قادر غنی زاده

 The health and safety of the employees of any industry is one of the most important issues to prevent the occurrence of accidents. This study aimed to identify and assess related risks in a battery-manufacturing industry using FMEA method and estimate the ratio of the cost of accidents to prevention.

 In this descriptive and analytical study, the production activities of the industry were first identified. Then the work process, employee duties, and Potential risks were determined by the HAZID method. Evaluation and prioritization of risks were done using FMEA method. Risks whose RPN was higher than 145 were determined as important risks and the ratio of incident cost to accident prevention was calculated.

In 62 active units of this industry, 716 risks were identified and prioritized, 16 of which (2.23%) had RPN above 145 with the highest priority. The financial pulp unit with falling and fire hazards and the assembly unit with the risk of fumes and lead dust leakage with RPN 245 were among the most dangerous units and hazards identified in the industry. In all units except one unit, the ratio of the cost of accidents to prevention varied from 1.2 to 25.

 The results showed that it is necessary to consider the correction of the important risks by the industry officials, according to the set priorities so that potential accidents caused by these risks are minimized. This prioritization can play an effective role in optimal risk management and reduce related costs.

Fungal infections are increasingly common in the hospital environment and the risk factors for these infections continue to increase and can become a serious threat to the life and health of employees and patients. The aim of this study was to explain the principles of prevention of fungal infections in hospitals at different stages of construction activities. This study is of the type of narrative review study, which is based on a comprehensive search of the key words "hospital fungal infections", "construction activities", "preventive requirements", "schools", their combination in the database. Valid citations available on national and international lines such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Science direct, and Persian SID, Irandoc and Magiran databases were done from 1391 to 1401. Preventive health requirements were then formulated prior to, during and following the implementation of hospital construction projects. According to several reports, more than 5000 deaths occur annually due to fungal infections related to construction and reconstruction activities in hospitals and health care centers, and transplant patients who are infected with Aspergillus. They face mortality between 74 and 92%. As a result, it is very necessary to prevent the spread of fungal spores through activities such as construction and renovation and to prevent the spread of fungal infections in hospitals. Because these activities predispose conditions for the spread of fungal infections and increase in mortality. It is necessary to design, implement, control and monitor preventive measures as a main strategy in three stages, including before the start of the project and simultaneously with the design of construction activities, during implementation and after the completion of construction operations by the infection control team of the hospital.

Chemical poisoning incidents are an important health problem with a long history all over the world and its occurrence in Iran's educational institutions in 2022 and the necessity of preventive, caused the authorities to pay special attention to the Issue. This study aimed to review the principles and requirements for the prevention and management of poisoning incidents in educational centers. The study was conducted by searching for keywords in national and international databases from 1994 to 2022. Due to the unavailability of related articles, several related books, guidelines, and authoritative websites were also reviewed. In intentional incidents, people are often exposed to poisoning by inhalation, eye contact, and skin contact. Children and Students are more sensitive and are the first to be at risk and show symptoms. The optimal management of the incidents requires the existence of preventive strategic plans to eliminate or reduce the risk severity. All the people present in the educational centers should be trained and gain sufficient knowledge about the preventive health tips for exposure to chemicals. In the event of an accident, timely preparation and response, especially the identification and recording of the initial clinical symptoms of the injured and the characteristics of the chemical agent, are essential to quickly identify the agent and speed up action in decision-making for the optimal management of the incident and preventing mass hysteria and disturbances in the psychological security of society. The results of this study show that creating motivation and teaching preventive strategies to perform health-promoting, safe behaviors, and reducing wrong behaviors have an effective role in reducing the occurrence of dangerous conditions and preventing poisonings, and helping in the event of an incident to provide the necessary services asap. It is expected that by informing and correctly implementing the requirements recommended in this article, an effective contribution will help to improve national stability against similar threats in the future, and by reducing the incidence and severity of poisoning, it will create the conditions for maintaining and improving the health of people and minimize the vulnerability of society, and prevent such incidents from reoccurring in the future.

