policy makers consider health literacy as one of the most important tools for improving self-care, and also pay special attention to the development, design and implementation of operational plans in this regard.

Any collaborative innovation activities cannot be separated from the support of social networks. Many factors in the social network affect the knowledge transfer activities. Moreover, the effectiveness of knowledge transfer determines the performance of collaborative innovation. From the point of view of relevance between collaborative innovation behavior and social network, this paper analyzes the influence of some factors in social network on knowledge transfer of school enterprise synergy innovation. The purpose of this paper is to find out the laws of knowledge transfer in the process of University-Industry (U-I) collaborative innovation, and to verify the role of these laws through system dynamics simulation. Firstly, this paper summarizes the previous views on collaborative innovation and U-I knowledge transfer. Based on the analysis of literature, it puts forward the process model of knowledge transfer in U-I Collaborative Innovation and analyzes the factors that affect this process. Secondly, the paper uses a system dynamics method to analyze the causality of knowledge transfer in the process of U-I collaborative innovation, establishes the model of system flow diagrams, and uses Vensim PLE to test the validation and sensitivity of the model. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrate that the model could fit well the actual knowledge transfer activities in the process of U-I collaborative innovation. And, the results show that some factors in social networks (trust, knowledge transfer capability, knowledge absorptive capacity, and contract mechanisms) affect U-I knowledge transfer in different degrees. Finally, some suggestions concerning the promotion of knowledge transfer are presented according to the simulation.

The article examines the relationship between social capital and the accountability of government institutions. To examine the independent variable, four components of social capital have been used, including: awareness, public trust, institutional trust and informal political participation, and the dependent variable is the accountability of government institutions.

Quantitative research method and technique used is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the population of 18 to 65 years old living in Kermanshah. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a sample and randomly. The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable has also been measured using multivariate regression.

The findings show that the variables of "informal political participation and awareness" have a positive effect on the accountability of government institutions. In other words, the higher the level of informal political participation and awareness in a society, the more desirable the accountability of government institutions is. However, the influence of the variables of "public trust and institutional trust" on the accountability of government institutions is not confirmed.

patient privacy and non-disclosure of the most important issues in different communities. Since ancient times, not to divulging patients’ secrets has been an important and vital principle in the field of law and law.  Due to certain circumstances, the patient may hide all or part of the disease from his family and close relatives, and may only be able to tell his doctor. Therefore, the doctor as trustee protects the content heard or received by the patient, except in special circumstances, in accordance with jurisprudence and legal approvals and regulations to comply with the principles of confidentiality and patient confidentiality. The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge of Zabol City Hospital physicians about criminal acts of revealing patient secrets and their legal responsibilities (six months in the summer and fall of 1398).

This study is a descriptive analysis study, in terms of time, a cross-sectional study in which 82 doctors were examined using simple random sampling. This information was collected through two questionnaires, including demographic characteristics, jurisprudence and legal awareness from the doctor’s perspective. Use SPSS 22 software to analyze the data using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance.

Before completing the questionnaires, first of all, we explain the aim of this research and confidentiality of results for physicians, to take part in informed consent.

The results of this study show that the average score of doctors' knowledge of legal liability for leaking patient secrets is 8.37 12 1.12, which is a relatively high level of knowledge, and only (7.32%) has poor legal knowledge. In addition, the average score of doctors on the knowledge of legal responsibility for leaks was 4.71±1.5, indicating that the average level of doctors’ knowledge of legal responsibility for leaks (6.10%) had good legal knowledge. Research results also show that there is a significant direct relationship between educational level, marital status, age, work experience and level of legal knowledge.

This study shows that disclosing patient secrets is mandatory and Sharia law in terms of compulsory punishment and it is guaranteed and discouraged in terms of national punishment. Therefore, increasing the understanding of leaked laws, decrees and laws and regulations can play an important role in planning the relationship between doctors and patients in accordance with laws and regulations and can also effectively prevent medical accidents.Please cite this article as:Mansoori F, Salarzai AH. Assess the Level of Awareness of Physicians in Zabol Hospitals about the Criminal Title of Disclosing Patient Secrets and Their Jurisprudential-Legal Responsibilities (Six Months of Summer and Fall of 1398). Medical Law Journal. 2022; 16(57): e48.

