فهرست مطالب فرزام بابائی سمیرمی

The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the environmental, tourism and safety indicators of Derkeh and Darband rivers in Tehran. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of carrying out work.

The studied community is also urban planners and experts in the 1st district of Tehran in the field of multi-criteria decision-making methods (AHP and TOPSIS). The statistical population of the research in the questionnaire section of ordinary people, tourists of the green spaces of Derkeh and Darband are 300 people per day, and in the first population, 15 people from urban planners and specialists of the 1st district of Tehran were selected as a statistical sample using available sampling method. Also, the statistical sample in the questionnaire was 169 tourists from Derkeh and Darband green areas, who were determined based on Morgan's table. In this research, the data collection tool was pairwise comparison questionnaire (AHP) and TOPSIS, and in the data analysis part, inferential statistics methods were used to test the hypotheses using Expert Choice and SPSS software (one-sample t-test or Friedman.)

According to the results of the research, the first priority belongs to the environmental management criterion, the second priority belongs to the tourism criterion, and the third priority belongs to the safety criterion. The coefficients of the Friedman test were also for the sub-criteria of the 3 main criteria: environment (122.80), tourism (77.34) and safety (59.83)

According to the analysis, it was found that the environmental standards in the green spaces and rivers of Derkeh and Darband valleys of Tehran are the cleanliness of the environment in these areas, the necessary maintenance of plants, the necessary measures to reduce noise pollution in Parks, the variety of available plants and trees, the presence of enough trash cans, air pollution, the slope in the area, the variety of bird species, the necessary measures to prevent river water pollution, the efforts of passers-by and shopkeepers for the cleanliness of the environment. Also, the criteria of tourism in the green spaces and rivers of Derkah and Darband valleys of Tehran include the presence of a specific route for tourism, the compatibility of the music played with Iranian culture, the presence of sufficient and available restaurants, cafes and buffets, the presence of benches and gazebos for tourists to rest, and the presence of sports equipment. and children's play, the presence of adequate and accessible toilets, the presence of a parking lot or a suitable parking place for cars and motorcycles. The safety criteria in the green spaces and rivers of Derkeh and Darband valleys in Tehran include suitable paving stones and physical protection on the sidewalks, the presence of sufficient lighting in the dark, the presence of warning and guidance signs on the way of tourists, safety in electrical and recreational equipment such as traps. Siege, the presence of an emergency and ambulance base and a fire station, the presence of physical protection officers and guards in the area, the safety of children's playgrounds, taking into account safety measures against natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes.

Despite the legal prohibition of asbestos fiber usage in the country, numerous studies have documented its presence in the air of various cities, including Tehran. This urban air pollution stems from the extensive use of asbestos in construction materials such as pipes, insulators in cooling and heating systems, and friction devices like brake pads and clutch plates, among other consumer products. Prolonged exposure to these fibers can have severe health consequences for residents, leading to respiratory issues, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancers such as mesothelioma. Consequently, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to examine both the extent and nature of asbestos fiber distribution in Tehran’s air.

This study measured the concentration of asbestos fibers in Tehran’s air over a 12-month period. Monthly samplings were conducted at eleven Tehran Air Quality Control Company-operated stations. The sample collection, preparation, and analysis adhered to the NIOSH 7400 method. Microscopic examination results were then translated into asbestos fiber concentrations using the appropriate formulas.

Analysis of samples taken across four seasons revealed that spring recorded the highest average asbestos fiber concentration at 0.00134 f/ml, while the lowest concentration was observed in summer at 0.117 f/ml.

Given the widespread ban on asbestos use in many countries, including Iran, its presence in urban air is unexpected. Regrettably, flawed policy decisions made during the import ban announcement and the extended timeframe set for the ban’s initiation allowed companies to import and stockpile asbestos indiscriminately for future use.

The objective of this research is to measure nitrogen dioxide in Beyhaqi Terminal of Tehran and model the release of this pollutant.