Green Hospital is a concept that protects the environment from destructive human actions. It has emerged to achieve the goals of sustainable development, following the world wars, the industrial revolution, and the increment of environmental destruction. Further, Hospitals have moved towards the implementation of green hospital criteria according to their social responsibilities. This study aimed to investigate the challenges of achieving green hospital indicators.

The present study was conducted as a Mixed Method (quantitative and qualitative) in a military, educational, and selected reference hospital in Tehran in 2016. The first phase was quantitative which was performed based on collected information through translated checklists and initial hospital statistics. In the second phase, qualitative information was obtained by using semi-structured interviews with 10 hospital employees working in the fields related to the green hospital, Finally. the data were analyzed with EXCEL and ATLAS.ti software (Version 7) by utilizing central criteria (quantitative) and conventional content analysis (qualitative).

Based on quantitative findings of the checklist, the rate of compliance with the Green Hospital criteria was 56.8 percent. In the qualitative phase, the main challenges of the hospital were divided into two main categories (Internal and External factors) and 7 sub-categories, including the challenges of human resources, organizational and managerial, technical, financial, laws and foreign issues, cultural, and factors related to the organization's clients.

Based on the identified challenges, hospitals should work with external collaboration on educating and cultivating the clients and staff, amending government laws, modifying management thinking against environmental issues, and prioritizing these issues to pave the way for achieving green hospital criteria.

Nitrate is one of the most important pollutants in surface and groundwater. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different parameters on the performance of the electrical coagulation process in the removal of nitrate from contaminated water.

This study was conducted based on an experimental design and the statistical community was urban water. A cylindrical batch reactor with aluminum and zinc electrodes (monopolar arrangement) was used to remove 100 mg/L nitrates. The experiments were performed three times in direct and alternating currents using standard methods. Factors of pH, contact time, and weight of electrodes were evaluated, and the results were reported in tables and graphs.

Nitrate removal efficiency (87.4%) was higher in direct current, as compared to that in alternating current (39.1%). The highest nitrate removal efficiency of 87.4% was obtained in direct current, in comparison with 61% for alternating current. As the contact time increased, the pH of the solution increased in two currents, from 7 to 11.21 and 8.47, respectively. Total dissolved solids (TDS) at optimal conditions in alternating and direct current were 79 and 126 mg/L, respectively. After 30 min of settling, the produced sludge was measured as 17.66 and 280 mL/L in direct and alternating current, respectively. The weight of the anode electrode had the greatest decrease in direct current.

The results of this study pointed out that the process of electrical coagulation could reduce the concentration of nitrate to less than the standard. Nitrate removal with the direct current was performed with less energy consumption and cost than alternating current. As a result, the use of optimal conditions increases the process efficiency in the electrochemical removal of nitrate.

Hand hygiene is an international priority for the elimination of nosocomial infections. This research aimed to investigate the effects of handwashing conditions on bacterial removal efficiency and its economic estimation in a military hospital in Tehran.

In total, 20 hospital staff were selected from volunteers. The water temperature (WTe) (20 ºC, 30 ºC, and 40 ºC), soap volume (SV) (0.5, 1.25, and 2 ml), and washing time (WTi) (10, 20, 35, and 50 sec,) were investigated. The standard strain of Escherichia coli with identified ATCC (25922) was prepared from a reference laboratory and fresh culture was prepared on nutrient broth medium. Primarily, the hands of participants were thoroughly washed with soap and water, then contaminated with 1 ml of bacterial suspension with 1.5×104 colony-forming unit/ml density. After 3 min of handwashing, sampling was performed based on research protocols. The samples were transferred on eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 37 ºC for 48 h. After this time, the growth bacteria were considered the residual contamination on the hands.

