فهرست مطالب فتانه حاجیلو

Social responsibility is one of the most important social characteristics that becomes more important when natural and human hazards occur. The current research aims to examine the relationship between the feeling of insecurity and social responsibility after the COVID-19 pandemic in Tabriz, Iran. 

This is a quantitative survey study. Participants were 384 residents of Tabriz city aged 18-70 years who were selected using multi-stage cluster method. Data were collected using questionnaires.

There was a significant and inverse relationship between the feeling of insecurity and social responsibility. People’s social responsibility was significantly different based on gender, educational level, and occupation, but there was no significant difference based on age.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a role in reducing the social responsibility of people in Iran by creating a sense of insecurity in social interactions.

Family is a small group consisting of a woman, a man, and children, whose basic and inseparable feature is intimacy. There are many factors that affect the family structure and its strength, cause disruption in the relationship between couples, conflict between family members, and ultimately provide the conditions for family breakup. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between couples’ communication skills and their relationship with family breakups among married people in Tabriz. The main question of the research is: What is the relationship between the communication skills of couples and the breakup of the family? The method of research is survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The target population is married people living in three urban Districts (5, 7, and 8) of Tabriz. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 of them were selected as members a statistical sample through cluster and random sampling. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between communication skills and family breakup; that is, the increase of communication skills between couples decreases the risk of family breakup, and vice versa. Moreover, the findings on the examination of average difference in family breakup and communication skills according to the level of education showed that there is a difference between groups with higher education and lower education. That is, the level of education of couples is a significant factor in establishing communication and preventing it from the breakup of the family.

Family is a complex system of relationships, processes, and phenomena within the lives of its members, encompassing physical and psychological, economic and moral, social, and cultural aspects of society. A strong foundation for a healthy family can transform this social institution into a sanctuary for its members and a platform for human growth in all societies. In contemporary societies, the family has encountered various challenges due to shifts in its values and functions. Some of these challenges have impacted the relationships between spouses, leading to family breakdown. It is evident that the factors disrupting the functions of the family institution also contribute to numerous social harms. Despite extensive research on the family and its challenges in different societies and times, it is difficult to pinpoint specific and identical causes that threaten the foundation of the family. Therefore, understanding the social and individual factors that interfere with and affect family functions has always been a focal point of sociological studies and research, particularly in explaining the threats and causes of conflicts and differences, especially between couples. Based on individual and social circumstances, there are instances where couples, despite being dissatisfied with their relationships, are compelled to remain together, preserving the family structure outwardly but experiencing a decrease in emotional intimacy, which is often referred to as emotional divorce. This type of rupture in family relations has numerous direct and indirect consequences for both family members and society at large.

 This research was classified as an applied research as the researchers aimed to experimentally test theoretical concepts with the results intended for practical application in addressing challenges within the research topic. In terms of its temporal nature, this study was cross-sectional. The method of data collection employed was a survey with information gathered through reviewing the respondents' answers. Furthermore, it was a correlational study as it evaluated and measured the correlation between variables. The target sample for this research comprised all married individuals residing in the 5th, 7th, and 8th regions of Tabriz City during the period of 2022-2023. The determined sample size was 384 individuals calculated by using Cochran's formula from the total married population living in the researched areas, which, based on the 2015 census, amounted to 311,380 people. Sampling was conducted in a clustered manner and the data collection tool utilized was a questionnaire comprising a combination of standard questions and those formulated by the researchers.

The research findings revealed a significant and positive correlation between moral judgment and family breakdown. This suggested that when ethical standards are not grounded in rational reasoning and established definitions, but rather based on individual judgments regarding societal values and beliefs, ethical considerations become a source of disagreement and conflict among family members, thereby posing a risk to the cohesion of the family institution.Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant and inverse relationship between adherence to beliefs and family disintegration. In other words, as adherence to beliefs increases, family breakdown decreases. Beliefs play a crucial role in marriage and are intertwined with the activities that spouses engage in together. When couples significantly differ in this aspect, the stability of their relationship diminishes, leading the family towards a conflict and eventual dissolution.

