فرید عباسی

Little is known about the mortality rate of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in older people form low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the predictors of one-year mortality in older people with STEMI in Kermanshah, Iran.

This is a cohort study that was conducted on 421 older patients with STEMI admitted to Imam-Ali Hospital in Kermanshah from July 3, 2018, to December 21, 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to report the risk factors, and univariate and multiple Cox proportional-hazards model were used to investigate predictors of one-year mortality.

The patients had a mean age of 73.51±6.73 years. The majority of them were male (67.5%), residents of Kermanshah (74.9%), and illiterate (60.8%). Reperfusion therapy was administered for 86.0% of patients (50.4% with percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] and 30.4% with thrombolytic treatment). The follow-up period was 350.62 person-years. In one year, 76 patients (18.5%) died, of whom 12.4% had PCI, 16.1% thrombolytic treatment, and 0.38% no reperfusion therapy. Independent predictors of mortality were: No reperfusion therapy (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.42, 95% CI, 1.14%, 5.11%) and glomerular filtration rate (HR:0.97, 95% CI, 0.94%, 0.99%).

In this study, the older patients with STEMI treated by PCI had a lower one-year mortality rate. It is recommended to establish a comprehensive STEMI network to enhance timely reperfusion for these patients and improve their health literacy.

Citizenship rights are part of fundamental rights such as political participation, which is inspired by human rights in its relative form and takes on a national form in some constitutions, and in short it is the part of fundamental rights that is belonging to oneself. Also, citizenship rights are among the basic rights of every citizen, both men and women. These rights have civil, political, economic, social, cultural and judicial dimensions, and citizens play a role in every dimension. In this regard, the political management of space also has an important place. Political management of space in the national dimension is the political management of space in order to achieve national goals with a comprehensive, forward-looking and strategic perspective and taking into account the natural, human and economic constraints in geographical spaces (national and regional) And sustainable territorial development. By participating in elections directly and indirectly, citizens play a role in electing the leadership, the presidency, members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the head of the judiciary, members of city and village Islamic councils, and the chairman of the Supreme National Security Council. Implementation of various policies to political management of space in the country.

The need for technological progress and the lack of socio-cultural development necessary to use this new technology is the basis for the destruction of the existing environment and the rate of its destruction is much more severe than the tolerance of the environment and it is hard to repair it. Therefore, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the issue of the environment. Considering that the first step to preserve the environment is to know it, in this research, the phenomenon of the environment and what it is is explained, The history, importance, principles, approaches and environmental crises are described. By presenting the relationship between the environment and some concepts of political geography, including international laws and policies, environmental security, environmental governance, government and the environment, power and the environment, efforts have been made not to recognize the environment as a phenomenon independent of other phenomena. And secondly, to reveal how some issues of political geography are affected by the environment.

Transformation and dynamics in different scientific concepts are one of the main factors in science development. In the meantime, the field of cross-border studies, which is one of the major areas studied in the field of political geography and other related fields such as political science, international relations, etc., is no exception and the movement and dynamics caused introduction of new concepts or highlighting or diminishing of concepts, redefinition etc. in this field of study according to changes and developments. Understanding these changes in the field of frontier studies and in any other field is a matter of scientific necessity, though there are numerous shortcomings and deficiencies in this area. One of the concepts in the field of border studies is the concept of border area. The present study attempts to analyze this important issue as far as possible and to provide more understandable conceptualization and acceptable parameters for the border region.

The present study is applied and the method of study is descriptive-analytic. In the present study, it has been attempted to recognize the concept of boundary zone and to identify and analyze its shaping parameters for future studies. For this purpose, by referring to library data (books, articles and journals related to the subject), the conceptualization of the boundary zone has been investigated and in the second step the parameters affecting the concept of boundary zone have been summarized in 8 dimensions (defense-security, legal-structural, actors, historical, political-sovereign, cultural-social, economic, territorial), and in order to prioritize the criteria and sub- ANP Hierarchical Analysis Model is used.

