لیلا مفاخری

Understanding the spatial distribution of employment-generating facilities in rural areas is crucial for economic development. Planning future initiatives based on this understanding can lead to the economic growth of villages and, ultimately, the country’s economy. Since economic activities, along with facilities and employment opportunities, are not evenly distributed across regions, each area requires tailored development programs that align with its unique characteristics. This study aims to evaluate spatial justice in the distribution of facilities and the trends in job creation across major economic sectors in the rural areas of Lorestan province, analyzed by county.

In the present study, a descriptive and analytical research method was employed. The analysis focused on the area of Lorestan province, broken down by county. To gather information, data from the Deputy of Entrepreneurship and Employment Development at the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare in Lorestan province from November 2021 were used, specifically for the registration and receipt of entrepreneurship credit loans. The study examined the pattern of dispersion and spatial distribution of rural employment-generating facilities and credits across various fields within the counties of Lorestan province in 2021. The spatial distribution of these employment-generating loans at the county level was mapped using ArcMap software. Finally, the hot spot analysis technique was applied to rank the distribution of loans received by the villagers.

According to data from the Deputy of Entrepreneurship and Employment Development of the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare in November 2021, a total of 5,445 employment-generating projects across Lorestan province received financial assistance. The highest number of projects was in Khorramabad County, with 946 projects, while the lowest was in Rumeshkan, with 163 projects. The distribution of financial assistance and direct employment generated by these projects followed a similar pattern. Specifically, 24% of the financial assistance and 22% of the direct employment were in Khorramabad, while the lowest percentages, 2.3% and 2.7%, respectively, were in Rumeshkan. The findings show the distribution of project numbers, financial assistance, and direct employment across the counties. Regarding the correlation between direct employment generated by rural employment loans and the unemployment rates in rural areas of Lorestan counties, the data indicates a negative correlation of -0.13. In other words, counties with higher unemployment rates tended to have lower levels of employment generation, and vice versa.To identify the spatial distribution pattern of rural employment loans across the counties of Lorestan province, the amount of financial assistance provided in each county was analyzed. Using the Hotspot technique in ArcMap, the spatial pattern was identified. The analysis revealed that counties in the central and southeastern parts of the province received the highest proportion of financial assistance, while peripheral and western counties received the least. This analysis indicates that the distribution of financial assistance across Lorestan’s counties has not been balanced or equitable.Another major indicator for evaluating the distribution of employment loans in Lorestan province is the Hotspot analysis. Maps were created and analyzed at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, focusing on both hot and cold spots. The Hotspot index in ArcMap shows significant spatial disparities in the distribution of loans across beekeeping, agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, and aquaculture sectors, indicating inequality among counties. However, in sectors like medicinal plants, tourism, services, and animal husbandry, these disparities are not significant, and no identifiable inequality was observed.To evaluate the correlation between the production ratio of each county in the main rural activity sectors and the ratio of loans distributed across various sectors, a correlation analysis was conducted. The results indicate a positive correlation between production capacity and activity in the rural areas of Lorestan’s counties and the amount of loans distributed, except in the fisheries and fish farming sector, which showed a negative correlation. Specifically, the correlation in the animal husbandry sector is 94%, in tourism, handicrafts, and services 65%, in beekeeping 52%, in agriculture 42%, in the production and processing of medicinal plants 24%, in horticulture 13%, and in fisheries and fish farming -26%. Although the correlation is relatively low in the agriculture, medicinal plants, horticulture, and fisheries sectors, it is not negative. Providing more employment loans in these sectors in counties with potential can contribute positively to the sustainable development of rural areas. Overall, the distribution of loans has been aligned with the existing capacities in Lorestan’s rural areas, aiming to activate and strengthen these capacities. However, in the case of fisheries and fish farming, the distribution of loans has not been appropriate.

The research results indicate that spatial justice has not been observed in the distribution of rural employment loans across the counties of Lorestan province. There is no direct correlation between the unemployment rates in rural areas and the allocation of these loans, with most of the funds concentrated in counties neighboring the provincial capital. However, the results also show a significant correlation between the environmental capacity of the counties and the job sectors that received employment loans, suggesting that, in this regard, spatial justice has been maintained across the counties.

