لیلا آهنگر

Rapeseed with the scientific name (Brassica napus L.) are one of the most important oilseed crops in the world. Considering the country's increasing need to import oil and the importance of rapeseed among oilseeds plants, increasing the yield and percentage of oil is very important. Therefore, identification the traits that increase seed yield, play an important role in the success of breeding programs. Yield is a complex trait that is affected by many factors. direct selection of a variety for yield is not often very effective, so investigating the relationships between grain yield and other traits for indirect selection may be effective. In such a situation, correlations may not clarify the relationships well, therefore, multivariate statistical methods and path analysis can help in understanding the nature of the relationship between traits for direct or indirect selection and improve the efficiency of selection in breeding programs plants become useful.

In this study, eight genotypes of spring rapeseed (SPN-202, SPN-204, SPN-206, SPN-207, SPN-217, SPN-225, SPN-227, SPN-182) along with 56 rapeseed hybrids (F1) were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019-2020 crop years in the research farm of Gorgan Agricultural Research Station. During the experiment, phenological, morphological traits, yield and yield components were recorded. The normality of the data was evaluated based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. In order to understand the relationships between traits and to identify the traits affecting on grain yield, at first, correlation coefficients were estimated, then stepwise regression were done. Then, path analysis based on correlation coefficients was used to determine the direct and indirect effects of traits. Finally, all traits were grouped based on principal component analysis.

The results of analysis of variance indicate a significant difference for all studied traits at the probability level of one percent. The coefficient of variation (C.V) for the traits varied from 1.37 (physiological maturity) to 10.31 (number of sub-branches), which indicates that there is sufficient accuracy in conducting the research. The results of correlation evaluation showed that number of pod per lateral branches (0.864), number pods per Plant (0.865), number of lateral branches (0.466), physiological maturing (0.329) and number of grain per pod (0.358) had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield (P<0.01). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the traits of number of pods per plant, number of grain per pod and 1000-grain weight has a decisive role on grain yield. Based on the results of path analysis, number of pods per plant had the most direct effect (0.881) and number of grain per pod had the most indirect effect (0.053) through the number of pods per plant on grain yield. In order the results of principal component analysis, four components were able to explain 75.91% of the changes in the measured data of 64 rapeseed varieties.

Results of the path analysis showed that number of pods per plant, number of grain per pod and 1000-grain weight had a direct positive effect on grain yield. Also, the stepwise regression analysis showed that the stated traits have the highest regression coefficients. Therefore, selection for these traits can be very effective in achieving high performance

In order to investigate the effect of the growing day and plant density on some agronomic, morphophysiological and qualitative characteristics of the early-maturing line Soy-93-31 soybean, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. Two crop years 2017 and 2018 were implemented in Gorgan region. The first factor of growth days until harvest time includes five growth days (GDD) 2328, 2182, 1893, 1712 and 1499 resulting from the date of sowing (10, 24 June, 8, 12 July, 5 August) and the second factor is the distance between rows 24, 36 and 48 cm (42, 28 and 21 plants per square meter).in this experiment, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grain, oil yield, oil percentage and soybean fatty acids were measured. The results of this experiment showed that planting date and density had a significant effect on the percentage of soybean oil and fatty acids. The percentage of seed oil decreased with increasing planting time (delayed soybean) so that the highest percentage of soybean oil on 10 June and the lowest percentage of oil was obtained on 5 August. Also, based on the results of planting date and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield and grain yield components, the weight of 1000 soybeans decreased with delay in planting. With delay of sowing date in all densities, soybean grain yield decreased, so that the highest grain yield was observed on June 10 and the density of 42 plants per square meter (3760 kg.ha-1) and the lowest grain yield was observed. Soybean was obtained on August 5 and the density of 21 plants per square meter was (470 kg.ha-1). According to the results of this experiment, the planting date of 10 June and the density of 42 plants per square meter were the most desirable planting date and density to achieve maximum grain and oil yield.

Wheat is the first important grain in the world and one of the strategic products of the country and the main source of protein and calories. Due to the growing trend of world population, the production and expansion of new varieties, has always been and will always be of interest to wheat breeders in the world. To achieve favorable outcomes in breeding programs, selection of parents based on general combining ability and specific combining ability is so important. Therefore, aim of this study was to investigate the general and specific combining ability of five different wheat cultivars and F1 hybrids derived from them in order to study the genetic structure and heritability of yield and its components to determine the type of breeding method and selection of suitable parents and hybrids.