Border regions are one of the strategic points of each country, with increasing emphasis on the interplay between actors and geographical linkages. Since there is no single definition of border area and most people confuse the concept of border area with the border line, the first step of the research is to try to conceptualize the border area correctly. In simple terms, the border area is the immediate geographical space of the border varying extent that is directly affected by the borders. It should be noted that the width of the border areas varies or decreases depending on the condition and performance of the borders and the surrounding environment. In general, however, with the increasing impact of border area through developments in various technologies and the expansion of the field of goods and human mobility increases, because these changes expand direct impacts and geographic spaces across borders.

Conclusions and Suggestions:

From parameters that form the border area from the views and theories related to the border areas, 32 parameters extracted for better understanding and are classified into 8 dimensions. Then, in order to prioritize the effective parameters in forming border areas, ANP method is used. The prioritization results indicated that the defense-security dimension is more important than any other dimension in shaping the border region. The most important parameters of each dimension are as follows: having a natural link with the cross-border in the territorial dimension, low investment in the region (for security reasons, etc.) in the economic dimension, having an ethnic link with the cross-border in the socio-cultural dimension, the influence of communication policy towards the bordering country in the political-sovereignty dimension, with historical links beyond the historical dimension, the interplay of actors, an agreed-upon and legal area of ​​legal-structural dimension, and finally being at the forefront of attack and war later. Defense-security is the most effective parameters in shaping the border region

With the globalization of the economy and the transfer of power from competitive concepts to economic power, access to natural resources is facing another power. Because economic development and industrial development depend on natural resources, ownership or easy access to valuable natural resources is considered as another indicator of conservation and power. If you have access to the natural resources of water trust, one of the sources of power will change. Suitable for the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey as two important geographical areas and proven in the region, are affected by different environments, the most important of which can be referred to water resources. The fact is that these two actors in the arid and semi-arid region of the world were created on the basis of another issue and caused challenges and conflicts for the actor. In this research, which is descriptive and analytical in terms of applied type and in terms of general research method, using library resources including scientific articles, books and reputable websites, seeks to answer the question of how water resources and through what parameters for Are the adaptations of Iran and Turkey effective? The results showed that the existence of rivers originating in Turkey, dams and dams, groundwater resources, acid rain, control of river sources in the upstream country, contamination of water sources with sewage and other materials, unique construction of river waterways. There is competition for the use and allocation of water resources due to the development of agriculture, industry and urbanization, differences over the share of use of the border river, diversion of the natural course of the border river, lack of dredging, effective parameters for water adaptation of Iran and Turkey.

Water is one of the most abundant substances on earth and covers about three quarters of the earth's surface. The total volume of the Earth's water is estimated at 1360 to 1454 million cubic kilometers, which, if evenly distributed on the Earth's surface, would be 2.7 kilometers above the Earth's surface. However, of the world's total water, only 0.014% is usable by humans and constitutes the world's renewable water resources and participates in the water cycle. The world map shows the mismatch of political borders with watersheds, given that the world's population has tripled over the past hundred years and the demand for water has more than quadrupled. This has led to competition and controversy to make the most of water as a geographical source of power. Due to climate, economic and social changes in the world, the people of the world will face a water crisis by the middle of this century. Thus, the scarcity of fresh water leads to its security and politicization, the ecological and Hydropolitical consequences of which can be very significant in the organic exchange of populations and the phenomenon of migration and insecurity. In arid and semi-arid regions, where rivers form the national border, these areas are potentially prone to conflict. In this research, which is descriptive-analytical in terms of the type of application and in terms of the general method of research, a general study of world water resources with a geopolitical perspective has been done.

The issue of security is one of the most important and fundamental issues for governments in the country. Because without security, no progress and development will be achieved in the country. Meanwhile, the southwest of the country is one of the geographical spaces that are affected by security issues in various ways, and this issue, both as a primary factor and as a secondary factor, has affected the spatial development of this part of the country. In the present article, looking at security and insecurity as a secondary factor in the southwest of the country, which is considered in the present article of Ahvaz city and with descriptive and analytical method seeks to answer the question that the most important security consequences of dust on the southwest What is the country, especially the city of Ahvaz? The statistical population of the study included professors, doctoral and master's degree students in geography, and the SPSS software and Friedman ranking test were used for analysis. The results of the Friedman test in five dimensions and its security effects on the Ahwaz region showed that in the socio-cultural dimension the most important consequence was migration from the region, in the economic sector reduced agricultural productivity, in the political sector increased dissatisfaction with government performance. In the ecological sector, the reduction of soil fertility and in the security defense sector, the increase in the amount of illegal traffic were recognized as the most important security consequences of the fine dust crisis in the study area.