Every year, natural hazards occur with great severity and sometimes they destroy people completely Today, science has proven that natural hazards cannot be avoided. He simply considered a natural event and did not pay attention to their complex causes. Most of these causes are attributed to a combination of socio-economic factors. But it is possible to reduce their consequences by carefully planning against such accidents. When these hazards and disasters have a human aspect and affect humans, human activity and human environment, they are introduced as crisis.
According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of FAO, 5-15% of agricultural products are lost annually due to damage caused by frost and frost, this number reaches more than 40% for some sensitive garden products, especially almonds, pistachios and apricots. . The amount of damage caused by this complication in Iran is more than 500 million dollars. Rural settlements suffer the most damage after a drought. Thus, there is a significant relationship between the risk management of agricultural activities with most environmental components and natural disasters such as drought, flood, frost, etc. up to the 99% confidence level. In order to reduce the effects of natural hazards in rural areas, there are various strategies that can be used to manage the risk of natural hazards , diversification of agricultural productio, contract farming and increasing farmers' awareness of natural hazards.
Gardens are one of the most important sources of livelihood in rural areas in Tuysarkan city in Hamadan province. Tuysarkan city has 7600 hectares of garden lands, which includes 14% of all gardens in Hamadan province. Due to its geographical location, weather conditions and geological structure, this city is exposed to various natural hazards. Among them, we can mention drought, land subsidence, frost and earthquake. Identifying natural hazards in Tuiserkan city and the effects of these hazards, as well as the actions of the local community to reduce existing hazards, are among the most important goals of this research.

In the current research, we tried to use different methods so that the subject can be better investigated from different angles of research. This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on a descriptive-analytical research plan and is considered analytical-exploratory in nature. The research data has been collected through questionnaires and official statistics of institutions such as Iran Water Resources Management Company and the country's Meteorological Organization. Data analysis has been done descriptively and analytically using Excel and GIS software.

The results of the research show that the most important hazards in the field of horticulture in the central part of Tuiserkan are frost in the first place and drought and hail in the second and third places. Also, other results show that the most important risk that affects the livelihood and income of the local community is the annual frost of gardens, which has caused the migration of some family members, and the amount of income is also affected by this risk. Regarding the solutions proposed by the local community to reduce the effects of natural hazards on walnut orchards, providing financial facilities, using information technology, and planting cold-resistant species were among the most important solutions proposed by the local community. Regarding the analysis of open questions and conducted interviews, Netaj shows that the most important measures to reduce the effects of natural hazards (freezing, drought and hail) on walnut orchards are: heating the orchard environment, using resistant and using drip irrigation. Also, the evaluation of the analysis of local knowledge and the experience of the past regarding measures to reduce the effects of frost on walnut orchards shows that the actions of the past are not very popular with the current generation and they are doing the same thing that the past did. With this difference, the ancients believed more in luck and destiny than in practical action. Finally, from the point of view of the local community, the best measure to reduce the effects of frost on the walnut orchards in the central part of Tuiserkan is genetic modification of the orchards and cultivation of resistant species.

Esotericism of Buddhist Tantarism is specific aspects and exceptional of Hinduism that surprisingly develop the reason aversion and breaking with tradition. Therefore Esotericism of Buddhist Tantarism there are occult teachings that was common in Hindu Buddhism. The spiritual teachings of transrational ideas that the human world is very effective in solving problems. In esoteric thinking of Tantarism this thought is commom that all human values are created by the human mind. Therefore for tantric thinker the all of ceremonial and religious values are unreal and imaginary. In other words, in Buddhist Tantarism the world is amere illusion and unfounded maya. Therefore the tantric thinker the reason aversion and breaking with tradition. Because the base of world is unfounded maya and sunyata. In this research I attempt by studing the literal and idiomatic meaning of Tantarism and its history and the distinctive features of Tantarism analize in this Esotericism Philosophical and Mystical ideas in form of conceptual schema.

Given that the tourism industry is a powerful tool for regional development, it is very important to discuss tourism clusters. One of the tourism management strategies at the geographical level is to complete the tourism cluster. The present study has identified the existing problems in the activities of institutions and inter-institutional relations of the tourism cluster in the central part of Rafsanjan city and then presented appropriate strategies in completing the tourism cluster. This research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of nature and method. Research data were collected through interviews with owners of organizations and management of tourism-related institutions in the study area. Quantitative and qualitative methods (sequential mixing) and NodExcel and ExpertChoice software were used to analyze the data. The results show that there are elements of tourism cluster formation in the central part of Rafsanjan, but there is no horizontal and vertical communication between institutions and organizations in proportion to the complete cluster structure, and this situation needs to be organized, which ultimately strategies to improve hard infrastructure. Organizing attractions and upgrading soft infrastructure were proposed for the development of tourism clusters in the central part of Rafsanjan.