In this study, five wheat cultivars including Kuhdasht, Karim, Qaboos, Aseman and Line 17, were crossed in a half- Diallel methode in the research farm of the Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad-e Qabous in the 2018-19 crop year. In order to comparative experiment, seeds of 10 F1 generations and parents were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2019-20 crop year. Then, traits Days to spike emergence date, Plant height (cm), Spike length (cm), Number of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), Plant yield (g / m2) were recorded /measured.

Significance of analysis of variance indicates the existence of genetic differences between the genotypes and the possibility of continuing the analysis by Diallel method. Based on the results of genetic analysis based on the two method Griffing B models, general and specific combining abilities were significant for all traits, which indicates the simultaneous effect of additive and non-additive effects of genes in controlling traits. However, the share of additive gene effects for all traits except 1000-seed weight was higher than non-additive gene effects. In terms of increasing in spike length, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight and yield, Aseman cultivar was the best compound. Also, Line 17 cultivar with the lowest general combinability was the best one in of early maturity and dwarf traits. The best hybrid for 1000-seed weight and yield was Kuhdasht×line17, that had the highest specific combining ability. The results of the Jinks-Heyman test indicated that hypothesis of the genetic analysis were satisfied only for plant height, number of seeds per spike, spike length, plant yield. Evaluation of genetic parameters by hayman method showed that the parameters D and H1 were significant, but the high contribution of variance D showed that the additive effects of genes action had greatest importance in genetic control of these traits.The rate of specific heritability also varied from 0.63 in number of seeds per spike to 0.93 for plant height.

Result of Griffing and Hayman indicated, additive and non-additive gene effects were effective for all traits. But, the low values of the mean degree of dominance and regression line break in the positive part of the Wr axis and also the significance of the GCA/SCA ratio indicate the high share of additive effects in the control of these traits. Therefore, due to the importance of additive effects, the selection method can be a suitable method to breeding these traits.

Nanotechnology, as a promising method for addressing sustainable agricultural issues, can increase propagation efficiency in palm tissue culture. The aim of this study was to prepare carbon nanoparticles and use the resulting nanocomposites to evaluate their efficiency in improving and increasing date callus formation.

Three separate experiments were performed to propagate calluses consisting of meristematic microsamples of dates. In the first experiment, calli prepared in MS culture medium were transferred to four culture media with different hormonal treatments from NAA and 2iP, and in the second experiment, calli composed of meristematic date microsamples in MS culture medium were transferred to four culture media with separate treatments from NAA and BAP. Different hormones were transferred from NAA and BAP. In the third experiment, after determining the best hormonal treatments from the first and second experiments, carbon nanoparticles were synthesized from graphite and calli composed of meristematic date microsomal samples were recreated in superior culture media with different concentrations of nanoparticles (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/L).

Based on the results of the first experiment, treatments of 10 mg / l NAA + 30 mg / l 2ip and 0.1 mg/l NAA + 0.05 mg/l 2ip were selected as the best callus propagation treatments. In the second experiment, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the applied treatments of 10 mg/l NAA + 30 mg/l BAP and 10 mg/l NAA + 10 mg/l BAP with other treatments with different concentrations of BAP. The results of the third experiment showed that the use of 10 mg/l NAA + 30 mg/l BAP + 30 mg/l CNP can produce the most calluses.

Due to the positive effect of carbon nanoparticles on increasing the weight of commodities, treatment of 10 mg / l NAA + 30 mg / l BAP + 30 mg / l CNP becomes the most suitable option for calorific cultivar propagation.

Bilateral diallel crosses of eight rapeseed genotypes were used to graphically analyze and estimate of genetic parameters for agronomic and physiological characteristics. F1 along with their parents (64 genetypes) were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Gorgan Agriculture Research Station, in 2019-2020. The results of analysis of variance showed that a and b components were significant for all traits. The results of the Jinks-Hayman test indicated that hypothesis of the genetic analysis were satisfied for pod length, number of pod per lateral branches, number of pods per plant and 1000-grain weight traits. Analysis revealed significant values for D and H1 estimation for all traits, which indicated the existence of both additive and non-additive effects on genetic control of these traits. While the proportion of non-additive variance was higher than the additive effects for all traits, which was in agreement with high mean levels of the degree of dominance. The positive and significant sign of F confirmed that there are much more dominant alleles than recessive alleles in parents, regardless of whether they have a negative or positive effect. Based on Hayman graphical analysis, 1000-grain weight was influenced by the dominance of genes. Narrow-sense inheritance levels were low for all traits, which could indicate a greater impact of environmental and non-additive effects on their genetic control. The results showed that selection-based methods were not very effective in canola yield improving and production of hybrids and exploiting the effects of gene dominance is necessary.