Many factors affect the structure of the family and its strengths, disrupt its func-tions, and can even lead to the collapse of the family. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between sex-ual satisfaction and gender perspective with family breakdown. The survey rese-arch method and data collection tool are a questionnaire. The statistical population is people living in areas 5, 7, and 8 of Tabriz City, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 have been investigated as the statistical sample. A stratified random sampling me-thod was used to select the sample. The results show that there is an inverse and significant relationship between sex-ual satisfaction and family breakdown, so the higher the sexual satisfaction of coup-les in married life, the less family breakd-own occurs. Also, the findings indicate that there is a direct relationship between gender attitudes and family breakdown. The results show that family breakdown occurs less among couples who are more educated. The results also show that fam-ily breakdown occurs less among couples who have good jobs in terms of social status.

Social responsibility is a coping strategy to respond to social, environmental, and sustainable development concerns. Various factors can affect responsibility, life satisfaction is one of the important factors affecting social responsibility and it is one of the factors that can affect different parts of life in society. The current research aims to explain the relationship between life satisfaction and social responsibility, which was done after the end of the Covid-19 pandemic. The present research was carried out quantitatively and through a survey, the target society was the citizens of Tabriz between 18 and 70 years of age, and 384 people were selected and analyzed as a statistical sample based on Cochran's formula. The findings obtained from the analysis of the research data show that a significant and direct relationship between life satisfaction and social responsibility can be seen. Also, the obtained results show that people's social responsibility is different according to their gender, education, job, and income, but the age of the respondents has no relationship with their social responsibility.

This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between academic self-efficacy and social self-efficacy of high school students.

The research was carried out as quantitative research and as a field survey. The statistical population of the research was all students who were studying in the final year of high school in Shahindej city in the academic year 2019-1400, out of which 272 of them were studied as a statistical sample. Research data have been collected using a questionnaire tool containing standard questions and interview techniques SPSS 21 software has been used for data analysis and research hypotheses have been checked based on tests appropriate to the measurement level of the variables.

The findings show that the correlation between social self-efficacy variables and the academic self-efficacy of students is significant. Also, based on the results, the academic self-efficacy of students is different according to their gender and for girls more for than boys. The measurement of the changes of the dependent variable based on the change of the independent variable was done by regression test and the results show that the two constituent components of the academic self-efficacy variable explain the changes of the dependent variable to a considerable extent.

Considering the existence of a significant relationship between academic self-efficacy and the social self-efficacy of students, it is possible to strengthen the social self-efficacy of students by providing a context for the flourishing of their talents.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the social effects of facilitation offices in the marginal neighborhood of Malazinal in the Metropolis of Tabriz city. To do this, the 9-Step social impact assessment model proposed by Rabel Barge was used which is considered the first experience at the national level. The social impact assessment tool in this research were the data obtained from the documents and reports of the Facilitation Office, semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists as well as residents of the neighborhood, and field observations (including the street opening, construction of flyovers, parks, changing the sewer valves, water network replacement, etc.) and the other projects carried out in different parts of the neighborhood. The overall investigations and findings of this research show that despite the ethnic attitudes dominating the neighborhood as an inhibiting factor, the actions of the Malazinal Facilitation and Local Development Office were able to help the residents of the neighborhood and the studied community to contribute making the decisions in the form of circles and meetings of the local facilitation and development office. It played an important role in the advancement of projects. By increasing the social capital through individual and institutional trust building, increasing social solidarity, and facilitating social relations and social participation with an emphasis on networking, capacity building, education, and informing the people, as well as empowering the residents, the development was paved in this marginal neighborhood. Carrying out the necessary interventions overcome the obstacles preventing the development and empowerment of local communities requires sufficient time and budget, as well as the cooperation and synergy of the whole institutions, organizations, and socially active partners in this field.

Along with the growth of technology, and the increase of natural hazards in the contemporary world, human life is faced with many challenges, deal with social responsibility has major importance to prevent hazards and reducing their unfortunate consequences for humans which leads to a healthy relationship between people and the environment. To explain the factors affecting social responsibility, the current research examines the existing theories and analyzes previous research findings. The research method of this study is the documentary which explores studies related to the subject that was published from 2011 to 2022. The cited sources were obtained by searching the keywords: social responsibility, social indifference, social commitment, risk of Covid-19, and risky society. The data has been analyzed by attributive and holistic coding and factors related to social responsibility in a risky society, and have been categorized using the obtained results. Findings show that crises and risks can change people's actions and social responsibility is an important factor that affected the actions and relations between actors in crisis conditions. The final results based on holistic coding have extracts, 7 main categories, and 18 sub-categories. The important factors affecting social responsibility are social capital, moral and normative values, and inequality in various dimensions such as power, health, identity, awareness, and indifference, which have the greatest impact in a risky society. These factors through the concepts such as insecurity, citizenship, and altruism affect social responsibility.