Based on findings, various studied conditions had no effect on bacterial removal efficiency. Accordingly, WTi=20 sec, SV=0.5 ml, and ordinary WTe (20 ºC) can be used for handwashing with appropriate perfornance. For 500 people, annually 627 million Rials for water and water heating, 135 million Rials for soap, and 316 days a year on handwashing can be saved.

Optimization of the handwashing process while ensuring hand hygiene saves costs.

The importance of drinking water resources and their infrastructure for human health has made these resources one of the most vulnerable targets of terrorist attacks. The present study aimed to identify and assess the risks posed to drinking water facilities in Taleghan, Iran, using the failure modes and effects analysis(FMEA) method.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in all water facilities in Taleghan, Iran, in 2020. The types of potential hazards and threats of water facilities were identified by reviewing the necessary documents, field visits, observation, interviews, and opinion polls of water supply experts in Alborz province. Thereafter, risk assessment was performed, risks were prioritized, and necessary solutions to reduce the risks were presented using the FMEA technique.

The present study identified 40 potential risks. The majority of risks belonged to water wells (37.5%). The identified risks were 7.5%, 40%, and 52.5%, respectively, related to the quantity, quality, as well as exploitation and maintenance of water facilities. The highest risk priority number were 576, 392, and 343, respectively, related to the critical threats caused by point source pollution around water wells, poor protection and security of the pumping station,  as well as fluctuations in water flow in the distribution network and reservoirs. Furthermore, 42.5, 35, and 22.5% of the risks were at the critical, moderate, and non-critical levels.

Ad evidenced by the obtained results, water infrastructure in terms of exploitation and maintenance in the supply, treatment, and distribution sectors is vulnerable to various identified threats; therefore, it is necessary to make the needed adjustments based on the set priorities to prevent possible incidents.

Health organizations such as hospitals have a significant role in the environment and by considering the type of activity and how they affect the environment, we can understand the importance of these centers. Over the decades, the international community has designed and developed various models to prevent the harmful effects of the environment by various organizations. These patterns include various indicators in the health sector. The described indicators include: environmental management, building and environment design, energy and water consumption, air quality and pollutants, waste, preferred environmental purchases and chemical materials. Considering the importance of the indicators and its effects on the performance of the hospital, in this study, which was conducted as a review, a review of the indicators and the reasons for its importance.

Strengthening the security and flexibility of critical infrastructure such as water facilities, which are part of the main assets and vital centers of cities and are very vulnerable to possible attacks, has a very important role in reducing vulnerability in critical situations. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the risk of drinking water facilities in Hashtgerd city by Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). 

The present analytical study was conducted in the all water facility of Hashtgerd city, Alborz, Iran in 2020. Identification and determination of the types of potential hazards and threats of water facilities in Hashtgerd city related to the quantity and quality of water and operation and maintenance was done by reviewing the necessary documents, field visits, observation, interviews and opinion polls of Alborz province water supply experts. Then, risk assessment was performed using FMEA technique. The risk priority number was calculated by multiplying the three factors of severity, probability of occurrence and probability of discovery, and based on that, risk prioritization was performed and the necessary solutions to reduce the risk were presented.

In this study, 42 potential risks were identified. The highest risks belonged to water wells (35.71%). The identified risks were 10, 33 and 57%, related to the quantity, quality of water and operation and maintenance, respectively. The highest risk priority number were 576, 448 and 392, related to the critical threats that belonged to improper selection of water well location, possibility of physical attacks on reservoirs and long life of pumping station and water distribution network, respectively. 47.6, 40.5 and 11.9% of the risks were at the critical, moderate and non-critical levels, respectively. Risk priority number range of critical level threats for water wells with 8 risks was 192-448, for pumping stations with 8 risks was 280-576 and for reservoirs and water distribution network with 4 risks was 336-392.