Seed germination is described as a prominent and important feature of a cultivar. In order to identify QTLs related to barley germination under normal, salinity and drought conditions, 103 F8 families from Crosses of two cultivars, Badia × Kavir, were assessed using completely randomized design in two replications during the 2018-2019, in the botanical laboratory of Gonbad Kavous University, Iran. Number of roots, root length, root weight, coleoptile length, plumule length, plumule weight and germination percentage. Linkage maps were prepared using 152 SSR polymorphic markers, 72 ISSR alleles, 7 IRAP alleles, 29 CAAT alleles, 27 Scot alleles and 15 iPBS alleles. The molecular markers used were attributed to 7 barley chromosomes with a map length of 999.2 centi Morgans (cM). The mean distance between two adjacent markers was 3.387 cM. QTL analysis was performed using composite distance mapping (CIM) for each trait in each environment. In this study, chromosomes 4, 5 and 7 were the most important chromosomes in all three conditions due to the presence of the most QTLs. Under normal conditions 2 major effect QTLs were detected for the coleoptile length (qCLN-5a) and Germination percentage (qGPN-4b) was detected, Under drought stress conditions, 3 major effect QTLs were detected for root length (qRLD-4b) and (qRLD-5) for stem weight (qPWD-4). The results of this research can be used in marker assisted selection programs after determining the validity

The septoria leaf spot caused by Zymoseptoria tritici، is one of the most destructive wheat diseases in the world, which causes lots of damage to this crop annually. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 0 and 200 ppm of chitosan on the expression of defense genes and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) activity, in Koohdasht wheat cultivar (susceptible cultivar) in interaction with the pathogen. Therefore, two-week plants were sprayed with chitosan, and then treated plants along with control plants were inoculated with Z. tritici pathogen. Finally, the expression rate of PR1, PR2 and PR5 genes were examined using qRT-PCR technique at 0, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 240 hours after inoculation (hai). According to the results, disease severity reduced by about 55% in chitosan pre-treated plants compared to control. The results of qPCR showed that expression of mentioned genes increased in treated and control plants, but the expression of PR1, PR2 and PR5 genes increased by 7.5, 4.15 and 3.76 times more in treated plants compared to control in 24 hai, respectively. Comparing enzyme activity in chitosan pre-treated plants and control, indicates an increasing trend of peroxidase enzyme and a decreasing trend of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in the first group of plants. The examined gene expression and antioxidants pattern changed in both groups of plants indicates the effectiveness of chitosan in inducing resistance against septoria leaf blotch in wheat.

Oilseed rape is one of the most important oilseeds in Iran. Due to limited genetic resources, the development of its cultivated area requires genetic diversity by hybridization in breeding programs and, finally, introducing potential lines to the agricultural community. Therefore, this study aimed to generate genetic diversity by hybridizing eight spring rapeseed genotypes using a complete diallel design and investigating the inheritance and genes action of some agronomic traits, yield, and its components in F1 progeny in a complete block design with three replications in 2018- 2019 and 2019-2020 crop years. Analysis of variance components showed that the mean squares of general combining ability were significant only for branching height, podding height, pods per lateral branches, and pods per plant. In contrast, mean squares of specific and reciprocal combining ability were significant for all traits. The highest and lowest values of sprecific heritability obtained for podding height (18%) and grain per pods (0.4%), respectively. The GCA/SCA ratio also indicated the importance of additive effects for branching height, podding height, pods per lateral branches and pods per plant. Parents SPN-182 and SPN-202 had a positive and significant general combining ability for lateral branches, pods per lateral branches, pods per plant, grain per pod and grain yield. SPN-207×SPN-182 and SPN-206×SPN-182 hybrids with the highest positive and significant specific combining ability are essential for grain yield traits to produce single cross hybrids.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the four important cereals in the world. Soil salinity is one of the major barriers to the production of important agricultural products. Crops are one of the most important factors affecting the level of secondary metabolites present in plants under protective conditions. Secondary metabolites help plants to survive and survive external disturbances (such as pests and pathogens) and stress environmental conditions (such as drought or unfavorable soil conditions). Many agriculturally important traits are controlled by many genes and are known as quantitative. The regions within genomes that related to genes associated with a particular quantitative trait are known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The identification of QTLs based only on classic phenotypic evaluation is not possible. A major breakthrough in the characterization of quantitative traits that created opportunities to select for QTLs was initiated by the development of DNA markers. One of the main uses of DNA markers in research has been in the providing of linkage maps. Linkage maps have been used for identifying chromosomal regions that contain genes controlling simple traits and quantitative traits using QTL analysis.