Dental caries is a prevalent infectious disease, and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the most common bacteria associated with dental cavities. To control oral bacterial infections, especially S. mutans, different antimicrobial compounds and solutions have been used. Given the increasing side effects of these compounds, assiduous attention has also been devoted to the use of medicinal plants as an alternative. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential effect of a mixture of the aqueous extract of Rhus coriaria L., Punica granatum, and Rosa × damascena on S. mutans.

This experimental study assessed the effect of the mixture of the aqueous extract of Rhus coriaria L., Punica granatum, and Rosa × damascena on S. mutans. Eight different concentrations of Rhus coriaria L., Punica granatum, and Rosa × damascena extracts (0.078, 0.156, 0.312, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Moreover, %10 solutions of these extracts were used to determine the inhibition zone diameter using the cup-plate method. Chlorhexidine solution 2% was used as a positive control in both methods.

MIC and MBC values of Rhus coriaria L., Punica granatum, and Rosa × damascenaextracts against S. mutans were reported as 2.5 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, a mean inhibition zone diameter of 21±2.2 mm in the cup-plate method demonstrated that a 10% concentration of the extracts had an antimicrobial effect on S. mutans. Furthermore, the mean inhibition zone diameter of chlorhexidine solution 2% was obtained at 18±1.8 mm.

 As evidenced by the obtained results, the mixture of the aqueous extract of Rhus coriaria L., Punica granatum, and Rosa × damascena had an antibacterial activity on S. mutans. In addition, the formulation of the studied extracts was more effective than 2% chlorhexidine against S. mutans.

Environmental issues have great importance in the science of geography and among geographical experts because the foundations this field of science is based on environment. Environmental issues in Iran have grown significantly in recent decades and have overshadowed geographical spaces. The northwestern region of the country has a special situation because the water shortage of Lake Urmia has the potentiality of destroying the existing ecosystem in the future. The present study aimed at identifying the parameters affecting the drying of Lake Urmia and ranking them. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical method. The data was gathered using questionnaire and library source and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and T-test. The results showed that 44 parameters in human, natural and combined dimensions are involved in the drying of Lake Urmia. Among the human parameters that affect the drying of Lake Urmia, the parameters of disturbing the ecological conditions of the region and lack of attention to water resources management are so important. In natural parameters, change and decrease in rainfall, successive droughts are so important. Moreover, in combined parameters, changing the pattern of cultivation and production of water-rich crops and use of wetlands, regardless of the capacity of wetlands, are the most important factors in the drying of Lake Urmia.

The most frequent cause of TMJ dysfunction is internal derangement which that largely involves  the function of the articular disc. Anterior disc displacement (ADD) is one of the major findings in TMJ internal derangement.
Since the importance of knowledge of its etiology and also The role of all structural indicators association with TMD was not evaluated, in this research was investigated Correlation between  TMJ structure and disc displacement. This study was done based on case-control method. 31 Joints  with TMJ internal derangements and 57 normal joint Were examined. The two groups of clients were matched in age, sex , Economic and social situation. MRI finding was Disk position in Open and closed mouth and  condyle morphology coronal and axial view.MRI findings were Disk position in Open and closed mouth and  condyle morphology coronal and axial view. The data were analyzed using  x2 and Fisher's test. Patients with  TMJ internal derangement (ID), In all three groups  inchiding disk displacement with reduction(DDWR), disk displacement without reduction(DDWOR), anterior disc displacement(ADD), was encountered more frequently in Anterior, Anterior-inferior disk position in closed mouth,A statistically significant correlation was found( P 0.001> ). Also no significant difference was found in measurements between the three groups, for condyle morphology  in coronal and axial view. ( P > 0.4) It seems there is relationship between Anterior disc displacement (ADD) and Anterior, Anterior-inferior disk position in closed. But There is no obvious relationship between Anterior disc displacement (ADD)  And  condyle morphology coronal and axial view.

