فرزانه یوسف قنبری

Structuralist sociology is a theoretical approach to understanding social systems and structures that shape social concepts and behaviors. This type of sociology is an attempt to use models and theories to explain and develop the systems and structures of society, which are planned based on modeling and modeling. Sociological study of Masnavi anecdotes, since it is an overview of how to interpret and react to various events and phenomena of society members, it can provide valid and acceptable criticisms and analyzes about the society of the time of its creation. give effect By using different patterns and diagrams and criticism and analysis based on these patterns and models, as well as by analyzing Masnavi anecdotes, based on the mentioned patterns and models, the possibility of comprehensive understanding of behavior And the reaction of society members to various issues is provided. This sociological study can help to identify the underlying causes behind certain behaviors and reactions as well as their effects on social dynamics. In addition, it can provide insight into how different social systems interact with each other, helping to make more informed decisions about how best to manage social institutions. Among the actions and reactions of people in society that affect people's interactions in different social situations, is the belief in absolute determinism or complete authority in doing daily life affairs. From the examination of the six notebooks of the Masnavi, it was concluded that the above issue is complex and controversial and somewhat inseparable.

Referring to the stories of the prophets is one of the motifs in most Persian literary textswhich is mentioned especially in mystical literature. Molana and Shams Tabrizi are two great mystics of Persian literature who were influential on each other's thoughts and ideas, and by promoting their thoughts and ideas, they caused prosperity and richness of mystical literature. Researchers have conducted numerous studies on the similarities and points of commonality between these two mystics, but no independent research has been conducted on the place and position of the prophets in the thought of these two. In this essay, the authors have tried to deal with the contradictions and differences of the special viewpoints of Rumi and Shams Tabrizi about the prophets and religious elders in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method. By examining the works of Rumi and Shams, it can be concluded that Rumi has discussed the lives and stories of the prophets throughout the Masnavi as well as in the Fih Mafiyyah, so that through the story, in addition to attracting the audience and creating satisfaction and happiness, he has addressed his advice and difficulties. To make the way of conduct easy and comprehensible for those who are not able to directly understand these stages and levels are transformed in the form of stories. Shams Tabrizi has discussed the story of the prophets in his speech based on his own opinions and thoughts; But because his aim is not to teach and advise, like Rumi, he does not pay much attention to storytelling and sometimes to conclusions, and in the stories of the prophets, many times he has paid attention to one or at most two events in the life of a prophet.

Bozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is the story of “general amnesty”. In this story, the author depicts the social realities and changes of that time. In this research, an attempt has been made to adapt the issues criticized in this story to Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment. Emile Durkheim thinks about punishment that punishment has the function of integrating society. In his view, when a crime occurs, the values ​​and morals of society are violated. As a result, society feels threatened and reacts. Punishment is the emotional and natural reaction of society to the defect of collective values. In this research, the author intends to study the short story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi based on Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The results show that although punishments change over time their origins will not change. From this point of view, the change of punishments is, in a way, the adaptation of the punishment to the collective conscience of the time. In fact, as society changes, so does punishment.

Coherence means the lexical or structural relations of the text, or in other words, the intra-textual mechanism of the language that helps the author to create and communicate in each sentence or between sentences. In this research, the author is trying to investigate and analyze the travelogue of Nasser Khosrow Qabadiani in a descriptive-analytical way and library tools using Halliday and Hassan's theory of coherence in constructivist linguistics. According to Halliday and Hassan's theory, cohesion is one of the main characteristics of a text that is created by elements in the text, and these elements include three parts: lexical, grammatical, and linking, which play a role in the relationship between sentence components. In this article, the elements and methods of creating coherence in the text of Nasser Khosrow's travelogue have been studied and analyzed. The result of the research indicates that considering that Nasser Khosrow's travelogue contains material in the geographical, economic, social and political fields; It is a coherent, uniform and integrated text, and a number of elements and ways of integrating the text play a very important role in creating its coherence. Also, the elements of cohesion play a great role in its attractiveness, understanding and impact on the reader, which convinces the reader. In this way, prose and prose texts are distinguished from each other based on the language and content and the method of using the elements of coherence, and they are valued and graded in terms of the extent of the use of coherence.