The growing trend of aging populations in Iran associated with physical and mental disorders strengthen the necessity of life quality determination of this stratum. The life quality of the elderly in urban areas is influenced by a variety of factors, including environmental and social conditions. Therefore, all areas of Tehran metropolitan do not have the same conditions for an elderly life. For this purpose, the study examined the status of Tehran metropolitan areas based on indicators of the elderly life. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the main variables are socio-cultural indicators, recreational index, health and transportation issues. Data analysis using Excel and GIS software has also been implemented for the TOPSIS model to rank 22 areas. The results of this research are presented in the ranking of 22 areas of Tehran in 5 spectra (perfectly suitable, appropriate, moderate, inappropriate, and completely inappropriate). The results of the Topsis technique show that Zone 2 ranked the first suitable area for the elderly life, and the 17th region has the last level among districts of Tehran. The results of this study showed that monitoring the situation of the elderly is noticeable, especially among elderly people who live in the east (regions 8 and 13) and south of Tehran (regions 10, 17 and 19).

Border provinces have a very important role in the development and security of the country; So that both in the export and import sector in the border bottlenecks are very important and in defense of external threats act as a shield for the whole country. Meanwhile, rural areas as the smallest cells of the territorial space are very important in consolidating the role and nature of border provinces. Examining the development situation and identifying the development pattern among the border provinces will help the officials and statesmen to understand the main issues of the rural areas of the border provinces and take steps to improve the development indicators. Accordingly, in the present study, the spatial ranking and analysis of the border provinces of the country has been done based on 20 main indicators of rural development. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the required data has been collected from the Statistics Center. The tools and methods used for data analysis included Excel and GIS software as well as fuzzy methods and hot spot analysis. The results show that the border provinces have different status based on 20 indicators and the rural areas of Ilam (0.709534) and Hormozgan (0.132092) provinces have the first and last ranks, respectively. The results also showed that rural areas based on the indicators used, located in the northwestern provinces of the country have a better situation than villages located in the southern and southeastern provinces of the country. Finally, according to the research findings, it is suggested that spatial justice be established between rural areas of border provinces and the development of rural areas in the southern and southeastern provinces of the country, especially Sistan and Baluchestan and Baluchestan as a priority for the development of provinces. The border of the country.

The development of rural tourism requires recognizing the priorities of tourists and trying to upgrade and adapt the attractions and capabilities of the village to the needs of visitors, so that re-visits, introduction and recommendation to be visited by other tourists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the appropriateness of tourists' priorities with their objective perception of the tourist destination. The statistical population of the study was the tourists of the target villages of Tarom city and considering that the number of tourists entering the villages is not known, 100 tourists were selected as the sample. The data collection method is both documentary and field methods and the main focus of the research is on field findings that have been collected through interviews and questionnaires. In the present study, tourists' priorities have been determined and discussed in 4 general dimensions of infrastructure, attractions, marketing and education, 15 sub-sections and 59 components. For data analysis, descriptive statistics methods (mean and frequency) and for inferential analysis, two techniques of importance-quality (SERVQUAL) and importance-performance have been used. Based on this, the results show the products and products offered. Agricultural tourism opportunities, rural security, natural tourism opportunities, services and accommodation are the main priorities of tourists and despite the capabilities and capabilities of tourism development in target villages, due to the high expectations of tourists from rural tourism capabilities, the difference between the average importance and quality Perceived in the mentioned four dimensions was negative, so that the education dimension with an average gap of -1.12 had the most and marketing with an average gap of -0.24 had the least difference. According to the IPA matrix, the three dimensions of infrastructure, attractions and marketing are in the strategic position of desirability and the educational dimension is in the position of desirability.

Poverty is a multi-factorial and complex phenomenon. The complexity of this phenomenon is due to the various dimensions and the multiplicity of its causes. Thereby, different social sciences have approached this phenomenon with different approaches. It has been tried to eliminate this unwanted phenomenon so far, but it has not yet been able to eradicate this problem from society. Since the late 1970s, and especially the early 1980s, poverty and support the vulnerable groups have received growing attention due to the adoption of structural reform, liberalization, and privatization programs by many countries. Attention to the issue of poverty alleviation was a global issue and Iran as well. The issue of poverty is one of the most important issues and internal problems of all societies, both rich and poor. Poverty can spatially be observed and studied in urban and rural areas.  Poverty in rural areas is broader than poverty in cities.According to the new definitions of regionalism, poverty reduction depends on the activation and promotion of local human and natural capacities in order to improve sustainable livelihoods and reduce rural and urban poverty. One of the deprived and poor places of the country is Kuhdasht County in Lorestan Province. according to the latest census of the Statistics Center, the population of Kuhdasht County is 166,658, 64,373 of which live in rural areas and 102,285 in urban areas. Considering unemployment as one of the indicators of poverty, its rate in Kuhdasht County in 2016 was 16 percent, which is higher than the national average. This unemployment rate is visible in urban and rural areas of the county.  Also, the net migration rate of this county is more than 600 people. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting poverty reduction with emphasis on new indicators of regionalism in Kuhdasht. This study seeks to identify and analyze the impact of factors affecting poverty reduction in Kuhdasht County, for which statistical and structural analysis is used.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on a descriptive-analytical research design. Field and documentary methods are used to collect the required data. The statistical sample of the research is to complete the questionnaire of all people over 18 years old living in Kuhdasht County. Cochranchr('39')s formula has been used for sampling. According to this method, based on 116,254 over 18-year-old population in 2016 (census results of the Statistics Center of the country in 2016), the calculated sample number is equal to 383 people. The tools used in this research to analyze the data are: SPSS, GIS and Excel software.