Microbial contamination of dental units is always a health problem in dentistry. This infection can be transmitted to patients. This study was done to evaluate the rate of bacterial contamination of water in dental unit of Shahed University, in particular by Escherichia coli (E. coli).
A total of 42 water samples from 7 dental units (endodontic, restorative, prosthetics, surgery, periodontics, implants and children) were taken. The sample was obtained from the tip of turbine. Also, seven samples from municipal water were taken as controls. For isolation and counting of total bacteria, blood agar medium and for E.coli isolation, EMB medium were used.
Gram positive bacilli were isolated most prevalently from samples, and Gram positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli. E. coli contamination was not seen in any samples. The amount of total contamination was higher in the morning than in the afternoon and most contamination was seen in periodontics and surgery units.
In the present study, it was found out that the tip of turbines has a lot of pollution. Several ways are suggested for control of contamination. In this study, it was shown that the work by devices and leaving of water in the morning, before its use for the patient, can greatly reduce the microbial load.

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have a more surface contact and solubility than conventional hydroxyapatite. Hydroxynanoparticles enhances the biological and mechanical properties of new regenerated tissues. The hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have received attention as a new and effective osseous graft for using as scaffolds in bone regeneration. The reports on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles biocompatibility are controversial. It has been shown that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles induces inflammatory reaction and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of nano-hydroxyapatite on the human epithelial cells.
The study was experimental and completed in vitro. The study was carried out in department of Immonulogy, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in November 2014. The human-derived oral epithelium cell line (KB) obtained from Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran were exposed to hydroxyapatite nanoparticles at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml concentrations in 24, 48 and 72 hours. Rod-shaped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with 99% purity and maximum 100 nm sized particles were used. Methylthiazol tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was employed for cell vitality evaluation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for assessing the viability of cells. Distilled water and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were positive and negative controls. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for statistical analysis.
The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on human-derived oral epithelium cell line in 24 (P Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles had a good biocompatibility. The biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were dose and time dependent. The lower concentrations than 0.05 mg/ml of nano-hydroxyapatite had the best biocompatibility over time.

The main cause of erosion is acid exposure. Side effects of erosion necessitate therapeutic agents’ uses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano- hydroxy apatite in tooth remineralization following exposure to soft beer. This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 18 human impacted third molars that had been surgically extracted. The microhardness of specimens was measured. Then teeth were exposed to soft beer and their secondary microhardness was measured. The teeth were divided into 2 groups (water and nano-hydroxy apatite solution) and were placed on 9 orthodontics appliances and delivered to 9 volunteers. These volunteers placed the tooth on one side in water for 5 minutes and the tooth in opposite side in nano-hydroxyapatite solution. This application was repeated 6 times a day for 10 days. The microhardness of teeth was measured again. Data were analyzed using Paired T-test. The tooth enamel microhardness reduced after exposure to soft beer significantly (P=0. 04). The microhardness of 9 teeth after being in water showed significant changes (P=0. 012). The microhardness of 9 teeth significantly changed after exposure to nano -hydroxyapatite solution (P=0. 001). Based on the results of this study، 10% solution of nano- hydroxy appatite could restore the erosive lesions.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common bullous autoimmune disease، which can cause mortality and morbidity in the patients who suffer from it. Researches to find reliable noninvasive laboratory tests to diagnose and monitor PV patients are being conducted. The aim of this study is to find the sensitivity of serum and salivary anti-DSG1 and anti-DSG3 antibodies in the diagnosis of PV by ELISA and to compare the results of serum and salivary autoantibodies with each other. In this case-control study، 40 newly diagnosed patients with PV were recruited. Forty healthy controls were also recruited to this study. The clinical diagnosis of PV was confirmed by histopathology and direct immunofluorescence (DIF). Demographic data، disease severity and phenotypes were recorded on the questionnaires، which were developed for this study. DSG1 and DSG3 ELISA test were performed on serum and salivary samples of patients and controls. The mean±standard deviation age of patients، 43. 37±11. 94، with a range of 26 to 71 years. The sensitivities of serum anti-DSG3 and anti-DSG1 were 85% (34 cases had positive test results) and 90%، (36 cases had positive test results) respectively. The sensitivities of salivary anti-DSG3 and anti-DSG1 antibodies were accordingly 42. 5% (17 cases had positive test results) and 60%، (24 cases had positive test results) respectively. While the sensitivities of serum ELISA in detection of anti-DSG1 and anti-DSG3 were significantly higher than those of salivary ELISA، since the levels of the latter are chnaging in parallel to those of serum ELISA، they might be used to monitor the disease activity.