Currently, the use of cell therapy is an effective treatment method in some types of diseases. The use of stem cells and somatic cells, due to the complete genetic similarity with individual cells, has led to the development of cell therapy methods. In recent years, significant advances have been made in the methods of culturing, isolating, and long-term cell maintenance. However, there are still problems and concerns related to their clinical use, the resolution of which requires more detailed studies in this area. One of these problems is genomic changes in cells that can affect the potential for differentiation of stem cells. Genetic abnormalities occur during successive cultures during the process of proliferation and differentiation, and can affect cell behavior and subsequent laboratory results. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of chromosomal studies in cell therapy for the analysis of chromosomes and summarize the applications and limitations of these methods in the medical sciences.

The results of this discussion show that the use of different techniques of chromosomal studies can be considered in the final evaluation and obtaining confirmation of the accuracy of cellular products in treatment. Periodic and regular examinations of genomic stability in cells before their clinical use are essential.

Mesenchymal stem cells are used to treat stroke and myocardial infarction in patients. Although they are fundamentally different from heart cells such as heart muscle cells, recent evidence suggests that injections of mesenchymal stem cells into the heart are mediated by the secretion of paracrine factors to restore heart function. Mesenchymal stem cells release all of the paracrine factors through membrane vesicles called exosomes. All biomolecules are assembled into exosomes that are regularly released from the donor cell. Also, exosomes bind to cellular receptors by the ligand-receptor reaction. Therefore, exosomes can secrete biological molecules such as proteins, RNAs and microRNAs. Stem cell-derived exosomes can be successfully used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancers and hypertension. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the components and changes in the content of exosomes in human cells that can be used as an effective treatment in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases and other diseases. Futures clinical studies will require the effective use of exosomes in cardiovascular disease, based on the specific molecular structure of each individual in personalized medicine.

Today, the rate of kidney diseases and urinary tract stones is on the rise. A common treatment method for urinary tract stones is the use of extracorporeal lithotripsy using shock waves, which may cause pain in the patients when the waves penetrate the skin. Pain could affect hemodynamic parameters and cause restlessness and movement in the patients, thereby disrupting the lithotripsy process. To reduce the pain in these patients, pharmacological methods such as the injection of various narcotic and non-steroidal analgesics are used. In addition to these medications, non-pharmacological methods such as mental distraction could effectively decrease patientschr('39') pain during painful procedures. Previous studies have indicated that mental distraction methods could variable affect pain relief and reduce anxiety in patients during different painful techniques. The present study aimed to compare the effects of visual and auditory distraction the pain and anxiety of these patients.

This three-group quasi-experimental study (auditory intervention, visual intervention, and control) was conducted with a pretest-posttest design at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2019. The sample population included the eligible candidates of extracorporeal lithotripsy referring to the lithotripsy unit of Ayatollah Kashani Hospital in Shahrekord in 2019 for outpatient treatment. The patients were selected via non-random sampling from the crusher candidates to achieve the sample size based on the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were the initial diagnosis of kidney stones, age range of 20-50 years, auditory and visual health, and no history of using anti-anxiety medications and painkillers. The exclusion criteria were pain intolerance during the procedure, higher blood pressure than 140/90 mmHg, receiving drug therapy, drug addiction, history of mental and respiratory diseases, and previous experience of stone crushing. Data were collected before and after the intervention using the demographic information questionnaire, McGill short-form pain questionnaire, and Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-test, t-test, Pearsonchr('39')s correlation-coefficient, and analysis of variance).