In 3 selected stations, sampling was done once a month during the year and three days a month and 3 times a day. For sampling, NIOSH method No. 6004 and Saltzman method were used with the help of Impinger and Saltzman absorbent solution with a flow rate of 0.2 L/min and then the concentration of this pollutant was determined using a spectrophotometer. Austal view, version 7 software was used for modeling.

In both scenarios regarding the one-hour distribution, the pollutant concentration is high at the beginning, and then due to atmospheric conditions and pollutant chemistry, the pollutant concentration decreases, especially in the western direction, but in 3 directions, south, north, and west, from a maximum distance of 300 meters. , the pollutant concentration is greatly reduced. Of course, it decreases much faster from the western side, and the pollution zone continues more towards the east. According to the American National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), the allowable amount of this pollutant in a 1-hour average is 100 ppb, no area is in this zone. Also, according to the standard of the World Health Organization, the hourly limit of this pollutant is 200 ppb, and on this basis, there is no limit beyond the standard.

By using management and engineering solutions such as reducing the stopping time of cars, not turning on in place and using exhaust absorbent filters, it is possible to reduce pollutant emissions.

The purpose of this research is to measure and measure the sulfur dioxide pollutant at Beyhaqi terminal site in Tehran and to simulate the distribution of this pollutant under various conditions. This research is of applied type. The desired pollutant was measured through a portable device according to NIOSH guidelines. The pollutant release list was prepared under the two scenarios and Austal view, version 3 software was used for simulation. The results showed that in both scenarios, within 1 hour and up to a radius of 1 km, the sulfur dioxide pollutant is not higher than the standard. Of course, the important point is that the emission speed of this pollutant was low and it could not reach the range of 1 km within 1 hour. However, the annual distribution of sulfur dioxide pollutant shows that in both scenarios, the amount of pollutant is very high at the beginning (distance of 311 meters), then the pollutant concentration decreases as the distance from the source increases. The contamination zone extends further to the east and southeast. Of course, in the second scenario, the amount of pollution is much lower than the first scenario.

The critical step of policymaking and planning for the local governments to select appropriate waste management methods, is comprehensive information on solid waste generation. Waste generation rate and composition may vary from year to year because many factors influence it. This research identified the most important factors influencing the future of household waste generation and composition in Tehran, and how these factors affect each other.

This research is based on future studies methods which are carried out using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. Due to the nature of this research, structural analysis, Micmac software and Delphi survey were used.

In this regard, after holding many meetings with 22 of the experts as the statistical population of the research, 14 effective factors were identified. The influential factors were then analyzed in the framework of the Cross-impact matrix in the Micmac software. The results showed that what can be understood from the state of the dispersion page of the variables indicated the system instability, with most of the variables dispersed around the diagonal axis of the screen.

Finally, considering the high scores received by direct and indirect influences, 10 key factors were identified. “Economic Growth”, “Digital Transformation and Technological Advances”, “Amendment of Existing laws, Enactment and Implementation of New and Specialized Laws”, and “Increased Awareness about waste and Attraction of Citizen Participation through Education and Provision of Information” were identified among these 10 factors as the driving forces influencing generation and composition, of household waste in Tehran in the Next Twenty Years.

Earthquake environmental issues can be generally assessed in the context of society and social issues. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the main dimensions and key factors affecting the management of a possible earthquake crisis in the metropolitan city of Tehran with an emphasis on environmental resilience. This research has been done through documentary studies and a questionnaire in which 51 experts and researchers have presented their opinions on the importance of factors in the form of a questionnaire. The data extracted from the research have been analyzed by combining the methods of mean, correlation, and interaction analysis and the key factors of crisis management have been extracted. The results showed that 7 main dimensions, including 39 factors, have a decisive role in earthquake crisis management in Tehran. The dimension of institutional-managerial resilience with a weight of 7.03 is in the 1st rank and the resilience of environmental resources with a weight of 6 is in the 7th rank. The results showed that 5 factors include; Social capital, public participation, reconstruction, trust in government institutions and organizations, and management style are among the 39 important factors that play a driving role in managing the Tehran earthquake crisis and preserving the environment. Accordingly, the relevant authorities, in particular, need to pay attention to the two components of social capital and public participation and to overcome the possible earthquake crisis in Tehran, it is necessary to strengthen the dimensions of social capital among citizens, to provide public participation. Accelerate the reconstruction of earthquake damage, strengthen the city's physical infrastructure, and ultimately make the management body more efficient in managing the environmental consequences of the earthquake crisis in Tehran.