The findings showed that all of the Hashtgerd water facilities are vulnerable to identified potentially critical threats and require serious corrections, control, monitoring and up-to-date and frequent staff training. Corrections implementation, especially for critical level threats, in order of priority for water tanks and distribution network, pumping station and then water wells, can play an effective role in reducing the risk potential and destructive effects of threats in crises and need to be seriously considered by water industry officials.

Economic resources, vital and gravity centers like food material and pharmaceutical warehouses are threatening by natural and man-made crises. Implementation of the passive defense fundamental’s is preventive measures, which can lead to elevation of the warehouses safety. This research was investigated assessment and implementation of the passive defense fundamentals in hospitals’ food and pharmaceutical warehouses.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on hospitals food and pharmaceutical warehouses in two universities of medical sciences districts. Assessment of the research goal was performed by valid and reliable researcher made checklist. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods.

In the first step, a checklist as the passive defense assessment tool for warehouses assessment was designed. In 20%, 70% and 10% of warehouses, the implementation of passive defense fundamentals is desirable, moderate and weak respectively, Site selection in 71.26%, camouflage, coverage and dispersion in 64.35%, fire safety and early warning systems in 68.92%, outdoor security in 36.47%, indoor security in 48.47%, structural reinforcement in 58.35%, door and window safety in 76.06% and in other important cases, 66.65% was appropriate.

The passive defense status in warehouses is in the moderate to optimal, indoor and outdoor security and the principle of camouflage and dispersion due to lack of initial construction of structures is weak. As a result, elimination of the mentioned shortcomings, safety improvement, and implementation of the passive defense fundamentals are necessary.

Infused black tea is one of the conventional drinks in Iran. Soil contamination with heavy metals can lead to accumulation in tea and causes adverse health effects. This study investigated the hazard potential of the residual heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd) in infused black tea samples in military centers.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. Six brands of high-consumption tea samples in military centers, including three Iranian and three foreign brands selected and randomized triplicated 5 g samples collected from each brand. After twenty minutes of infusion in boiled distilled water, the concentrations of heavy metals measured using ICP-OES. The results analyzed using Excel and SPSS software (Ver. 13) and the hazard potential indices calculated by THQ, TR, and HI.

Heavy metals concentration in Iranian brands was higher than the foreign with no significant differences (P >0.05). The maximum and minimum concentrations of arsenic in foreign brands (Ahmad and Golestan) were 0.019, 0.011 mg/l and in Iranian Brands (Damaneh and Fumenate) were 0.021, 0.006 mg/l respectively. The maximum and minimum concentrations of cadmium in Golestan and Ahmad were 0.002 mg/l and non-detectable and in all of the Iranian brands were 0.002, 0.001 mg/l respectively. The maximum and minimum concentrations of lead in Golestan and Ahmad were 0.068, 0.006 mg/l and in Refah and Fumenate were 0.021, 0.006 mg/l respectively. Hazard potential including THQ, TR, and HI indices for all brands, was lower than the recommended guideline values (>1).

Concentrations of arsenic and lead in all of the samples were higher than the national standards and WHO Guidelines. However, the hazard potential of the residual metals based on the calculation of indicators was lower than the recommended values from points of health consequences.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the security of water facilities in Hashtgerd with a passive defense approach.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2020 in Hashtgerd city of Alborz province. The assessment of the degree observance of passive defense principles was performed by completing the checklists for each of the drinking water facilities by field visits, observation, and interviews, review of necessary documents as well as consulting and polling the head of operation and ABFA expertschr('39') opinions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.

The overall situation of the passive defense principles observance in the Hashtgerd city water facilities was evaluated at a moderate level. The Well N.3 with the lowest mean score (55.31%) was at the weak level and well N.1 with the highest mean score (71.67%) was at the average level. In the overall evaluation of the observance level of passive defense principles, the site selection and safety against fire and early warning with the highest score (78.12 and 77.63%) were evaluated at the average level and the principle of dispersion, camouflage and concealment with the lowest score (48.39%) were evaluated at a poor level.