The Smirnov-Kolmogorov test showed that the study variables were normal (P>0.05). In total, 48% of the patients were male, and 42% were female. In terms of age, the research units were aged 23-51 years. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square indicated that demographic variables were not significantly different in the three study groups (P>0.05). The mean pain in the studied units was not considered significant in the study groups before the intervention (P=0.13), while this mean value was significant between the groups after the intervention (P<0.001). The lowest pain level during the intervention was observed in the visual intervention group, and Tukeychr('39')s post-hoc test for the difference between the groups also showed that the mean anxiety in the visual intervention group was significantly lower compared to the auditory group (P<0.001). In addition, paired t-test demonstrated that the mean pain was significant in the intervention groups before and after the intervention, and the intervention was effective in the intervention groups (visual and auditory). However, no significant difference was observed in the mean pain before and after the intervention in the control group (P>0.05). No significant correlations were observed between the mean pain and anxiety with the demographic variables (P>0.05), mean anxiety (P=0.84), and pain of the patients (P=0.13) before the intervention in different group, while a significant difference was denoted in the mean anxiety (P<0.001) and pain (P<0.001) after the intervention between the groups. The mean anxiety in the auditory group (P<0.001) and the mean pain in the visual group decreased more significantly (P<0.001) compared to the other groups. Furthermore, the mean pain in the visual group (P<0.001) and auditory group (P=0.02) and anxiety in the auditory group (P<0.001) and visual group (P<0.001) were significantly lower after the intervention compared to before the intervention.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of auditory and visual distraction on the anxiety and pain of the patients undergoing extracorporeal lithotripsy. According to the results, both the auditory and visual distraction techniques were effective in reducing the anxiety of the patients undergoing lithotripsy, while the auditory method had a more significant effect on the reduction of anxiety. Moreover, the visual method could decrease pain more significantly than the auditory method. Given the positive impact of music and movies on the anxiety and pain of the patients undergoing lithotripsy, as well as their lower demand for painkillers, these methods could be applied in the lithotripsy wards of hospitals and medical centers. In addition, using soft music and educational videos in this field while informing the patients about the incidence of kidney stones and treatment and its symptoms could reduce pain and anxiety; this decreases painkiller use and the side-effects of these medications. Such distractions (especially in the first lithotripsy session of the patients) could positively affect their anxiety and pain. The results of this study could be planned by the directors of medical institutions to reduce the pain and anxiety of the patients undergoing kidney stone crushing. Furthermore, nurses in stone-breaking wards should be familiar with various methods of visual and auditory distraction and their positive effect, so that they could be used on patientschr('39') demand as non-pharmacological methods to relieve anxiety and pain and increase patient satisfaction in those undergoing kidney stone crushing or other invasive procedures. It is also suggested that in the further investigations in this regard, the effects of this intervention be evaluated on the patients in the waiting room and on the personnel and researchers also determine the barriers to the use of non-pharmacological methods (e.g., mental distraction) in healthcare centers.

Considering the spread of western modernity and some of its pathological consequences like individualism, consumerism and secularism and its conflicts with Islamic culture which is based on theology, spiritualism and equivalence in consumption, in this research we have investigated the factors influence the life style of Families in our religious society, to understand the most important factors affecting the family life style in Tehran city arise the Islamic or modern culture.  We have used Bourdieu‘s distinction theory for explaining the life style and verified the effect of cultural capital(including religiosity), social capital, economic capital and the preference system on the Family life style.   Current research is conducted by the questionnaire survey method on 150 married women at the age of 30 to 49 whom had children at home and reside in Tehran The findings represented that 64 percent of the families (of the studied women) had traditional life style. Concerning the components of life style 64 percent of the families had compassionate relationships with each other which promote in either modern and religious cultures, 93 percent of them had gender based division of labor which deny in both cultures, spending leisure time in 78 percent of the families was passive and traditional, and in 22 percent of them was active and programmed in advance. The findings show that modern values and attitudes prevailed among 57 percent of the studied families and religiosity has no effect on lifestyle which altogether show some gradual evolution toward declining the religious culture is occurring.

One of the psychological characteristics decreased with age is self-concept. Self-concept is the mental image of every person. The self-concept of the elderly is also based on their experiences during life stages. The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the promotion of self-concept in the elderly and to discuss them.

This review study was conducted through searching IranMedex Google Scholar, SID, PubMed and Scopus databases. In this research, the full-text studies published in English and Persian all over the world from 2008 to 2018 and focused on self-concept and elderly (in English and Persian) were investigated. After qualitative evaluation of studies, they were assessed based on relevance. Then, the best findings were chosen.

The findings showed that the improvement of self-concept in the elderly was related to some factors such as:  body image, fitness and appearance, improvement of quality of life (QoL), improvement of self-esteem and memory review, low and moderate intensity aerobic training, high education, being married and having different roles in different social environments.

As people with low self-concept experience a sense of inadequacy and worthlessness, it is imperative that caregivers adopt self-concept strategies appropriate to each elderly in order to improve the QoL in the elderly.

AIDS is one of the widening crises in the world, including our country. One of the important issues in this regard is to measure the awareness of the perpetrators of AIDS transmission of legal and legal responsibility that was addressed by the statistical data approach. Considering that most of our legal rules and regulations, especially the Islamic Penal Code and the Civil Code, have evolved and adjusted according to the Imamite jurisprudence, the opening of the new issue of AIDS issues seems necessary in legal jurisprudential law. Therefore, a way of coping, in addition to preventing infection with the virus, is awareness of the legal and legal responsibilities associated with the transmission of this disease. The study was performed in from of descriptive- analytical. The survey evaluated territory showed that the total population, and the sample size of the study Poor knowledge about how the responsibilities AIDS are transmitted. Results of this study using the software spss22 It was noticed that represents At the same time, especially in an educational setting, Medical and legal related professionals, The action centers and compassionate professional medical advice centers - Legal Can raise awareness risky Asnfaf , Reduce the scope of increasing the disease.

Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) work as a message transfer agent against biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity. For studing the effect of JA and SA on growth, physiological and photosynthesis changes of tomato under salinity stress, a factorial experiment, based on completely randomized design, was performed in the Research Greenhouses of Isfahan University of Technology. Treatments were different salinity levels (S0= control, S1= 100 mM, S2= 150 mM and S3= 200 mM), different levels of JA (JA1= control, JA2= 1 mM and JA3= 2 mM) and SA (SA1= control and SA2= 10 mM) with 3 replicates. Results showed that SA decreased fresh and dry weight of the shoots in S0 and increased in S3. In S1 and S2 salinity levels, high concentration of JA (JA3) decreased fresh weight of the shoots. Addition of JA increased the Plant antioxidant activity in S0 and S1 and decreased it in S2. The antioxidant activity and prolin content were increased at low levels of salinity and JA and SA application. But, the effects were not significant at high salinity levels. Generally, it seems that using JA and SA at low levels of salinity, which change the photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, was more effective than high salinity levels. Also, lower concentrations of JA was more effective than higher concentrations

Recent works have discovered, the focus on prenatal diagnosis have now opened up new start for a more detailed analysis of fetal genetics and genomics. The non-invasive diagnostic techniques are safe and effective tools that can provide a greater understanding of the fetus development and progresses, genetic fetal disorders and new approaches for treatment. There is growing evidence that the fetal assessment using transcriptomic analyses such as cell-free DNA and RNA molecules in the mater nal blood are critical biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis. Transcriptoms are stable and present in blood circulation and amniotic fluid from pregnant women and rapidly growing number of reports of these molecules as biomarkers for various diseases and can be regulated by different stage of pregnancy. The objectives of this review are I) explain the advances in molecular testing for analyzing fetal development and progress for prenatal diagnostics. II) Provide a summary of application and type of genetic material to personalized prenatal medicine. Therefore analysis of the transcriptome will help to overcome some of the limitations of current methods to attain ensure the quality and safety of the test and led to reduction invasive procedures and miscarriage.

Stem cells as natural cells exist in embryonic and adult tissues. Recent studies have begun to prove the strong and powerful role of stem cells in the field of treatment. Stem cells have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into specific types of somatic cells. Their ability to produce new cells in medicine, drug discovery, cell therapy and research is very important. In the past decades, many efforts have been made to find safe, low-cost methods and progress stem cell culture. The purpose of this review article is to: 1) explain the application of stem cells in medicine, drug discovery, modeling of disease and toxicology studies. 2) A summary of recent advances in stem cell technology, the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used culture methods.
The result of this discussion shows that the use of new culture methods can be effective in the optimal use of stem cells

Since drivers usually are the first who arrive at crash scene, the knowledge and skills of medical aid to victims of road traffic crashes due can reduce the injury severity. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of road drivers at Yazd city, on primary medical aid for the victims of road traffic crashes.
This cross-sectional study took place with a random sample of 99 vehicle drivers. The data was collected using questionnaire and including sections on demographic variables and knowledge, attitude and practice, with a Cronbach Alpha of 0.7. SPSS version 18 was used for data analysis. Frequency analysis, t-tests and correlation were employed for data treatment.
In this study, mean age is 39.32 ±8.72. The mean score of knowledge was7.36±2.06 with the maximum score of 14, the mean score of attitude was13.36±1.63 of the maximum score15 and the mean score of practice was7.55±0.93 of the maximum score10. Among the questions with the lower correct answer participant's awareness of the options "priority assistance to victims’ incident with dozens of injuries" 6.1% and "the heart massage and artificial respiration"8.1%, respectively.
Considering the average level of awareness and lack of information about the primary first aid to victims and Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation, planning to organization of educational courses on the first aid, with emphasis on those who had less knowledge is necessary.

The purpose of the Patient’s Rights Charter is Defending patients' rights and ensuring that they are adequately taken care. Awareness of the charter of rights and the provision of conditions is so important for demand of healthcare users for these rights. Therefore, this study was conducted to the study of relationship between awareness of patients and amount of demand for patient’s rights charter in Zabol city’s hospitals in the first six months of 2017.