Today, due to water stress Caused by reduced rainfall and drought in the country on the one hand and the growth of uncontrolled consumption of limited water resources on the other hand, formulating and developing strategies to improve planning, management, sustainability of water resources and consumption patterns in The country is a necessity. One of the most practical methods in this regard is to determine and estimate the effectiveness of effective factors in the resilience of water resources in the country. After reviewing related researches, it was concluded that most of the researches done in this regard have been in order to identify the effective criteria in the evaluation, planning and sustainability of water resources systems and So far, no separate research has been conducted to identify the effective criteria and sub-criteria in the resilience of Iran's water resources; However, relying on the results of articles and authoritative references, it was found that achieving the most effective factors in determining the resilience of water resources, using the Delphi method (due to scientific validity and usability at different levels) is possible. Accordingly, the present study has been written with the aim of identifying, screening and prioritizing resilience criteria and sub-criteria using the Delphi method. According to the first step of the Delphi method, first a list of criteria and sub-criteria was selected by reviewing the research background and then evaluated by a group of 24 environmental and water resources experts (called experts) in two stages. The result of this evaluation is to determine 3 ecological, socio-cultural and economic criteria as the main criteria and to extract 9 criteria and 18 sub-criteria. The result was that after prioritizing the sub-criteria based on two factors of degree and percentage of importance, surface water sub-criteria (spring and river) and precipitation with a coefficient of importance of 2.62 and 2.28 as the most important and permeability sub-criteria (drainage) and temperature, respectively. Significance coefficients of 1.23 and 1.31 were identified as the least important sub-criteria, respectively. Also, by normalizing the obtained coefficients for each of the sub-criteria, a linear formula was proposed to estimate the resilience of water resources.

Evaluating portschr('39') environmental performance as one of the two main parts of the maritime transport system is of great importance. This study was designed and conducted to develop a method for evaluating portschr('39') environmental performance based on the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process.

The present study was conducted in 2020 with the participation of 22 experts in the field of environment and marine sciences. The study steps included a comprehensive review of the literature, design of an environmental performance evaluation questionnaire, development of a questionnaire in a Delphi study, and a method for evaluating environmental performance in ports based on a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process.

Based on the results of the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process, the final normalized weight for six factors of environmental performance, including reactive performance, active performance, sustainability, socio-cultural, economic, and governance, were estimated to be 0.202, 0.241, 0.226, 0.070, 0.080 and 0.182 respectively. Besides, it was found that each of the parameters in the factors affecting the environmental performance has a different weight and impact. The highest and lowest effects on the environmental performance index in this study belonged to the environmental risk assessment parameters with a weight of 0.217 (active performance factor) and cultural and justice effects with a weight of 0.107 (socio-cultural factor).

In this study, a novel method for evaluating portschr('39') environmental performance has been developed based on 6 factors and 32 parameters, and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach. Therefore, using this method can be a practical step towards improving the level of environmental performance in ports to achieve the goal of "green port."

Tehran metropolis is surrounded by 110 faults and 3 large and active faults and is one of the earthquake prone areas in the country. Therefore, it is necessary to study its resilience in the event of an earthquake. In recent years, the study of the necessity and importance of applying the principles of urban resilience and the factors affecting it in reducing risks in cities has attracted the attention of many experts. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify and determine the important and effective indicators on resilience in Tehran to deal with a possible earthquake crisis and determine the components affecting environmental resilience.