Shams's essays is a book containing mystical thoughts and thoughts, which includes discussions about Sufism and mysticism. Cognitive linguistics emphasizes physical experiences in mental processes and the connection between mind and language. The purpose of this research is to understand and explain the connections between Shams Tabrizi's mind and language in his articles with the help of cognitive metaphor theory. The analysis of the topic shows that language in the form of metaphorical systems has a close connection with the worldview of Shams. What makes this connection strong is the writing of the visual schemas of the mind on the general principles of Shams' worldview and the organization of metaphorical writings and coherent networks of metaphors on the axis of the macro-cognitive model.. It shows a general view of conceptual metaphors in Shams's articles. The metaphorical system of Shams's articles is similar to his contemporary mystical writers. In Shams' narrations, Etgar is only the domain of destination, words and speech, which is conceptualized sometimes in the form of a breakable object, sometimes in the form of a plant, and sometimes in relation to color, in such a way that the unconsciousness of the anecdotes and Shams' lack of focus on a The single subject is one of the factors that made his style stand out from others in metaphorical conceptualizations.

. The study of reflection of literary elites thoughts has an effective way of evolving people public opinions by expression's art. The analysis of short stories based on the figure of speech used in them, in addition to receiving the delicacies of the role of the language element, appears as a dynamic phenomenon in the political and social conditions of its time. An article with the subject and title of social allegory analysis has not been found in stories and articles, but with the general title of fictional allegory; two scientific documents have been written in articles and dissertations. To write the article has been used sources such as books, literary sites and related articles. The research method in this article is based on descriptive-analytical method. First, there is a summary of the selected short stories, and then some of the allegories used are analyzed by content. Wherever the audience of popular literary works is people, more tangible and smooth type of literature such as allegory is usually used.

One of the motifs in Iranian epic stories is the presence of mythological heroes and characters. Water goddesses and other goddesses are mythological figures that manifest in the form of well-known women in epics. Carefully examining the epic-heroic long story of Samak-e Ayyar, one can notice the function of such a belief in a female character in the story using a descriptive/comparative-analytical method and by citing the works of mythologists like Mehrdad Bahar and reflection on mythological hidden layers of Samak-e Ayyar's epic prose. Themes like love, beauty, underground imprisonment, being sentenced to death, freedom at the expense of losing the first beloved and finally rising to power for the female character of this epic story indicate that Abandokht in regard to her mythological arches can be a symbol of goddesses like Ishtar Mianroudi and Anahita. Based on this hypothesis, the authors have tried to conclude that the influence of Mianrouds and their liability to be influenced in Iranian myths led to the formation of common structures, one of which is the appearance of the similarities between the above-mentioned mythological goddess and Abandokht in the story of Samak-e Ayyar.

Literary works of the Awakening and post-constitutional period have many social and political aspects and can be critiqued from a sociological point of view. One of the effective methods in criticizing literary texts, especially short stories, is sociological critique. In this method, the relationship between the structure and content of the story with the situation and changes in society is examined and how the artistic reflection and representation of society in the imaginary world of literary work is criticized and analyzed. The history of this kind of research and application of this method in Iranian short story criticism has proved the effectiveness of sociological criticism in short story criticism and study. Short story as a form of fiction was formed in Iran around 1300 AH by people like Jamalzadeh and continued its development along with literary currents. The first generation of short story writers, while getting acquainted with this emerging phenomenon, were able to create remarkable works and each of them followed a specific style that in the future, laid the foundation of Iranian short stories. In this research, the author has come to the conclusion through analytical-descriptive method and based on the theoretical framework of social criticism that the short story, like any other literary phenomenon, has continued to live in line with society and socio-political currents. Influenced and influenced by the community. Therefore, examining the content of this type of literature can be a new approach in the field of social studies.

 Masnavi Manavi in ​​its valuable teachings in the form of allegory, by telling moral anecdotes and points, always warns man against irrational, irrational and useless attitudes that are the cause of bad deeds, in order to choose the most appropriate solution when suffering and misfortunes occur. The famous psychologist Albert Ellis in his theory of rational-emotional behavior therapy refers to twelve irrational and irrational beliefs in the mind, the belief in which causes anxiety and emotional turmoil. One of these theories is about procrastination and seeks to explain why man delays his decisions. Procrastination is defined as the tendency to avoid activities and leave them to the future. In this article, while examining the issue of neglect from Rumi"s mystical point of view as one of the causes of human suffering and also procrastination, which is equivalent to the psychology of this issue, one of the examples of Ellis treatment in Masnavi, an anecdote has been studied and matched.

 This research is based on analytical-descriptive method and taking notes from various sources, especially Masnavi.

 Regarding the procrastination of Rumi and Ellis, they believe that delay in doing things and leaving them to tomorrow and the future will gradually become an unpleasant habit and it will be very difficult to leave it, causing the loss of life opportunities and not enjoying the blessings of life. will be.

 For centuries, Rumi and Ellis have each tried in their own way to appreciate time and opportunities before it is too late and to be able to change negative and vain beliefs in their minds to make cognitive and behavioral errors. Do not and reach spiritual balance and peace.