The family, as the infrastructure of society, is affected by changes in the cultural, social and economic structure, and there are several factors that affect on the strength or rupture the structure of family. In contemporary society, the number of families breaking up is increasing. Social experts warn that the collapse of the family causes many problems and disorders in society, especially increasing crime and creating social insecurity. The purpose of this study is to identify the social factors related with family breakdown and to achieve this goal has examined some existing theories and analyzed the findings of previous research. The research method is influenced by the nature and purpose of the research based on documentary study, analysis and logical reasoning of the content of the studied documents. This article examines existing perspectives on gender attitudes, communication skills, and alike marriage. The results show that gender attitude, poor communication skills, and neglect of alike marriage are among the important social factors associated with family breakdown in contemporary society

In the contemporary world, child marriage occurred in the context of some societies, and as a multidimensional phenomenon, includes those marriages took place below certain ages, according to law, religious codes or common sense. Official statistics show that East Azerbaijan has the second largest number of child marriages among the provinces of the Iran. The present study aimed at investigating the underlying causes of early/child marriage among Tabriz City’s married women, as the center of the province, it has great social, cultural and religious diversity.This study uses a qualitative methodology and thematic analysis to collect and analyze the lived experiences of women aged 15 to 35 who have child marriage experience. A purposive sampling approach is used to include 21 women in the study with various social and economic backgrounds and according to theoretical saturation criteria. Based on the content analysis used to extract the data from the interviews, 21 sub-themes and 7 macro-themes were obtained. According to these findings, early puberty, Larger body than age, patriarchy, religious prejudice, geographic location, economic poverty and living with stepchildren are the main underlying causes of child marriage in Tabriz.Precocious puberty and physical structure are more influenced by genetic characteristics, but the results of the study show, the Child marriage practice is mainly under the influence of social and cultural factors, therefore, any proper intervention to manage the problem should be socially or culturally defined, constructed, and implemented.

Like any other social phenomenon, the degree of concern about the environment is related to various factors, such as the role of social control and environmental ethics. This research examines the relationship between environmental concerns as a dependent variable and social control and environment ethics as independent variables.

The research method is quantitative and done by a questionnaire. The target sample includes 387 students of Tabriz University in the 2019-20 academic year who were selected by stratified sampling method from the colleges and then random sampling method for sample selection in each faculty. Respondents participated in the study with full knowledge and satisfaction. The SPSS 16, was used for data analysis.

 Ethical considerations have been observed in all stages of research, including data collection, documentation, analysis and publication of data.

According to the results there is not any difference between the average amount of environmental concern, in terms of educational level, family income and marital status, but the average of this variable shows a significant difference between males and females. Also, results show there is a meaningful inverse relationship between social control as an independent variable with environmental concern. The correlation coefficient between environmental ethics with environmental concerns shows there are direct relationships between these variables. The regression result shows 18% of changes of the environmental concern variable are explained by the two above independent variables.

Increasing concern about biological hazards is a sign of the need to reconsider environmental concepts and social structures. Evidence from research shows that increasing concern about biological hazards and their consequences is the basis for increasing ethical behavior toward the environment and reducing the need for formal social control in this regard.

The cultivation of landraces that are resistant to environmental stresses, pests and plant diseases and have a less need for fertilizers and toxins is important for Increasing access to healthy and nutritious food and tackling climate change that has endangered food production in the contemporary world. In this regard, the native knowledge of people who are traditionally engaged in agriculture is important because it guides the researchers to make appropriate decisions against climate change. This manuscript based on the findings of research to explore the indigenous knowledge of cultivation of landraces among rural women of East Azerbaijan. The research method is qualitative and data collection was done by semi-structured interviews with farmer women. Data analysis by thematic analysis shows that important factors it takes the form of social and economic structures. The results indicate that the combination of the three issues of gender, climate change and agricultural production can lead the agricultural sector to more successful policies to encourage farmers to cultivate landraces and preserve native seeds.

The concept of environmental concern has been studied for many years with various theoretical background in the social sciences and psychology, but in recently years this concept separated from other concepts related to the environment and considered as a variable consisting of objective and subjective concepts and formed of horizontal and vertical dimensions. 