In order to locate secondrey metabolits of salinity tolerant genes in barley in vegetative and reproductive stages, 106 F8 lines caused Badia and Kavir crosses was used and cultivated as augumented design.This research was conducted in the research greenhouse of Gonbad Kavous University in 2019 and 2020. The seeds of 106 lines as well as were parents planted in the pot. For salinity stress, the lines were kept normal until the end of the vegetative phase and then irrigated with 16 dS.m-1 in the reproductive stage. At the end of grain filling period, leaf samples were taken from flag leaf and secondary metabolites of sugar, phenol, catalase and peroxidase were measured. The linkage map was provided with markers with clear and consistent Mendelian segregation markers (152 SSR markers, 72 ISSR alleles, 7 IRAP alleles, 29 CAAT alleles, 27 Scot alleles and 15 iPBS alleles). Four methods of mapping CIM, ICIM, STMIM and STPLM were used to identify the control QTLs and estimate the effect genetic of one of them.

Gene loci were detected for the sugar content using CIM, ICIM and STPLME in the region of chromosome 1 at 26 cM and near the Bmaq0211. Also, for the peroxidase effective loci on chromosome 3 were identified in 44 cM flanked Bmac0067 and HVM33. The SMIM method was identified at position 118 cM between ISSR13-1 and ISSR16-4 for the sugar content, phenol, peroxidase of a gene locus on chromosome 4.

qSUG-4 QTLs (sugar content on chromosome 4) with a coefficient of 20.2 as well as qPHE-1 and qPHE-2 QTLs (phenol content on chromosomes 1 and 2) with coefficients of determination of 21.3, 29.21 and qPER-1, qPER-4b, qPER-5, qPER-7 (peroxidase on chromosomes 1, 4, 5 and 7) are a siutable candidate for marker-assisted selection programs in the barley recombinant line population

The basil (Ocimum basilicum), is a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family. Since these plants are quite rich in essential oils, they are commonly produced for economic purposes. Also these plants contain phenylpropanoid compounds. Basils are commonly used in gastronomy and oral health care. Unfortunately, the production of theses crops is reduced under different stress. Salinity is the greatest concern in plant production and may result in serious losses in yields. There are 24 million ha of saline soil in Iran, which is equal to 15% of Iran's agricultural lands. Therefore, the use of elicitors can be very effective in improving the plant's resistance potential. Chitosan and Trichoderma fungus with elicitor’s action induce defense mechanisms of plants.

In the present study in order to evaluated the effect of Trichoderma fungus and chitosan on tolerance to salinity stress of basil, two separate experiments were carried out in a greenhouse of a Gonbad-Kavous university in a factorial arrangement based on randomized compelete design with 3 repeats at 2016. At first experiment, at first seeds of basil inoculated with Trichoderma fungus, then these seeds were planted in pots. One month plants were treated salinity stress in 4 levels (0, 75,150 and 200 mM) of NaCl for 2 weeks. At second experiment, at first, one month plantsˈ leaves spray with chitosan. Then after 24 hours theses plants were exposed salinity stress like first experiments. Control treat without chitosan spray and inoculation with the fungus were conducted.

The results of analysis of variance showed indicated that effect of chitosan, salinity and fungus on stem length, root length, root volume, fresh weight of stem, fresh weight of root, fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of stem, dry weight of root and harvest index were significant. While, the effect of chitosan × salt and fungus × salt was not significant for any of the studied treats. The findings showed a decrease of all of studied triats with increasing salinity levels, while chitosan and fungus pretreatment improved the effect of salinity stress. So that, the treated plant showed the significant increasing in all of the treats compared to control plants. Also the results showed chitosan and Trichoderma fungus pretreatment caused resistance to salinity stress up to 150 mM in basil. But increasing salinity stress up to 200 mM caused decrease tolerance in basil to salinity stress and yield loss in all studied treats.

The results of this study confirmed that chitosan and Trichoderma can act as biological elicitors. It seems that these elicitors by increasing the uptake of water and nutrients and better transfer of these substances in plant organs and ultimately lead to improvement of stem length and root length and increasing dry weight and fresh weight of stem and root on treated basil caused the negative effect of salinity stress in these plants were significantly reduced compared to control plants. Thus, it is suggested comprehensive molecular and enzymes studied is needed to better understand how chitosan and trichoderma fungi function in reducing stress effects.