The results of this study showed that the serious attention of officials and the implementation of necessary reforms in water facilities to reach the desired level, increasing visits and field monitoring in various ways and holding training courses with a passive defense approach for employees is necessary.

 Safety and security are the most imporant for achieving the desired standards for the comfort and Welfare of the people. For this reason, threatening the infrastructure of society such as water facilities is always one of the main aims of terrorists. As a result, precautionary measures based on passive defense principles are a necessery in such facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the security of water facilities in Taleghan city with a passive defense approach.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in Taleghan city of Alborz province. The assessment of the degree observance of passive defense principles was performed by completing the checklists for drinking water facilities by field visits, observation, interviews, review of necessary documents and consultation with the head of operation and ABFA experts. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. 

The overall situation of the passive defense principles observance in the Hashtgerd city water facilities was evaluated at a moderate level. The Well N.4 and 1 with the lowest mean score (56%) was at the weak level and water storage tank N.2 with the highest mean score (67.84%) was at the average level. In the overall evaluation of the observance level of passive defense principles, the hardening with the highest score (71.25 %) at the average level and the principle of dispersion, camouflage and Concealment with the lowest score (46.2%) were evaluated at a poor level.

The results of this study showed that improving the security situation of water facilities in Taleghan in terms of the quantitiy and quality of observance and implementation of passive defense principles to prevent possible damage due to future dangers and threats is necessary and the necessary reforms must be done until the desired level is reached.

Emerging and communicable infectious diseases are one of the major public health challenges that adherence to the principles of primary health care can prevent the rising of morbidity and mortality in communities. This study investigates the environmental health challenges of Iran in the Covid-19 epidemic as an emerging infectious disease.Insufficient readiness of the health system, delays in quarantine and social distancing, the unpreparedness of health instructions, lack of personal protective equipment and disinfectants, delays in starting necessary research activities, unnecessary disinfection of roads, unknown mechanisms of transmission, poor ventilation of hospitals, lack of attention to reduced contact, parallel work in the development of health instructions, improper management of corpses and the operation of the public transport system were among the major environmental health challenges of the Covid-19 epidemic in Iran.Despite the growth and development of medical technologies, it is necessary to pay serious attention to primary health care services with an emphasis on environmental health as a key strategy of the health system in combating the spread of diseases. In order to effectively deal with the long-term presence of the coronavirus, the authorities, while making policy, take comprehensive preventive and sustainable practical measures in providing and developing environmental health infrastructure, and the people should be seriously and consciously involved in the implementation of prevention programs.

In disasters such as earthquake, health services providing by hospitals has a significant role in disaster impact reducing, so, availability of the programs and incident command system in these centers is important. The aim of this study was comparison of earthquake disasters preparedness in selected military and non-military hospitals in Tehran.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was done in 41 military and non-military hospitals in Tehran using quota and simple random sampling method. Data were collected using the approved questionnaire and checklist in eight areas of preparedness. The data were analyzed by t-test using SPSS software with a confidence level of 95%.

The average score of preparedness for all hospitals was 63.78 % (SD= 18.88) which evaluated in moderate level. Comparison of the preparedness in military and non-military hospitals in all dimensions revealed that the average score of preparedness in military hospitals was slightly higher than the other non-military hospitals (65.65 in comparison with 63.18%), although in the overall assessment based on the level, each of the two groups were moderate and theirs differences were not significant statistically (p > 0.05).

Increasing the preparedness in military hospitals requires planning to strengthen the weaknesses in four dimensions, including: 1) safety of equipment and hazardous materials; 2) necessary medical and nonmedical equipment and consumable goods; 3) hospital training programs; and 4) support for critical services, in non-military hospitals in the following dimensions, including: 1) construction risks mitigation; 2) hospital evacuation and field treatment; 3) hospital environmental health procedures; and 4) disaster plan management.