This manuscript  study the constructive components of the horizontal dimension of environmental concerns, including: emotional stimuli, cognitive components, behavioral will, and practical behavior according to Shafferin's theory. The statistical population of the research of Tabriz University students and its statistical sample was determined using 387 Cochran's formula and the quotas of all university faculties were examined using sampling. Data collection tools are questioners that using standard environmental assessment questions, social capital, and life satisfaction from previous research. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software.

The research findings show that the environmental concern of Tabriz University students is 37.17 and it is more than the average can be obtained. According to the findings there is a significant difference between the obtained average of men and women answers. The findings also show that the environmental literacy have standard coefficient 0.281 and has a significant relationship with students' environmental concerns, but the two variables satisfaction of life and social capital have not had a significant effect on the environmental concerns of students at Tabriz University.  

The type and extent of environmental concerns of individuals depends on their awareness of the processes of their living environment, so the most important factor in protecting the environment is to increase people's knowledge and ecological literacy.

Environmental interactions are influenced by factors that are created and reinforced during a person's socialization. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the causes affecting people's biological behaviors in the process of socialization, the experiences and skills they find in this field, the responsibilities they accept and the role of knowledge and awareness they acquire in the learning process. This research was conducted during the academic year of 2015-2016 at Tabriz University of Tabriz by survey method. The statistical population is the students of Tabriz University that 302 of whom have been selected by stratified sampling. The research findings show that the average environmental lifestyle in the range of 52 to 133 is equal to 99.59%, which shows Students' environmental lifestyles are abundant. Also, among the six dimensions of environmental lifestyle, public transportation using, has the lowest average, in the scale of the present study, compared to the average of other dimensions studied environmental lifestyle. The results of the hypothesis test also show that the positive and significant relationship between environmental lifestyle and social capital and its three dimensions including social trust, social cohesion and social participation, as well as cultural capital and its dimensions and environmental knowledge. The results of environmental lifestyle regression analysis show that the three variables of social participation, environmental knowledge and objective dimension of cultural capital in general explain about 19% variance of environmental lifestyle at Tabriz University students.

The concept of environmental concern has been studied from many different views, but in recent years it has been distinguished from concepts such as attitude, awareness and environmental awareness as an independent variable consisting of objective and subjective concepts in the form of horizontal and vertical dimensions. Based on Schaffrin's view, this study examines the components of the horizontal dimension of the concept of environmental concern, including: emotional stimulus, cognitive component, behavioral will and practical behavior as a dependent variable in relation to independent variables.The statistical population of the research is the University of Tabriz students. Sample is 387 man who have studied all the faculties of the university in a survey by using multi-stage sampling. Data collection tool is a standard environmental attitude questionnaire. Data analysis was performed through SPSS software. The research findings show that the environmental concern of Tabriz University students is more than the average can be obtained. According to the findings, individualism with a standard regression coefficient of 0.154 and urbanism with a standard coefficient of 0.116 have the most positive and significant effects on the level of environmental concerns of Tabriz University students.