Chlorophyll fluorescence is one of the very useful techniques in plant physiology because of the ease with which the user can gain detailed information on the state of photosystem II (PSII) at a relatively low cost. Detection of quantitative traits loci related to chlorophyll fluorescence have a major role in understanding the genetic mechanisms of photosynthesis. In the present research, to mapping, the genome regions controlling chlorophyll fluorescence traits, barley (Hordeum vulgare L) from 106 F8 recombinant inbred lines caused by crossing two cultivars of Badia × Kavir was used and these lines were cultured in a complementary randomized design with two replications. Traits studied include ABS/CSo, TRo/CSo, DIo/CSo, ABS/CSm, DIo/CSm, psi (Eo), TRo/RC, REo/RC, ABS/RC, DIo/RC, Area, Fv/Fm, Sm. Linkage maps were prepared using 152 SSR polymorphic markers, 72 ISSR, 7 IRAP, 29 CAAT, 27 Scot, and 15 iPBS alleles. Molecular markers were assigned on 7 chromosomes of barley. The linkage map covered 999.2 cM of the barley genome and the average distance between two flanking markers was 3.387 cM. Three major QTLs were identified for Area, psi (Eo), and Dio/Rc on Chromosome 6 between ISSR31-1-Bmag0867 in position 62 Centimorgan that explained 17.2%, 31.5%, and 15.9%, respectively. Also, another colocation was detected for ABS/CSo, TRo/CSo, ABS/CSm, and DIo/CSm QTLs on chromosome 6 in position 72 Centimorgan. The results obtained in the present research provide valuable information on the genetic basis of the Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters that can be used in the barley breeding program, including marker-assisted selection.

The aim of this study was to determine the linked markers to genes controlling drought tolerance using Iranian rice recombinant inbred lines.

In this study, 99 Recombinant Inbred Lines of Iranian rice population derived from the cross of Tarom and Khazar were planted based on randomized complete design in 5 kg pots at the greenhouse of Gonbad Kavous University in 2017. The studied traits were grain weight, Panicle weight, Panicle length, number of Panicle fertile, number of Panicle infertile and number of primary branches. To prepare a genetic map 265 SSR markers, 12 ISSR markers (44 polymorphic alleles), 5 iPBS markers (22 polymorphic alleles) and 2 IRAP markers (8 polymorphic alleles) were used.

The markers were used belonged to 12 chromosomes and 1047.4 cM of rice genome were covered. Five QTLs for drought condition and nine QTLs in flooding were located. QTLs related to number of infertile panicle and panicle weight in drought condition mapped between ISSR57-6 and ISSR58-2 markers, on chromosome 1. Also, out of QTLs identified in flooding condition, two QTLs related to the number of primary branches collocated to panicle weights QTLs on chromosomes 5 in IRAP30-1-ISSR2-1 region. qFGW-5, qPB, qFCN-3 and qSP explained a high percentage of phenotypic variation. The detected major effect QTLs in this study can be used in marker-assisted selection breeding programs after validation.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases in the world and causes significant annual damage to wheat crops around the globe. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method for the management of this disease. Recently, the use of acquired systemic induced resistance has been proposed to manage wheat leaf blotch. In this study, the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the relative changes of PAL and PR2 gene expression was investigated using qPCR technique. The expressions of catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes were also assessed in a sensitive wheat cultivar. Controlled and contaminated plants were sampled and compared at 0, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 240 hours after inoculation. The results showed that treatment with salicylic acid significantly reduced the level of disease compared to control plants. Comparison of gene expression patterns also showed that the expression of both PAL and PR2 genes in control and SA pre-treated plants increased after fungal inoculation; however, their expression was significantly higher (2.6 and 1.3 folds respectively for PAL and PR2) in plants treated with salicylic acid than the control. Moreover, treatment with salicylic acid significantly affected the activity of all three enzymes. It can be concluded that the high response of PAL and PR2 genes to salicylic acid pre-treatment, as well as increased activity of peroxidase along with the reduced activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes indicate the effective role of SA in inducing wheat resistance against STB.

A research was conducted to study floristic of weeds of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) fields located in Cheshmesaran district in Azadshar to report distribution and species diversity of weeds population. For this purpose, saffron fields under cultivation over 3 hectares was identified in three regions, including Narab, Vamenan and Tillabad village. Identification and sampling of weeds was done in vegetative growth stage of saffron (daughter corms) in 2017. 45 quadrates were used for each farm and then number and type of weed species each quadrat was counted separately. Weeds species based on Persian name, scientific name, genus, family, leaf shape, photosynthetic pathway, growth habit and life cycle were classified. Results of species composition of weeds in saffron fields of triple regions showed that Narab region with 54 species had the largest number of species. Veronica persica Poir weed and Stellaria midia in Narab and Veronica persica Poir in Vamenan were the dominant weed in these regions which had the highest relative density and frequency. In return, Hordeum murinum in the Tillabad region had the greatest density and frequency. This could be due to the differences in geographical coordinates, climatic conditions of sampling locations, competitive ability of weeds and management methods to control them in saffron fields. The results of species diversity of weeds showed that Narab and Tilabad included highest and lowest dominance index, which were about 0.13 and 0.08, respectively. In return, the highest Menhinick richness, Margalev and uniformiy of weeds were recorded in the Narab region about 0.67, 2.55 and 0.97, respectively. Narab and Vamenan regions also had maximum numerical value of Simpson (0.92) and Shannon- Wiener indices (2.64). Overall, the results showed that saffron fields of both regions of Narab and Vamenan were most similar in term of weed species number and population indices.