This research has been done through documentary studies and questionnaires. A total of 51 experts and researchers have participated in determining important indicators and sub-indicators influencing earthquake crisis management. Structural analysis is used to examine the effectiveness of the components.

The results showed that 7 main components and 39 subcomponents have a decisive role in managing the earthquake crisis in Tehran. The most important main component is institutional-managerial resilience with a weight of 7.03 and a factor load of 0.93 and environmental resource resilience with a factor load of 0.7 has a weight of 6 in earthquake crisis management.

The most important subcomponents include social capital, financial security, and resilience of vital arteries weighing 8.18, 8.12, and 8.04, respectively. The correlation of environmental resource resilience with institutional-managerial resilience, socio-cultural resources and physical-infrastructural resources was 0.788, 0.72 and 0.738, respectively, which indicates a high correlation coefficient. Therefore, strengthening the dimensions of social capital and paying attention to physical infrastructure and upgrading the management body in managing the environmental consequences of the earthquake crisis in Tehran are recommended

With the increase of population and development and expansion of urbanization, human beings have gradually moved away from nature and excessive population density and interference in natural environment and creation of man-made environments have further expressed the environmental and spiritual needs of human beings to address this. Needs Urban man has created gardens and artificial green spaces inside cities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the indicators of environmental management in Saei Park in Tehran.

First of all, the population of the statistical society consisted of Saeif park visitors and the sample size was determined 384 people. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire containing two parts with individual and professional characteristics of respondents and environmental management indicators. Validity of the questionnaire was carried out by a survey of professors and experienced experts and experts. Reliability and reliability the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20. Hierarchical method (AHP) was used to rank the indices

findingsshowed that the indicators of "noise pollution" and "quality and quantity of fertilizer" were in the highest and "status of care and maintenance of wildlife" and "surface water disposal and sewage system" were in the lowest ranks. Other findings showed that the personal and professional characteristics of citizens have been effective in environmental management indicators. And there was a difference between the views of different groups based on these characteristics. There was a significant relationship between the environmental management of Saei Park in Tehran and there was a significant difference between the level of client participation in the environmental management indicators of Saei Park in Tehran based on gender and age groups.

Comparison tests showed that there was a significant difference between citizens' satisfaction with indicators of the status of treatment and conservation of wildlife, variety of plant species, quality and quantity of fertilizer, irrigation status and base of solar lights. There was a significant difference between the amount of satisfaction of citizens from the quality and quantity indexes of fertilizers, the basis of solar lights, vegetation diversity, the status of the processing and maintenance of wildlife, and the disposal of surface water and sewage system. . Therefore, it is necessary to consider the individual and professional characteristics of different groups of respondents in the programs carried out in the field of environmental management.

What is being discussed today in the world of city management is the resilience of cities, which is very important because it can easily affect the life and durability of a city. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the basis for quality management of cities for future generations, following the increase in the capacity and capacity of urban settlements and their resilience. This research has been done with the aim of designing a resilience model with a value creation approach in urban management. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data collection. In this study, the statistical population of university experts and municipal managers in the field of urban management in Tehran were considered. Snowball method was used to select the sample in the qualitative stage. The validity of the content of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors, experts and thinkers. The results show that four economic, social, institutional and physical-spatial factors play an effective role. It is suggested that the dimensions of the model's structure be investigated as a moderating factor in organizations and the effect of changes in physical-spatial environment on the resilience management model in other organizations be measured and compared with the present study. From previous research and documentary studies, a suitable basic framework for this research should be created.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers have many applications in the food industry. Although there are numerous advantages for PET it also has some disadvantages, one of which is the migration of materials from the container into the material inside. In this study, the effect of two factors of storage time and temperature on the migration rate was evaluated and modeled.

To design the experiments, the surface-response method (RSM) was used. First, the type of migratory material and the effective conditions on the migration of materials from polyethylene terephthalate containers to soft drinks were identified and investigated. The primary results showed that the two factors of time of contact of the beverage with the container and the temperature of the storage environment have a significant effect on the migration of polyethylene terephthalate into the beverage. After the initial studies, the amount of compounds transferred into the beverage was measured by the spectrophotometric method and these results were modeled using the level-response method.