Warehouses are one of the most important, vital and economic resources of societies which have vulnerability in natural and man-made disasters and Crisis’s. These Crisis’s can have critical consequences for warehouses as economic resources. The aim of this study was to reviewing of the principles of safety and security of warehouses from point of the passive defense approach.

This study is a narrative review, which conducted by search with using of "passive defense principles", "warehouse", "security", "safety" and their combinations as keywords. Search of the related documents was performed in national and international databases that available online from 2006 to 2020. From all of the 45 documents, only a manuscript had included criteria for study was found.

Warehouses are one of the vital infrastructures for strategic needs supply. The passive defense is an architectural, engineering and strategic necessary for elimination of the natural and man-mode’s events and providing of the sustainable security in warehouses. Appropriate implementation of the passive defense principles can lead to elevation of safety and security and appropriate management of Crisis’s and thus Warehouses help in the proper management of Crisis’s. The results showed that for availability of the effective passive defense in warehouses, the adherence of strategic principals nine including site selection, camouflage, concealment, coverage, deception, dispersion, hardening, early warning, division and separation potential is necessary. Adherence of this effective principals lead to elevation of warehouses’ security and safety and helps to assessment of the passive defense criteria’s. 

Based on warehouses roles as an important and vital infrastructure for strategic needs supply, designing and construction of these places based on the passive defense criteria will have critical roles for needs supply and elevation of defense potential and national security in increasing threats. Therefore, using of the existing opportunities for correction and implementation of the passive defense principles in warehouses is necessary.

Drinking water disinfection is an essential process for elimination of the microbial contaminations. Water disinfection by chlorine compounds can lead to formation of Trihalomethanes (THMs) as a disinfection by-products and carcinogenic effects. The aim of the study was investigation of potential risks assessment of THMs occurrence in drinking water in selected military centers in Tehran province.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted in 2020. Thirty samples were collected from urban and groundwater sources. Free residual chlorine, temperature, pH and THMs of the samples were measured by conventional methods in which GC Mass measured THMs concentration. The hazard potential of THMs was calculated based on THQ, TR and PTDI indexes.

The average concentration of THMs in groundwater and urban water was 2.25 µg/L and 2.39 µg/L respectively. The THMs concentration had positive but non-significant correlation with free residual chlorine, temperature and pH. Provisional tolerable daily intake of groundwater and urban water was 0.10×10-3 and 0.11×10-3 mg/kg.day, respectively. The target hazard quotient for all selected centers was 0.001 and the target cancer risk for groundwater and urban water was 0.32×10-8and 0.34×10-8, respectively.

The results revealed that in selected centers, drinking water had not health risks from point of THMs concentration.

In recent years, the construction industry, especially hospitals affected by sustainable development, have created concepts such as "sustainable building" and "green hospital". With the development of implementation and evaluation systems of Green Hospital, various methods were presented. The common point of all these methods was the three areas of optimal consumption of water, energy, and less waste generation. This study was conducted to investigate the status of these areas.

This is a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study. The research population includes a selected military hospital in Tehran, Iran. Information on the consumption and cost of energy, water, and also the amount of waste production over a period of three years (2014-2016) in 2017 were collected and analyzed.

On average, the hospital consumes 80.79 kWh of electricity and 12.12 m3 of gas at a cost of 25861 Rials and 10808 Rials per active day bed, respectively. This statistic is active for 1124 liters of water consumption at a cost of 16,993 Rials per day bed. Waste production was on average 3.67 kg per active day bed, of which 42% was infectious waste.

The results showed that water and electricity consumption were 2.20 and 10.1 times the existing standards, respectively. The average production of total waste was 2.5 to 3.7 times and infectious waste was estimated to be 27% higher than international standards. It is recommended that hospitals adopt environmental protection strategies, hold training courses, manage waste, and allocate the necessary funds. In the macro dimension, the binding of these measures and the development of local indicators will be a useful solution. The lack of mandatory standards for measuring and reducing the studied indicators is a national challenge and it is suggested that the hospital reduces the statistics.