In this study, population of Chenopodium album were collected from four geographical directions such as east, west, north and south of summer crop of Gonbad Kavous. Then 10 plants from each direction at least with 100 m distance were collected and at the end leaves below the inflorescence of plants were selected. Collected leaf samples of each direction were tested for epidermal characteristics study and metabolites of plant. Epidermal traits of leaf stomata such as type, epidermal cells form, anticlinical wall type, length, width and area, the number of epidermal cells, index and density as well as content of starch, protein, soluble sugar and total phenols of chenopodium album were measured. Results showed that whole population of Chenopodium album in various directions had stomata in both surface of upper and back. The highest number of epidermal cells and stomatal index and density of Chenopodium album in various directions except in case of epidermal cells number in south were allocated to back surface of leaves. Stomata type and epidermal cells form on both surfaces of studied directions were animistic and irregular respectively. Chenopodium album in both leaf surfaces in different directions except south had anticlinical wall type a slightly undulating. The highest starch, protein, soluble sugar and total phenols in Chenopodium album were obtained in west, south, east and east respectively. Therefore, knowing the characteristics of stomatal cells, the compromise osmolytes of soluble sugar as well as phenolic compounds due to impact of the opening and closing of stomata and transpiration

Population growth and low protein content of cereals has attracted the attention of peoples to pulse crops. Pulses has important role in contributing to food and nutritional security and replenishing soil nutrients having a huge potential in addressing needs like future global food security, nutrition and environmental sustainability needs. These plants can fix nitrogen in their roots and are effectiveness in soil fertility. After harvesting of these plants, large amounts of nitrogen will be added to the soil that next plant can use them. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual plant with indeterminate growth habit. It is one of the most important food legumes. Generally, legumes are highly sensitive to water deficit stress in flowering stage. In different crops as well as chickpea, differential genotypic response to drought stress as a result of variation in physiological parameters has been reported. Drought stress is the most important challenges in production of chickpea in Golestan province. On time using of water in the most sensitive stage of plant growth will result in higher production of seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on some quantity and quality traits of Adel chickpea cultivar in Gonbad Kavous conditions.
 

 In order to study the effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on quality and quantity of Adel variety of chickpea, an experiment as factorial based on RCBD in three replications was carried out in farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2015-2016. Two factors was nitrogen in 3 levels of none consumption, consumption of 25 and 50 Kg nitrogen/ha and supplemental irrigation in 3 levels of none irrigation, irrigation in flowering stage and irrigation in flowering+seed filling stage. Traits that were measured included number of lateral branch, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, plant dry weight, seeds weight per plant, harvest index, grain yield, protein percent and protein yield. Seed planting was done during the third week of December 2015. Row spacing was 25 cm. 50% of urea was applied during sowing and the rest was side banded when the chickpea plants were at seed filling stage. Weed control was performed manually. Harvesting date was first week of June. Data were analyzed by using of SAS Ver. 9.1 software. For comparison of means, LSD at level of 5% was used.
 

The results showed that effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on all traits except 100-seed weight and protein content were significant. Number of pods per plant in the treatment of 50 and 25 Kg N/ha with 29.36 and 27.76 were more than treatment of non consumption of nitrogen with 21.13. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced the maximum of pods per plant that was not significantly different from irrigation at flowering stage. The maximum grain yield was obtained from consumption of 50 Kg N/ha with 3287 Kg/ha. Seed yield in none application of nitrogen was 2243 Kg/ha. The maximum grain yield was obtained from treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stage with 3218 Kg/ha. The maximum and minimum protein yield belonged to consumption of 50 Kg N/ha and non consumption of nitrogen, respectively. The maximum protein yield with 743 Kg/ha belonged to treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages and the minimum protein yield with 581 Kg/ha was obtained from non irrigation treatment.
 