This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study that was performed on 400 patients referring to hospitals in Zabol city in 2017. Data were collected through two questionnaires, including demographic characteristics and questions related to awareness of the patient's charter and the amount of demand. Gathered data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and independent t-test and one-way ANOVA.

The results of the present study showed that the mean score of patients' awareness was 7.9±1.08.99 and was at weak level. Also, the mean score of patient’s demand was 3.85±0.87, which was at a weak level. The results also showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of education, marital status, gender, place of residence with the level of awareness of patient’s rights charter and the amount of demand. Ethical Considerations: Before completing the questionnaires, first of all, we explain the aim of this research and confidentiality of results for patients, to take part in informed consent.

This study shows that that different levels of demand for Patient’s Rights Charter have a significant direct correlation with Patient’s Awareness of right , so that the awareness of patients referring to hospitals in Zabol city was poor in the contents of the charter of patient rights as a result, their demand was low. Therefore, it is suggested that each of the five aspect of the charter be prepared separately, and in time of reception patients, this information should be provided in writing to patients and referring.

The aim of this study was to determine correlation between the juridical-legal awareness of regulations with the attitude to miscarriage in pregnant women in the city of Zabol. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The study population consisted of all pregnant women admitted to hospital in the city of Zabol in the spring and summer of 1394-95.

60 pregnant women random sampling method and the samples were selected. The data collection tool was questionnaire. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test) at a significance level of less than 05/0 using spss software version 22 was used.
Findings: The results showed a significant relationship between education, income, and knowledge of jurisprudence and legal provisions, there was a significant relationship with the attitude to abortion. While, among the variables between the place of residence, age and attitude to miscarriage was found at a significance level of less than 05/0.

According to the study results, the promotion of women's awareness of legal regulations and legal abortion and providing necessary facilities and classes to educate pregnant women about the risks of abortion and abortion big step towards reducing maternal mortality and to improve their quality of life is.

Looking at the increased incidence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and refractory resulting from such non-albicans Candida species in recent decades, this study was performed aiming the use of rapid biochemical and molecular detection of drug-resistant Candida species in response to fluconazole in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.
The cross-sectional study was performed at Kowsar Gynecology Center, Motahhari educational hospital and Medical Mycology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia, Iran, from October 2013 to July 2015. Those patients referred to the clinic with symptoms of vaginal discharge, itching or burning that swab samples from endo-exocervix and distal fornix discharge were taken. The vaginal discharge samples submitted to Medical Mycology Center, Urmia School of Medicine for the direct microscopic examination and cultures. Identification at the level of species was performed using CHROMagar Candida and Corn meal agar media. The molecular test polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) used for confirming culture results. For the susceptibility assay, disc diffusion method was performed with fluconazole and clotrimazole.
In these study 198 samples collected from patients with symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis, 77 vulvovaginal candidiasis cases were identified. Candida species are common in primary and recurrent cases in terms of frequency, Candida albicans (85.7%), Candida krusei (10.2%) and Candida glabrata (4.1%) were identified respectively. Total of 27 cases of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, 10 cases were resistant to both clotrimazole and fluconazole (37%) was observed that the most common species are resistant to treatment were Candida albicans by (82.1%), Candida krusei (14.3%) and Candida glabrata (3.6%) respectively. Drug resistance in Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata causing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis included 69.1%, 75% and 100% respectively.
Our findings have shown frequency of resistant non-albicans Candida species to fluconazole and clotrimazole is increasing. There is a considerable difference between Candida albicans and non-albicans species, Candida glabrata for the resistance to fluconazole and clotrimazole.

Pectin is a complex polysaccharide compound with food and anticancer properties. NO as a signaling molecule. It plays role in various physiological process. It may have pro or anti apoptotic role in cancer cells. In this research the effect of apple pectin (AP) and modified citrus pectin (MCP) on NO releasing and apoptosis induction of human prostate cancer cell, LnCap, is under investigated. The cells were treated with different concentration of AP and MCP for 6, 24 and 48h. The amount of NO and proliferatin inhibition were studied. At first SNP treatment indicated that NO has an inhibitory role in LnCap cells. The results showed that long term incubation of cells with AP and MCP caused significant changes in NO release and proliferation rate. Under this condition cell cycle arrested in Sub-G1 phase though apoptosis was occurred. Therefore, AP and MCP could induce apoptosis in LnCap cell via NO release.