Aims: Drinking water pollution with trivalent arsenic [As (III)] is one of the most important health concerns in several countries. This research investigated the electrocoagulation process (EC) performance for As (III) elimination from water.
This process was performed using a monopolar arrange of Al- Steel electrodes in which the effects of reaction time (5, 10, 15 min), initial pH (5, 7, 9), current intensity (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 A) and initial concentration of As(III) (0.25, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/l) were studied.
The results revealed that elevation of pH from 5 to 7 and 9 led to decreasing the residual concentration of As (III) from 0.195 to 0.145 and 0.115 mg/l, respectively. Increasing of current intensity from 0.2 to 0.4 and 0.8 A led to decreasing of residual concentration of As (III) from 0.148 to 0.147 and 0.044 mg/l, respectively. The optimum operation status was determined as: pH=7, current density= 0.8 A and contact time 10 min, thus energy consumption was determined as 0.9423 Kwh/m3 of treated water. One-Way Analysis variance implied that initial concentration has significant effect on residual concentration of As (III) (p The EC process without oxidation can eliminate As (III) from water, up to the Iranian recommended guidelines.

Evaluating the environmental hygiene in military setting is very important because of the impact on the health status of employees. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental hygiene in military centers in 2014.
This cross sectional study the Method of census was conducted in 5 Military Centers. Data were collected through observation and assessing the environment and related existing documents, using 8 valid and reliable check lists including 504 questions. The total score of the check list was 1314. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17.
The average score of environmental health status in the studied centers was calculated as 794.8 and considered as intermediate level. The highest and lowest difference score, based on the maximum score, was calculated for centers number 3 and 2(56.5% and 66.3%, respectively). Considering the environmental scopes, the highest and lowest difference score was calculated in Solid Waste and restaurants (66.5% and 30.7%, respectively). The mean score of environmental health status in water, wastewater, food warehouse, plus zero fridge, minus zero fridge, kitchen, restaurant and public Places were calculated as follow, respectively: 63.8±3.57 (Intermediate), 32±11.95 (Non-desirable), 87.4±13.5 (Weak), 88.2±11.6 (Weak), 95.6±13.04 (Weak), 92±13.93 (Non-desirable), 160±28.36 (Intermediate), 113±16.25 (Intermediate), 64.41±12.8 (Intermediate).
According to the results of this study, although the average score of environmental health status was assessed as Intermediate, It is essential to dedicate adequate resources, pay attention to the health guide lines and to make decisions and follow applied and scientific strategies especially in waste management domain.

Several studies were investigated legionella contamination in natural and man- made water resources. The aim of this research was systematically review of legionella water contamination in natural and man-made resources.
In this systematic review study, the required data was collected using suitable keywords through PubMed, Science direct, Springer link, Google scholar, SID, Iranmedex, Irandoc and Magiran databases. The search was conducted without publication date limitation. Survey and selection of articles was conducted based on PRISMA checklist and Cochrane quality assessment standards. Out of 1386 articles, 56 articles were considered after excluding the remaining articles which were not related to the study objectives. Identification and isolation of legionella with PCR technique and culture in BCYE is one of the article selection criteria. The relevant data were classified in extracted table and analyzed manually. Excel 2007 software was used for to draw diagrams. Due to heterogeneity of data meta-analysis could not be conducted.
Out of 56 articles, 9 and 47 articles were published in Iran and foreign countries respectively. In Iran, 5.7-70% of samples were contaminated. In Iran’s hospitals 2.85-41.75% of samples were contaminated by Legionella pneumophila. In foreign countries, 0-100% of samples were contaminated and in these countries’ hospitals Legionella pneumophila contamination was 17%-98.7%.
Although in Iran legionella water contamination is lower than foreign countries but, based on WHO guideline (1CFU/L) for legionella, planning for control of this bacteria and relevance infectious is one of the health priorities.