The results showed that the association between material transfer rate, temperature, and time can be modeled as a two-dimensional power model. It can also be stated by the model that temperature and shelf life directly affect the transfer rate with ratios of 0.003 and 1.17, respectively. The rate of migration is directly related to the square of the storage time and the temperature of the storage environment. The shelf life of the beverage has a very high impact on the migration rate, and mathematically the migration rate can be considered as a function of the shelf life of the soft drink. In addition to the shelf life of the beverage storage temperature is also a very important factor in the migration rate and the combination of the two can increase the rate of migration exponentially.

Polyethylene terephthalate containers are not suitable for storing non-alcoholic carbonated beverages and have the potential to cause harm to consumer health.

Since many plants have high efficiency in absorbing heavy elements, the use of phytoremediation is of great importance. The purpose of this study is to identify native plants that absorb heavy metals. Also, the possibility of using them in phytoremediation technology in soils contaminated with heavy metals (around the petrochemical industry of Razi fertilizer in Tehran province) was investigated according to the transfer factor.

This is a library and laboratory research, in which, first sampling of wastewater and plants contaminated with sewage of Razi fertilizer petrochemical industry was done. Secondly, the concentration of heavy elements of lead, zinc and cadmium was measured. Then, healthy plants which were not contaminated with the wastewater of Rzai fertilizer petrochemical industry were exposed to the wastewater of this industry and the transfer factor was calculated for all three elements.

The results showed that Achillea willhelmsii, Stipa barbata, and Aconthophyllum microcephallam had the highest concentration of heavy metals uptake with concentrations of 103.7, 237.3 and 0.9 mg / kg, for lead, Zinc and cadmium respectively and are good options for refining soil in the area. Heavy metal transfer factor was also higher in Aconthophyllum microcephallam, Amaranthus retrofiexus and Achillea willhelmsii compared to others.

The aerial parts of plants had a great ability to absorb heavy elements compared to their roots. Adsorption concentration and transfer factor of heavy elements absorbed by healthy plants and contaminated with wastewater were different. Healthy plants had a high ability to absorb heavy elements.