Exact recognition of effective factors in hydrological processes such as conversion of rainfall to runoff in the annual scale can improve the accuracy of estimations. Investigations on 13 sub-basins in the Ghezelozan river basin show that the effective parameters of mean annual potential yield (mean annual runoff accompanied by water utilities in basins) are adjusted precipitation، curve number، mean annual temperature، area and basin slope. Meanwhile، this paper focused on adjusted precipitation which is related to the time distribution of water utilities in the basins. Validation processes using runoff data in basins for minimizing the differences between estimated and observed discharge values have been conducted. Those processes recognized two equations according to basin area for validation. Investigations in validation of two basins show that runoff result tolerances are about 5 than that observed discharges

Long delays in getting a paper published in a medical journal may affect motivation for research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the duration of the research, and the average interval between the completion of a research project and the publication of the research article in dental research journals.

In this cross sectional study, all eligible articles were collected and adjusted based on the reported intervals according to the month of publication. In this study, delay was defined as the interval between receipt of the paper and final modification >6 months, final modification and final approval >3 months and the time between final approval and publication >3 months. Name of the journal, authors, type of design, quality of materials (type and time of source, number of sources in English, Farsi, whether books or articles) and the project sponsor, were assessed to determine if any of these factors were associated with delay.

In this study, 7 journals and 509 articles were evaluated. 14.6% of the papers were delayed. Delay between receipt and final modification was noted in 31.2%, between final modification and final approval was observed in 3.3% and between final approval and publication in 11.2%. In 54.3 percent of papers, this data was not available. At all stages, type of journal had a significant role especially in the time between approval and publication.

Significant delays have been observed between receipt of papers and their publication in dental journals.

Aphtous lesions are painful ulcers on the unattached mucous membrane and causes some disorders such as limitation in eating ¸speaking and swelling. The aim of this study was evaluation of the prevalence of Aphtous lesions and relating factors on high schools girls of districts 2,3,6,9,10 in Tehran. this study was done as sectional- descriptive one. A total of 412 female students of high school districts 2,3,6,9,10 of Tehran have been studied as samples. A questionnaire was completed regarding the spread of RAS (Recurrent Aphtous Stomatitis) and, place of calamity, period of recurrence and relating factors reported by students. Data was analyzed by ordinal regression, mann whitney, correlation coefficient Spearman in spss. Prevalence of RAS was 51/21%. Recurrent period was between 3-6 months 32.3%) in 145 Patients and lesser than 3 months in others. The lesions were most spread in cheek mucous, vestibule buccal and labial (32/7%).The results of questionnaire showed that some food stuffs increased the calamity such as walnut¸ melon¸ kiwi, but this finding was not statistically significant. There was significant correlation between psychological disorders (stress and depression & anxiety) and RAS (p<0.0001), and between iron deficiency anemia and RAS (p=0.0001). Based on the results of this study, prevalence of aphthous ulcers is 51/21 and some food stuffs intensify these lesions and depression effects on recurrence of them.

Topical NSAIDs have been shown to be effective in treatment of recurrent aphtous stomititis. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to compare the effect of Triamecinolone asetonide and diclofenac in patients with recurrent aphtous stomititis referred to Shahed dental school in 2011. In this clinical trial Study 25 patients were divided in two groups (12 persons in control-triamcilonone group and 13 persons in case- diclofenac group). All patients were asked to apply the drug 3 times daily and the effect of therapy was assessed in 0, 2 and 6 days after start of the therapy. Pain level, disease period and ulcer size were compared with in each group and also between case and control groups. Patients in both groups were matched according to the personal and disease specifications. Pain level in day 6 in diclofenac group was 1/6±2/6 and in triamcinolone group was 1/5±2/8 (p<0/9). Ulcer size and treatment results were similar in both groups (p<0/7). It seems that both drugs have similar effects. However, considering the corticosteroid side effects, we recommend topical diclofenac therapy in patients with recurrent aphtous stomititis. Moreover, additional research is suggested to compare the effectiveness of the two drug.