The first way to reduce poverty from a Neo-regionalism perspective is neighborhoodism, which causes problems to be rooted out of the smallest units to larger dimensions. When problems are addressed on a small scale, it increases social trust and a sense of belonging to the residents. This type of planning, which is a bottom-up type of planning, uses small dimensions of political issues to solve problems effectively. These will increase the efficiency of planning because even the smallest issues are considered in planning and it is planned properly, on the other hand, neighborhoodism and planning, makes the local community last and creates a sense of responsibility for residents.The results show that changing the Regionalism approach to Neo-Regionalism in dealing with local economic development and disadvantaged areas can lead to the emancipation of social and human capacities and will lead to social and local action. Based on the data analysis, the results indicate that the city of Kuhdasht in terms of Neo-Regionalism indicators is in a good position that can be strengthened and by directing social capital in the form of social partnerships and production cooperatives in urban and rural areas.  Thus, in order to improve the economic situation and deprivation in urban and rural areas of Kuhdasht County, it is necessary to pay attention to the relevant indicators. This can be done by enhancing entrepreneurial capacity. In fact, the process of converting social, economic, physical, natural, financial and infrastructural capital through entrepreneurship is possible by implementing strategies of industrial clusters, sustainable rural systems, completing the supply chain and value. In general, in order to reduce poverty in rural areas with a Neo-Regionalism approach, the following is suggested: Development of rural and urban small business environment; Creation of rural micro-funds; Development of local participatory projects based on the advantages of the area; Strengthening production and marketing cooperatives in urban and rural areas; Establishment of knowledge-based companies in the county to improve production and processing processes.

This study was conducted to investigate the necessities of benefiting from technological entrepreneurship in Gharanabad village of Gorgan city and seeks to address the question of how much technological entrepreneurship can contribute to the prosperity of rural development? The research method of this research is analytical and qualitative. The study population was innovative and creative people of Gharanabad village, using snowball sampling method. The research tool was developed through structured interviews in the form of four questions about the necessity, capacities, consequences and challenges of the technological entrepreneur based on the theoretical framework of the research. The results of each question were categorized and identified in six sections. Technological entrepreneurship is known in the first place as a complementary entrepreneurship and in the next stage it needs to assess the feasibility and potential of rural areas and in the third stage to create awareness among innovative and creative people and in the final stage to determine the market and create the necessary conditions For organizational support in the form of financial and intellectual incentives, it will be necessary. In relation to the challenges of technological entrepreneurship, the results of interview analysis showed that the target market is limited, villagers' risk aversion, temporality and competitive environment of this type of entrepreneurship Lack of necessary incentives and sometimes organizational conflicts lead to the failure of technological entrepreneurship in rural areas.

In Buddhist Tantrism mahāsukha means immortal pleasure and Supreme Bliss. This state is the highest realm of Buddhist perfection, beyond the realm of being and changing world, freed from rational thinking and the social customs and rituals. According to Buddhist Tantrism, it is possible to reach mahāsukha, through ritual ceremonies and yoga practices, both physical and sexual, so in this world all human beings, whether good or bad, superior or inferior, worthy or unworthy could attain this perfection. It seems that, the religious conception of immortal pleasure and infinite happiness in Tantric tradition roots in the fact that in Tantrism it is human beings not God that is the subject of speculation. Moreover, the body is not assumed to be degrading and humiliating but it is the sacred temple through which man can easily achieve happiness and Supreme Bliss, if he knows how to use it. Furthermore in tantric Buddhism, mahāsukha or immortal enjoyment is achieved through participating in the Enlightenment of Inherent Buddha, Dharma-kāya or Vajra-sattva, and the union of prajnā and upāya. So Buddhist Tantrism is one of the earliest esoteric traditions that tries to explain the ancient idea of eternal pleasure, a system in which the female and the male counterparts play a significant role through yogic exercises to achieve eternal bliss.