Development of studies on the urban, environment and conservation of natural resources, due to increase of urbanization as common lifestyles of citizens, has improved the sustainable urbanization approach that tries to improve human interaction with nature for sound behavior. Cities are the origins of consumerism and consequently irregular use of natural resources and energies. The consumerism also leads to the production of waste and garbage that goes beyond recycling and reconstruction tolerance of the environment. The origin of this idea is that consumer habits and the used technologies affect the environment. Ecological footprint represents the difference between what nature offers us to use for live, and what we consumes. Concept of re-loaded resources presented by ecological footprint approach is a key factor in sustainable development of human societies. Increasing instability due to changes in natural resources is a serious threat to the ecosystems because they lose the ability and opportunity to rebuild and re-load. Through this approach we are able to do individual and collective actions for environmental conservation and responsible behavior about it. Each person can control their usage and reduce the amount of ecological footprint. This case requires sufficient knowledge about the environment and the impact of human behaviors on. The behavior based on environment protection, including consumer behavior to create a lifestyle, involves a pattern of behavior that has been coordinated with ecosystems and will not disrupt the natural cycles. Total average per capita ecological footprint (EF) is calculated by adding all the ecosystem areas assigned for each individual to fill his/her annual shopping basket of consumption goods and services. Ultimately, the ecological footprint of the study population (EFp) is obtained by multiplying the average per capita footprint in population size (N). Due to the differences in styles, habits and generally the lifestyle of people around the world it is not easily possible to provide a global standard questionnaire to calculate the footprint. Thus, researchers according to the lifestyle of people in different countries have designed questions to measure this indicator. Tabriz is the largest city in the west and northwest of Iran. Due to its political and industrial centrality and its focus on economic, industry, university, high level of expertise and service and free trade zones, Tabriz City has a wide sphere of influence on the region. Despite natural limitations to provide the population of Tabriz, as the only metropolitan area in northwest Iran with the required resources, the borders of the city have expanded more than five times in the recent decades. This rapid growth in the past decades has led to unsustainable urban development. The available physical and natural pressures and various types of pollutions as the most threatening environmental hazards in this region with some conditions such as population density, mass consumption, rubbish production, and a lot of different lifestyles has made this city a suitable case for the study of sustainable urbanization. This research has an applied method and statistical population is Tabriz citizens between 15 to 75 years old; data was collected by questionnaire with the samples selected by utilizing multi step cluster sampling. The dependent variable was measured by the questionnaire designed for calculating personal ecological footprint according to the characteristics and living conditions of the people in Middle East and the Mediterranean basin. The variable of consumption and its constructive components were extracted based on dignity consumption, craving consumption and consumption. Reliability and validity measured by the coefficient of KMO and Cronbach’s Alpha have appropriate values. The results of this test for dependent variable show KMO = 0.761, with sig=0.000. This KMO value indicates that the number of items and their classification based on factor analysis can be appropriate for this variable. The value of variable based on calculated variance was 53.58 percent. This index for the consumption was KMO =0.912, with sig =0.000. Cronbach’s coefficient was calculated for studying the reliability of survey instrument, its amount for dependent variable is a= 0.780 and is a= 0.891, for independent variable. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to test the relationship between ecological footprint and consumption. The results show that the calculated correlation coefficient is 0.664 and significant at 99% of confidence level. This means that there is a positive correlation between the ecological footprint and consumption. The results also show that there is significant and positive relationship between the independent variable and components of dependent variable. There is a strong relationship between consumer lifestyles and consumption. Pearson correlation coefficient calculated for this component was 0.578 and significant at 99% of confidence level. Regression analysis was used to determine the contribution of lifestyle as the independent variable to explain and predict its effects on dependent variable and also explain the contribution of independent variable to predict changes in the ecological footprints components. The results also indicate that the consumer lifestyle affect all the components of ecological footprint. The most impact is observed on the good consumption, services and then transportation component. The results show that the EF mean of Tabriz citizens is 58.66 percent of defined scale, which is slightly more than the average value. Investigating the constructive components of the dependent variable showed that the studied citizens obtained 80 percent of score in the component of reusable consumption goods have left the largest value of EF in not using the reusable goods. Obviously recycling the reusable goods decrease the amount of consumption and ultimately leads to less use of natural resources and the environmental damage. In transportation aspect, Tabriz citizens obtained 70 percent of the maximum obtainable score on the defined scale in this component. This has a relatively high footprint, leading to air pollution due to the production and distribution of emissions from fossil fuel consumption. Public transportation sector has a dominant role in fuel consumption and air pollution in cities. In other aspects of consumption, such as food and energy consumption, the obtained scores were higher than the obtainable mean for each component. It seems that the private car attraction and becoming a kind of social status on the one hand and the serious shortcomings in public transportation system, on the other hand, are the main reasons for this approach. Consumer behavior creates a lifestyle that can be preserve or harm to the environment. Environmental lifestyle includes patterns of behavior that are harmonious with the environment and do not disrupt the environmental cycles. The main issue is that such actions require the more environmental cognation and more environmental beliefs and knowledge about environmental subjects. In this case, most people will be careful of individual actions to deal effectively with the environment. Recommendations: Based on these findings, it is recommended as following: use of durable goods, which are frequently consumed, should be promoted to reduce the demand for consumption. The quantity and quality of public transport must be increased to reduce uses of personal vehicle and special paths should be designed to promote biking and walking. Small and medium-sized areas with a variety of urban tissues have to be designed for reducing the needs for motorized transportation within the urban areas, and establishing a responsible behavior towards environment protection in the higher classes. This should lead to emulating of these behaviors of the lower classes to affect the reduction of ecological footprint. It can be lead to decreases in non-responsible behavior towards the environment and decreases in ecological footprint.