Sheikh Farid Al-Din Attar Neishaburi (618-540 AH) is the creator of some mystical masnavis such as Mantiq Al-Tayr, Mosibat Nameh, Elahi Nameh and Asrar Nameh. These works contain his mystical thoughts in a mysterious language. This article focuses on the mystical thoughts of Attar and aims at explaining the views and opinions of Attar Neishabouri on various mystical issues. The existence of contradictions and paradoxes, the famous mystical thought of "Die before death", the mystical story of Sheikh San'an, the discussion of repentance, the likeness of the divine essence, the unity of the existence of all the mystical mysteries which are mentioned in the works of Attar, especially in the mentioned works. Attempts have been made to present a comprehensive discussion in the descriptive and analytical way of these mystical thoughts and topics, providing examples and poetic evidences and explaining them.

A large number of gods have arisen from the world of mythology and have been appeared as famous heroes or great kings in epics. One of these heroes is Samak in the prose epic-heroic story of Samak-e Ayyar. This hero, like the mythological gods Indra and Mitra, is considered to have some mythical characteristics. Some of the mythological features of Samak are as follows: rescuing princesses from the clutches of evil kidnappers; an inseparable relationship with Khorshid Shah; destroying demons and fairies; constantly accompanying a woman who is the manifestation of a goddess. By an analytical-comparative approach and considering the Indo-Iranian sacred texts, Rigveda and Avesta, and the ideas of mythological scholars such as Mehrdad Bahar, the authors of the present article have tried to compare the functions of two gods, Indra and Mitra, with the functions of Samak. The results show that Samak, the prominent hero of the prose epic-heroic story of Samak-e Ayyar, is an amalgamation of two mythological cultures of India and Iran and have metamorphosed into a new form.

Attar Neishaburi, the great poet and great mystic of the sixth and seventh centuries, offers the meanings and themes of the highest mysticism in the best form in the form of symbolism and allegory. In his four well-known works (mantegh al-Tayer, mosibat nameh and elahi nameh and asrar nameh), he has set the cipher and symbol of his stories. The actors of his scenes are symbolic and allegorical that bestowed the poet's ultimate goal. The allegories used in the writings of Attar are the reporter of his feelings and experiences. He misses the bitterness of the bitterness of the bitter and indirect expression of his real goals. In this article, the writers have devised a descriptive analysis of the symbols and parables used in the poet's poetry for the necessity of research, focusing on four works of Attar.

In terms of deep structure, Bustan's tales, especially allegorical ones have a direct relationship with reflective aesthetics. Thus, this research attempted to analyze the author's reflective aesthetics, which gives depth and effectiveness to the work, based on the theories of prominent structuralists such as Todorov and Propp, examining the intellectual coherence and complexity of Bustan's tales through its structure and given Todorov and Propp's theories, and looking at the author's reflective aesthetics through the structure. Accordingly and taking such an approach, the current research was carried out based on the aesthetics and effectiveness of the work given the strong relationships between its elements, with the relationships between the elements of the works being stronger and more in agreement with Todorov-Propp theory, the effect of tales and transferring cultural elements from one generation to another, from an aesthetic perspective, through allegorical tales seeming to be more feasible and stronger.

Apparently there was no any relationship between Jung, Shirin and Nezami. By analyzing the Khousrow and Shirin rhymed writing specially Shirin character from psychoanalytic point of view may came to conclusion that according to the Shinowdabolen analysis  who was one of Jung students and follower that Shirin character may match with Artimes ( Moon and hunting goddess). To demonstrate such a comparing the poetic evidences were used as implementations. And ultimately was concluded that Shirin matched Artimes the moon and hunting goddess of Greek mythos from various aspects.

The Odyssey of Homer's epic is one of the world's poetic story which can be studied from different viewpoint. In literary criticism, the obscure and unknown aspects of epic will be clear by studying the psychological and alchemical of Odyssey. The Odyssey of Homer is description of Ulysses’ story who is Greek hero. He wants to return his home land from the Trojan War but on the way back he was involved in many adventures and faced many dangers and experiences. The Odyssey is traveling to unconsciously soul Ulysses and the discovery of contents and hidden and clear aspects of it. In this study, we want to study odyssey's mysterious travel and individuation process based on the analysis of Jung's psychological and alchemical. Individuation process happens when the center character the conscious self is transferred to the area between conscious and unconscious. Person tries to clear his unknown spiritual life and makes life balanced and sustainable. So Ulysses must pass a difficult path and in this mysterious journey he faced with his unconscious archetypes and he should be acquainted with them to achieve the ultimate goal and integrity. Since there are nearly relation between Jung's archetypes and Alchemy thinking, Ulysses character can be described as an Alchemy who change his parts of lowly existence into valuable things like gold that means the unity of opposites which is reaching entirety and self.