Background and Water microelements can influence the growth and colonization of Legionella and infections associated with these bacteria. This research investigated Legionella contamination of water regarding microelements, alkalinity and hardness in selected hospitals of Tehran.
Hundred-fifty samples with 4 L volume were collected from cold and warm water system in three selected hospitals in Tehran. After determining the residual chlorine, pH and temperature, the samples were transferred to laboratory for filtration. Legionella culture was performed in supplemented BCYEa (approved as a gold standard technique for environmental samples). Legionella colonies were identified using biochemical and morphological tests. Microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Alk, and hardness) were determined by photometric method. Data was analyzed applying Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-withny, Spearman’s rank correlations, univariate and multiple logistic regression tests in SPSS V.15.
Significant differences were seen in mean concentrations of all the microelements in positive and negative test of Legionella (P0.05). Spearman correlation implied a significant positive correlation between Fe, Mn, Zn, Alk, and hardness concentrations and Legionella density (P Chemical quality of water influences its rate of Legionella contamination. Due to high densities of contamination, routine examination for Legionella detection and specific internal disinfection system in hospitals are advised to eradicate these bacteria.

Legionella pneumophila mortality and morbidity is a health concern worldwide. Due to the role of water in transmission of Legionenlla، several techniques have been used for water disinfection. This research was aimed to analyze the efficacy of ozonation process and the effects of bacterial density، contact time and pH on the removal of Legionella pneumophila from water. Legionella pneumophila was isolated from hospital water line and spiked into sterile drinking water with 300، 700 and 1000 CFU/ml densities. Ozonation was conducted within 1 L batch glass reactor with injection of 5 mg/h and contact time of 5 to 30 minutes at pH = 5، 7 and 9. Legionella culture was performed in supplemented BCYE containing GVPC and thermal treatment. After ozonation، the developed colonies were identified via biochemical and morphological tests. In pH =5، the contact time 25 min and pH= 7 as well as the contact time 30 min، increase of legionella density from 300 to 1000 CFU/ml led to the reduction of removal efficiency from 100 to 87% and 100 to 82%، respectively. In pH=9 and contact time 20 min with the same bacterial density، 300 to 1000 CFU/ml، the disinfection efficacy was decreased from 100 to 91. 5 %. Ozonation is an appropriate technique for elimination of legionella from water. The increased bacterial density led to the reduction of removal efficiency. The lowest and highest performance rates were obtained in pH=7 and 9، respectively.

Background and Nitrate is one of the chemical water contaminants which can be eliminated through physical, chemical and biological techniques. In this study we aimed for optimization of nitrate adsorption from water onto Magnetic Graphene sheet Nano Particles (G-Fe3O4 MNPs) via Taguchi experimental design. Batch reactor was used for optimizing of the five parameters (pH, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and nitrate concentration) at four levels by Minitab software, based on Taguchi experimental design. Signal to noise ratio was used with ‘the highest is better’ approach for optimization of experimental conditions and the highest nitrate removal efficiency. The results revealed that in optimized status (pH=3, contact time= 60 min, initial concentration= 50 mg/L, adsorbent dose= 2g/L, temperature= 50oC) nitrate removal efficiency and adsorption capacity reached 86.4% and 39.37 mg/g, respectively. Contribution percentage of each variable implied that pH and initial concentration of nitrate with 40.20% and 7.49% had the highest and lowest influences on nitrate removal, respectively. Isotherm and kinetic studies illustrated that, nitrate adsorption complied with Langmuir isotherm model (R2>0.993) and pseudo second-order kinetics models (R2>0.94). G-Fe3O4 MNPs can be used as an effective sorbent for nitrate removal from water or wastewater due to several advantages including easy and rapid separation from solution and high removal efficiency.