The concept of ecological footprint, as a basis for measuring the difference between that which the nature offers us to use and that which we actually use in our lives, has been recognized as a new planning criterion in the assessment of individual and collective behaviors for the preservation of the environment. Controlling the amount and type of consumption can reduce the level of ecological footprint. This, of course, necessitates being knowledgeable in this area. The research population of this study consists of all Tabrizi residents who were between the ages of 15 and 75, of which, using a cluster sampling technique, 443 individuals were selected as the sample. Questionnaires and personal interviews were used to collect the necessary data. Factor analysis and the computation of KMO were used to assess the validity of the research instrument and Cronbach’s AlPha was use for reliability. The results showed that the level of ecological knowledge in residents is relatively low and therefore their ecological footprint is relatively high and the relationship between the two is statistically significant.

Trust is one of the fundamental concepts in sociology and one of the vital components of social capital, also one the significant and essential topics in modern societies. This paper, studies the social trust of people in police forces. The aim of this research is to determine the affecting factors in the social trust of people to police forces in the city of Tabriz. The target population covers the people above the age of 15. The research method was survey cross-sectional study. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster and the sample size was 670. The findings of the research indicate that the level of generalized trust, loyalty to political system and compliance with normative rules in society, respectively have the most influence on the dependent variable. The studied independent variables totally define 67 % of dependent variable’s changes. The results represents that among affecting factors of citizens’ trust in Police forces to Tabriz, the institutional factors is effective more than the individual factors.

Like any society that is in transition or that is developing، Iranian society relies upon women’s participation as half of the active members of society، in various fields. Since the family is the first and most important socialization agent، its impacts on participation can affect the level of women’s participation، including their political participation. Through discussions and conversations at home، children become familiar with the values and attitudes of their parents and، in this way، the parents’ interest or apathy in political issues is expressed. Therefore، it seems that family situation and social position influences people’s level of political participation. This paper is based on the results of an extensive survey which was carried out at East Azerbaijan province، among women 18 to 64 years. The sample size was 1074 people. The sampling method is multi-stage clustering and the data was gathered through questionnaires. The results show that the parents of respondents have medium or higher tendency toward political participation and also participate in various associations. Results of correlation tests between the independent and dependent variables show that parents’ tendency to political participation has influences on respondents activity in associations and eventually influences on the overall level of political participation.

Political participation is considered to be one of the major indicators of development. Women as a part of the human capitals of every society can play a determinant role in running the country with their political participation. The purpose of the research is to examine some of the factors affecting the rate of political participation of women in the society. Research method in the investigation is survey and has been implemented among 1080 women between 18-64 years, living in East Azerbaijan Province. Variables that their impact on social and political participation of women has been evaluated include social and economic base, activity of individual, activity of parents and friends of individuals in association's tendency of individual and of parent's and friend's to political participation. The obtained results indicate that among these variables, the variable of individual’s activity in associations has had the most influence, and tendency of individual's parent to political participation has the least impact on the social and political participation of women.

One of the approaches emphasized by participation paradigm is women participation in activities and their active presence in development process. But implementation of such programmes, that is, targeting women without convincing the men and consideration of their situation and their consensus, may not lead to successful results necessarily. Men’s opinion and attitude towards women responsibilities and roles are very important criteria for women's social presence. Therefore, achieving an overall development calls for a change in attitudes, policies related to gender relations and structural reorganization. A field study about the influential factors that affected the success of facilitators in the formation of women independent groups was carried out through a questionnaire and direct interview to investigate the impact of men’s attitudes towards the formation of such groups. The validity and reliability of questionnaire were estimated by Cronbach's alpha which was equal to 0.88. The results of research showed that among the factors under study these have direct impacts on the formation and continuity of independent rural women groups: men’s attitudes towards women's role in life, men's consensus with women participation in meetings, and men’s opinion about appropriate grounds for women activities.

One of the emphasized methods to promote women participation in rural society, as they are half of it, is to form independent women groups for collective action and team work. One of the methods that has been used in rural training and extension is to involve rural women leaders as "facilitators" for mobilization and capacity building in their society. In this study some personal and environmental factors that influence the success of facilitators in East Azarbaijan province will be examined drawing on the results of a field research that used face to face interviews and questionnaires in 6 counties. Questionnaire validity has been assessed by a number of subject specialists and academicians, and its reliability has been measured by using Cronbach's alpha which was equal to 88% and indicates appropriateness of research instruments. Findings show a significant relationship at 99% level between facilitator's success in generation and sustenance of independent women group activities (as dependent variable) and rural women acceptance of facilitators, facilitator connection with extension agents, her awareness of NGO concept (as independent variables). No significant relationship can be detected between dependent variable and variables related to the use of mass communication tools.