Consumption of acidic carbonated beverages is the most important etiologic factor for dental erosion. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in microhardness of enamel in sound deciduous canine exposed to cola (Zamzam)، lemon soft beer (Behnoosh) and tap water. This experimental study was performed on 30 sound deciduous canines without caries and cracks. The teeth were divided into three groups and primary microhardness was determined. Microhardness was 359/2±33/1 in Delster، 371/97±25/5 in ZamZam Cola and 325/77±52 in water. Specimens were taped to leave the 4mm² window of exposed enamel. Then the specimens in each group were exposed randomly into tap water، lemon soft beer and cola for 5 minutes. Finally، secondary microhardness of the enamel was measured by the Vickers method. The enamel microhardness change in each group was studied with the Paired T test and between the groups with ANOVA test. The results showed that secondary microhardness of deciduous enamel after exposure to tap water was 98. 2% of primary microhardness. Secondary microhardness for carbonated beverage and soft beer was 81. 9% and 86. 7% of the original microhardness، respectively. The changes were statistically significant in the beverage and soft beer groups (P=0. 001)، but not significant for tap water (P=0. 07). Zamzam Cola and Delester decreased the microhardness of deciduous tooth enamel. The decrease of microhardness was less for Delster compared to Zamzam Cola.

The risk of infection by microorganisms in blood, saliva and exudates from infected patients in dental and medical centers has always been a threat to the patients and the medical staff alike. We do not always have enough time to autoclave the instruments, so this has brought about the need to develop different ways to quickly disinfect the instruments. Furthermore, deconex (a trademark) is a famous detergent for disinfecting surfaces and equipment. Nanosilver due to its smaller particle size has greater contact surface and has many uses as new antibacterial agent. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of nanosilver colloid particles and deconex P53 plus solution on Pseudomonas aeroginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213). To measure the effective antibacterial concentration of nanosilver and deconex 53 plus, the MIC and MBC measurement methods were used. The MIC and MIB concentration of nanosilver for Staphylococcus aureus was 10 ppm and for pseudomonas aeroginosa was 100 and 500 ppm respectively. The nanosilver particles and deconex 53 plus has bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, so its MIC is equal to the MBC, but in the case of pseudomonas aeroginosa, the value of MBC for nanosilver and deconex were 5 and 20 times greater than their MIC respectively.

Bioactive glass is often used as a filler material for repair of dental bone defects.In different studies osteogenic potential of this material was proved, but its dentinogenesis property is in doubt.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic pulp responses of Calcium hydroxide and Bioactive glass placed directly on exposed pulp tissues.

20 teeth that must be extracted due to orthodontic reasons were selected. These teeth were divided into 2 groups and treated with direct pulp capping. Calcium hydroxide was used for 10 teeth and Bioactive glass for 10 teeth. After 60 days the teeth were extracted and prepared for histological evaluation. Finally the data was analyzed with Exact Fisher test.

All teeth treated with Calcium hydroxide showed inflammation. Internal resorption was seen in 6 teeth and abscess in 5 teeth and dentinal bridge in 2 teeth. Inflammation was seen in 3 Bioactive glass samples and dentinal bridge in 7 teeth and. Internal resorption and abscess were not seen.

Bioactive glass appear to be superior to Calcium hydroxide as a pulp capping agent in primary teeth.

Equipments and surfaces in dental clinics and centers are always in risk of contamination. When there is no possibility of sterilizing them, fast acting disinfecting agents are used. In this study, antibacterial effect of a new disinfecting solution, named Nanex,against streptococcus mutans and pseudomonas aeroginosa was compared with pure Nano silver solution and Deconex 53 plus. In this experimental study, in order to determine the effective antibacterial concentration, serial dilution technique, evaluation of (MIC) and (MBC) were used. Finally bacterial growth was assessed. The # 4 solution (containing 100 ppm Nano silver and 2% Deconex) showed the least MIC and MBC for streptococcus mutans. The # 7 solution (containing 133 ppm Nano silver and 1% Deconex) showed the least MIC and MBC for psuedomonas aerogenosa. Thus, antibacterial effect of Nanex solution was more potent and effective than pure solution of nano silver and deconex.