Based on this experiment results, nitrogen and supplemental irrigation was affected all traits except 100-seed weight and protein percent. The maximum amounts of traits were obtained from consumption of 50 and then 25 Kg N/ha. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced maximum seed yield that has not significant different with irrigation in flowering stage. In general, it seems that for suitable production of chickpea, it is necessary to irrigate it for two times and applicate 25 Kg N /ha

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici, known as a destructive disease of wheat worldwide that led to severe crop loss, annually. As chemical control is expensive and not ecologically safe, application of non-toxic chemicals to induce defense mechanism in plant host is desirable. In present study, induction of host resistance using chitosan on the expression of pathogenicity related gene was investigated. The expression rate of PR1, PR2 and PR5 in wheat treated with chitosan (0, 250 and 500 mg/L) were examined in factorial completely randomized design with three independent replications at 5 time courses using Real Time PCR technique Based on the results, the number of mildew colony in wheat leaves treated with chitosan 250 mg/L was decreased 42.3% than control. Results of qPCR indicated that in treated plants, the gene expression were increased significantly after infection, for all three genes. Maximum expression level of genes were observed at 12 hours after infection. This process was observed slowly in control plants but in treated plants induction of plant defense genes seemed more faster than control. Furthermore chitosan 250 mg/L induced plant defense gene more effectively than chitosan 500 mg/L. The results would support the idea that application of chitosan can play an important role in inducing systemic resistance in wheat plants against powdery mildew disease.

Rice is one of the most important food crops, thus identification of definitive traits on the yield can be used in breeding programs. In order to determine the best suitable morphological markers for selection of superior genotypes, seeds of 15 rice genotypes including 5 varieties (namely: Binam, Dasht, Neda, Mashhad Domsiah and IR62871-175-1-10) and their 10 F1 hybrids of corresponding variates from a 5 × 5 one-way diallel cross were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. This research was performed at Gonbad Kavous University Research Farm in 2016. Twelve traits including plant height, length and width of flag leaf, panicle length, number of unfilled and filled grain, days to 50% flowering, 1000 grain weight, number of fertile tillers, panicle weight, number of spikelets per spike and yield were evaluated. Results of correlation analysis showed that the grain yield had significant and positive correlation with flag leaf width, number of filled grain and panicle weight, while showed a negative significant correlation with flag leaf length. Stepwise regression analysis (correlation coefficient 69%) indicated that panicle weight and flag leaf width are the most important components of grain yield. Also, path analysis revealed that the number of filled grains per panicle (I=1.27) showed the highest positive direct effect on yield. Despite this, the panicle weight (I= -0.81) showed the highest negative direct effect, however, this trait had the highest indirect effect through number of filled grain. Genotypes were clustered in 3 groups based on UPGMA method. Also, cophenetic correlation coefficient (0.86) indicated a high correlation between similarity matrix and the matrix resulted from the cluster analysis. Overall, the characteristics of the studied traits such as flag leaf width, number of filled grain and panicle weight can be important criteria for selection of high yield genotypes.

Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of wheat that make yield damage annually. In recent years, the use of induction elicitors has been widely welcomed. Therefore, in this research in order to examine the ability of chitosan , Flat were selected as susceptible cultivar, and the leaves were sprayed with chitosan. Then treated plant together control plants were inoculated with Bgt pathogen.Finally, The expression rate of MLO, B-I1 and NPR1 genes was examined in using Real Time PCR technique Results showed that in both chitosan treated plants and the controls, rate of gene expression were increased after infection for all genes, So that, in the first hours after inoculation, treated plants showed NPR1 expression more rapidly than control. Maximum expression level of this gene was observed at 24 hours after infection. But, in treated plants, the expression rate of BI-1 and MLO were less than the control and they showed minimum expression at 24 hours after infection. These results indicated these genes by decreasing their expression rate in order to increase the level of active oxygen species causes induction of cell death in the plant to inhibition of fungal growth and development in the early stages after infection. The gene expression rate in plants treated with 250 mg/L was more indicative than those treated with chitosan 500 mg/L. Overall; results showed that chitosan could induce systemic resistance in susceptible wheat against powdery mildew in low concentration.