Expanded Abstract Introduction There is an increasing global trend in using effluent as a non-conventional water resource for a wide range of applications. effluent can be used in a number of applications, including Makeup water in cooling towers and boilers, Equipment cleaning, Vehicle washing, Agricultural irrigation, Landscaping and lawn maintenance, Urban reuse (air conditioning, toilet flushing, etc.), and Fire protection. The scarcity of freshwater resources is a serious problem in arid and semi-arid regions, such as Iran. Effluent can have different advantages including being a constant, reliable water resource and reduces the amount of water extracted from the environment. Wastewater can be a vast resource if reclaimed properly to become effluent. The right on-site treatment system can transform treated wastewater into a reliable alternative water resource. In a case of inappropriate treatment, wastewater is discharged untreated into rivers, lakes and oceans which is a global problem. Today, around 80% of all wastewater is discharged untreated into rivers, lakes and oceans. It poses health and environmental problems. Recovering water, energy, nutrients and other precious materials embedded in wastewater is an opportunity to cover water demand and contribute to improved water security. To handle increased water demand, effluent is offered to be used for agricultural irrigation. The use of effluent for agricultural irrigation is viewed as a positive means of recycling water due to the potential large volumes of water that can be reused. The availability of nutrients such as N, P or K is a necessity for plant growth. One of the advantages of using effluent for irrigation is supplying nutrients and reducing use of synthetic fertilizers. Effluent can provide the soils with micronutrients and organic matter. There are concerns, however, about the impact of the quality of the effluent, both on the crop itself and on the consumers of the crops. Quality issues of the effluent can cause problems in agriculture incluing nutrient concentrations, heavy metals, and the presence of contaminants such as human and animal pathogens, pharmaceuticals and etc. There are international guidelines and national regulatory standards for quality control of effluent in agriculture. Department of environment in Iran issued the standard for effluent quality used in agricultural irrigation. EPA and WHO have also guidelines for the safe use of effluent. Using effluent for various applications including agriculture irrigation has been examined in many studies. These studies focus on comparing quality parameters of the effluent with the standards without concerning uncertainty in a framework for overall suitability of the effluent quality. This study aims to present a framework of effluent quality assessment for using in agriculture. We perform such an assessment by considering related uncertainty via Fuzzy Inference System and integrating it with Delphi method. The proposed framework can be used for wide range of applications in which effluent can be reused as a source of water. Material & Methods Tehran city involves 7 operating wastewater treatment plants. Sahebgharanieh wastewater treatment plant is the oldest wastewater treatment plant in Iran which is located in Pasdaran Street (North Tehran). Its executive operations started in 1960 which was designed with the capacity of 2000 people as the covered population. The material of collecting network with the length of 5.3km is asbestos cement. Its average input flow is 25m3/h and the network’s diameters are 150 to 200 mm. In the first step, the most effective quality parameters of municipal effluent were identified through questionnaires. The questionnaires were given to the expert panel to be answered. The members were drawn from the university professors and industry sector research organizations. After aggregation of expert's opinion, 28 parameters were identified to assess municipal quality for reusing in agricultural irrigation. Delphi method was used to select the most important parameters from the total of 28 identified parameters. The Delphi method is a structured communication technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts. The experts were selected based on their educational level and work experience. The experts answered questionnaires in two or more rounds. Each member of the panel was sent a questionnaire with instructions to comment on each parameter by considering their importance in overall quality of the effluent for reusing in agricultural irrigation based on Likert scale (1= least important to 5=most important). In the second round, experts were asked to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. Finally, the process was stopped since there was low difference between scores of the first and second round. A predefined stop criterion and the mean scores of the final rounds determine the 8 parameters (i.e. Fecal Coliform, pH, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD5, NO3). In the second step, Mamdani fuzzy inference system was used to assess the overall quality of the effluent. The most commonly used fuzzy inference technique is Mamdani method. It is performed in four steps of: 1- Fuzzification of the input variables. 2- Rule evaluation. 3- Aggregation of the rule outputs. 4- Defuzzification. After fuzzification, 99 rules were used. After defuzzification, the results were compared with the results of crisp method. Results Based on fuzzy results, 39 samples were categorized as "excellent, 20 samples as "good", and 1 sample as "poor". According to crisp method, pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, and NO3 in the first sample were categorized as "low", Fecal Coliform and TDS were categorized as "medium" and "high" respectively. Based on fuzzy results, the sample was categorized as "excellent". The fifth sample was categorized as "poor" according to fuzzy results. In this sample pH and NO3 were categorized as "low". BOD5, COD, and fecal coliform were categorized as "medium" and Nematodes, TDS, TSS were categorized as "high". The ninth sample was categorized as "good". Fecal Coliform, nematodes, BOD5, COD, pH, and NO3 were categorized as "low". TSS and TDS were categorized as "medium" and "high" respectively. The last sample was categorized as "excellent" and all the parameters were "low". Fuzzy method results showed that samples No. 58, 59, and 60 were categorized as good and according to crisp method all the parameters except nematodes and TDS categorized as "high". Discussion & Conclusion Uncertainty as a result of data unavailability and incompleteness is a challenge in effluent quality assessment. In the present study, Mamdani fuzzy inference system was used to deal with uncertainty. Its ability to reflect the human thoughts and expertise in the assessment make it possible to deal with non-linear, uncertain, ambiguous and subjective information. In order to select the most important quality parameters considering agricultural irrigation, Delphi method was combined with Mamdani fuzzy inference system. Expert knowledge and standards were simultaneously used to determine membership functions. 8 parameters including Fecal Coliform, nematodes, pH, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD5, and NO3 were selected to assess the overall effluent quality for reusing in agricultural irrigation. The results showed the suitability of the selected 8 parameters in effluent quality assessment. Reviewing other studies showed that they just make a comparison between calculated quality parameters and standards. But, the present study presented a framework for overall effluent quality assessment. The proposed framework was demonstrated via the case study of a Sahebgharanieh wastewater treatment plant in Tehran. In order to indicate the model validity, the results of fuzzy model were compared with the results of crisp method. The comparison showed the same results. It can be concluded that Fuzzy model capability in considering thresholds in input and output values enables dealing with uncertainty. The proposed framework can be further used for other applications of effluent reuse such as industrial, aquaculture, environment, etc . Key words: Municipal effluent, Fuzzy inference system, Reuse, Agricultural uses.