Currently, the population growth and low protein content of cereals, has attracted the attention of people to legumes nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots, are effective on soil fertility and after harvest of these products, large amounts of nitrogen will be added to the soil (Majnoon hosseini, 1993). Among legumes, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) with cultivated area about 11 million ha and production of 650 kg/ha (kochaki et al., 2004), has more adaptations than the climatic conditions of the country, especially with the most dry farming areas of Iran compared to other legumes (Bagheri et al., 1997). Generally, legumes are highly sensitive to water deficit stress (Labidi et al., 2009). Gan et al. (2004) have mentioned that chickpea seed yield decreased by 50% when stressed during pod formation and 44% when stressed during flowering. In different crops as well as in chickpea, differential genotypic response to drought stress as a result of variation in physiological parameters has been reported (Gunes al., 2008). Drought stress is the most important challenges in production of chickpea in Golestan province. On time using of water in the most sensitive stage of plant growth will result in higher production yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on quantity and quality traits and nitrogen percent of Azad cultivar of chickpea. In order to study the effect of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on yield and yield components of Azad cultivar of chickpea, an experiment as factorial based on RCBD in three replications was carried out in farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2015-2016. Two factors was nitrogen in three levels of none consumption, consumption of 25 and 50 kg nitrogen/ha and supplemental irrigation in three levels of none irrigation, irrigation at flowering stage and irrigation at flowering + seed filling stages. Row spacing was 30cm and 10 cm between plants in the each row. Each plot contained four rows of 4 meters. To determine the grain yield, border rows and 0.5 meters rows from both sides of the excluded middle and the rest were harvested. To determine yield components 10 plants were randomly collected and traits were measured. The results analysis of variance (mean squares) showed that effect of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on traits of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, plant dry weight, harvest index and protein yield was significant at 1%. Effect of nitrogen on trait protein percent was significant at 5% and supplemental irrigation was no significant on trait protein percent. The maximum seed yield and protein yield was obtained from consumption of 50 kg N respectively with 3346 and 793/8 kg/ha. The minimum seed yield and protein yield was obtained from non consumption of N respectively with 1880 and 412/9 kg/ha. The maximum seed yield and protein yield was obtained from irrigation at flowering + seed filling stages respectively with 2923 and 649/7 kg/ha and the minimum seed yield and protein yield was obtained from none irrigation treatment respectively with 2199 and 515/9 kg/ha. Irrigation at flowering + seed filling stages produced the greatest amount of yield components. Nitrogen consumption increased all traits. The maximum and the minimum harvest index of chickpea belonged to 50 kg N/ha and none consumption of nitrogen, respectively. The results showed that all traits except protein percent were released under the influence of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation. All traits were increased by nitrogen application. The most amounts of traits related to irrigation at flowering + grain filling stages and then irrigation in flowering stage. High amounts of yield components in this treatments increased seed yield.

The present research aims to study the association and allelic diversity of linked microsatellite markers to grain quality QTLs of 84 exotic rice genotypes. To this end, 9 microsatellite markers (RM540, RM539, RM587, RM527, RM216, RM467, RM3188, RM246, RM5461) were used in which a total of 61 alleles were identified with a mean of 6 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.542 (RM540) to 0.812 (RM3188) for SSR markers. Cluster analysis was performed using UPGMA method and genotypes were divided into five groups. Furthermore, based on regression analysis, for rice grain quality properties in flooding conditions as long as drought stresses, 10 alleles were identified. Of these, four alleles with gelatinization temperature, an allele with protein content under flooding conditions, and three alleles with protein content and three alleles with gelatinization temperature were related under drought stress. It should be noted that the RM216-C and RM5461-D alleles were commonly identified in several traits. The presence of common markers for traits is probably due to the consistency of chromosomal locus controlling these traits or pleiotropy. The results of this study may imply that the important identified alleles for example RM216-A for gelatinization temperature (R2=30.1 %) can be used in rice quality improvement programs.

Use of fungicides against wheat powdery mildew disease caused by biotrophic Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt)), is not taken into consideration. Therefore, employment of artificial activator of defense mechanism that can induce resistance in plants, is very important. For this purpose, Falat cultivar as a susceptible genotype to powdery mildew, was inoculated with B. graminis after colonizing with endomycorrhizal fungus, Piriformospora indica, together with control plants. In another experiment, two weeks old Falat plants were treated with salicylic acid after 48h and then, were inoculated with the pathogen. Then, the pattern of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzymes were compared at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours after infection in three replications. The results of this study showed that the enzyme activity of the Falat treated with SA were less than the control plant before and after the disease (except peroxidase enzyme, which increased before and after infection). In symbiont plants, there was no significant difference in the amount of enzyme activities than control plants, except overexpression of peroxidase enzyme. Therefore, it seems that the symbiotic fungi is hot effect for inducing resistance via enzymatic pathway. Probably these fungi can play an important role through the activation of other pathways such as activation of pathogens related proteins. While, SA can suppress the biotrophic pathogen by reducing the capacity of the antioxidant enzymes and inducting the rapid cell death. Therefore, the application of SA against powdery mildew is recommended.