Waste Management Organization (WMO) has always sought to educate and promote citizens in waste separation from the source. WMO, by developing the training programs, seeks to teach the concept of waste management operations to public citizens. This can be done through the municipal waste management educators. However, the question that should be addressed in this study is that: what challenges the municipal waste management educators are faced with in carrying out their duties, knowing that the problems and challenges of a career in teaching are usually considered as barriers. This study was carried out based on the questionnaires of Akphilet and Kout, in which 172 educators, working in municipal WMO, responded 5 questions on the Likert scale. Occupational challenges check reveals that the place of employment has not provided the necessary opportunities for learning and professional development. Yet, 59% of the educators believed that the organization needed to encourage learning and did not provide the basis for more professional development. However, the teachers of 20-25 and over 35 years old are seeking professional development opportunities more than others, and people become less willing to use their professional growth opportunities with the increase of their experience. The results showed that the influence of organizational factors of progress is more than individual factors. The people believe that the organization have to provide the basis for development and professional growth rather than attempting to make development and professional growth by themselves. The regression coefficient calculated for professional development measures showed that different parts affect the process of professional development.

Introduction &Aim: Environmental pollutions are the side effects of industrial activities which put the environment in danger. On the other hand, by growing the population and increasing the electricity usage in the country, it’s necessary to construct new power plants. Power plants were prioritized based on different criteria. In this research based on the environmental, social and economical dimention , Kahak wind powerplant (the biggest wind powerplant) and Pakdasht Combined cycle powerplant (the biggest combined cycle powerplant in Iran) were studied.

In this research, Multi criteria decision making methods such as AHP and Topsis were used .to select the priority of the power plants. These two are the most important and optimal decision making methods .

Among the five environmental criteria which were chosen by experts, water (weight of 0.451) was placed in the first rank . Other criteria like weather (weight of 0.223), social and economical effects (weight of 0.120), soil (weight of 0.114) and other environmental effects (weight of .081) were placed in second to fifth rank.
Discussion &

As a result , based on the expert’s opinion ( Delphis` panel) construction of more suitable powerplants as Wind cycle powerplants are more suitable than combined cycle .because of less environmental pollution and degredation and also are moved toward environmental sustainability

The attitude and values for preserving and supporting the environment shape at an early age. This paper, using the way of analyzing the visual concept has studied mural paintings of Mashhad kindergartens. Statistical universe of this research includes total kindergartens of Mashhad city which totals include 322 kindergartens. The quality and quantity of most applicable environmental concept showed in this painting. In the way of analyzing visual concepts, at first a total interpretation from each mural painting is presented and then compared it with all available concepts in the table of analyzing content, one mural painting can comprise a collection of concepts. Results show that overall environmental concepts are not well covered in the mural paintings. However, the most selected subjects for mural paintings in kindergartens are the pictures of the friendly relations with nature and the least subjects about the discussion of restraining the pollution of the environment. The all related conceptions environments in these mural paintings are 2017 items that in an overall 27.2 percent of the content in Mural paintings are related to environmental concepts. This result, in addition to study the mural painting in kindergartens, will generalize also a new way in Enhancing children’s environmental awareness in kindergarten.