فهرست مطالب لیلا یاری

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important and popular fruit vegetables, to enter a new variety of tomato in the national list of plant varieties of Iran or to obtain the right of a breeder, it is a legal requirement to perform a Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability examination. In order to provide morphological description and evaluation of Distinctness and Uniformity19 tomato varieties (15newvarieties and 4check varieties) were examined under greenhouse conditions in 2021and 2022.The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with two replications. Varieties were distinguished based on qualitative, pseudo qualitative and quantitative traits such as green shoulder in fruit, fruit shape in longitudinal section, fruit firmness ,Inflorescence type, ribbing at peduncle end in fruit, blistering of leaf, size of blossom scar, size of peduncle scar, depression at peduncle end in fruit, anthocyanin coloration in the upper part of the stem, leaf attitude, intensity of green color in leaf, intensity of green color excluding shoulder (before maturity)in fruit and number of locules in fruit, But Sumurai variety was not distinguished based on qualitative, pseudo qualitative and quantitative traits with compared of Lisa (check) variety. Analysis of variance quantitative traits indicated that evaluated traits such as fruit length and diameter, length to diameter of fruit, pericarp thickness, total diameter of fruit, diameter of core and fruit weight were significantly different at the α=1 % probability level. Also length of leaflets, width of leaflets, width of leaf, diameter of core in cross section in relation to total diameter and peduncle length were significantly different at the α=5 % probability level. These results showed that new varieties had essential uniformity according to standard  of International Union for the Protection Of new Varieties of plants.

To evaluate the quality of fields and seed plots in two wheat seed production companies in Tehran (1) and Alborz (2) provinces. The experiment was conducted in 2018-2019 on Sirwan, Baharan, Sivand, Pishtaz, Rakhshan, Pishgam, and Persian gold cultivars at Seed and plant Certification and Registration Research Institute according to PROJECT NO: 2-08-08-021-971216. The distribution of noxious weeds, other crops, and other species in fields was recorded. Also, seed samples were analyzed in a seed quality analysis laboratory for seed germination percent and physical purity. The results showed that the fields of company 2 were better than company 1. As a result, the number of other crops in fields of companies 2 and 1 were observed at 1.1 and 2.2, respectively. Also, the number of other species in fields was recorded for companies 2 and 1, 9.1 and 9.9, respectively. The most weeds that have been observed in fields and seed samples were Avena fatua L. In addition, 66.1% and 39.2% of total Avena fatua L. were related to companies 1 and 2, respectively. Meanwhile, according to the estimated seed sample for the number of noxious weeds and other crops before processing, seed production of company 2 was better than company 1. Also, wheat seed yields for the two companies were recorded at 5.0 and 4.6 tons per hectare, respectively. The physical purity was 99.6% in the two companies, but the normal seedling of companies 2 and 1 was 93.9% and  93.6%, respectively.

This experiment carried out to determine the effects of seed disinfecting treatments on seed quality and vigour change under 2 and 14 month storage conditions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v Usef, c.vNosrat and c.v Goharan. Experimental units were arranged factorial based on completelyrandomizeddesign and complete block designwith four replications in laboratory and field, respectevely. Fungicides seed treatments were including dividend star 036 fs on level 2 per thousand, carboxinthiram on level 2.5 per thousand and no usage of chemicals as control. The result indicated that after 2 and 14 month storage conditions Mximum and minimum normall seedling percentage was observed in c.vNosrat and c.v Goharan, respectively.Also results showed the application of fungicide on normall seedling percentage was significant under 2 month storage conditions.The highest normall seedling percentage was obtained from dividend star fungicide and the lowest one from carboxinthiram treatment. The highest seedling establishment in field condition was obtained from c.v Usef with mean 88.33 % and 65.41% after 2 and 14 month storage, respectively. Meanwhile, minimum seedling establishment in field condition was detected for c.v Goharan. After 2 month storage the highest seedling establishment in field condition (90%) was related to application of dividend star fungicide treatment.Whereas, The maximum seedling establishment in field condition (77.5%) was reported form control (untreated seeds) after14 month storage, both fungicide application which is indicated negative effect on seedling establishment in field condition after 14 month storage, also the negative effect of carboxinthiram treatment was more pronounced.

This study was conducted to investigate the role of storage condition on seed quality of five barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars (Usef, Nosrat, Riehan, sahra and productive), with different moisture contents (Mc)(14%, 16% and 18%) under storage condition. Seed exposed at two storage temperature (20C °and alternative temperature 20-30 . °) Experimental units were arranged factorialy in a completely randomized design with four replications. Results showed that after one year of seed storage, seeds that stored at 20-30 C° (alternative temperature) increased germination percentage and seedvigor in all cultivars. Meanwhile, germination percentage and seedling vigor were significantly affected by interaction among seed moisture content × cultivar× temperature after one year of seed storage. The highest germination percentage (99 %) was recorded for sahra cultivar in seed by 18% moisture content under storage at 20-30 C ° . Also, the maximum normal seedling were obtained from Riehan × Mc 18% × at 20-30 C° (alternative temperature) and productive× Mc 18% × 20-30C. Likewise, the minimum germination percentage (4.5%) and normal seedling (3.7%) was recorded for productive cultivar when seed harvested with Mc 14% and stored under 20 C° condition. Also, the results indicated that 20 C° storage temperature had adverse effect on seed quality when seed harvested with Mc 14% after one year storage, inall cultivars. Meanwhile, the electrical conductivity (EC) increased in seed by Mc 14% with compared to Mc18% and Mc 16%. Generally, according to cultivars that examined in this experiment, the effectiveness of storage temperature on improving seedling vigor and increasing germination percentage was more pronounced at 20-30 C° (alternative temperature) along with sample with 18.0% Mc. Finally seed stored at 20-30 C° (alternative temperature) could have maintained their vigour high, it is new founding that could help to control of seed deterioration.

This study was conducted to investigate the role of polyamines (PAs) as priming agents on seed quality and vigour change with different moisture content (Mc)(14,16,18%) under 8 month storage conditions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v Usef. Experimental units were arranged factorialy in a completely randomized design with four replications for two years. The seeds were harvested at three initial moisture contents including 18, 16, 14% using wet weight basis. The seed samples then were sealed in polythene bags and stored in conditioned storages for 8 months. After that for seed priming, seeds were soaked in aerated solution of Spermine (Spm), Puterscine (Put), and Spermidine (Spd) and distilled water (W), also untreated seeds used as control. The result in two years indicated that seed treatments significantly increased the seed viability and normall seedling percentage. Interaction between seed moisture content × seed treatments were significant (P<0.01) for Amadori and Maillard products. Mximum Amadori and Maillard product was detected for control (untreated seeds) and 14% MC .Whereas, minimum Amadori and Maillard product was detected for Spm seed treatment and 18% MC. Meanwhile, Amadori and Maillard products were reduced in all seed treatments.By increasing Amadori and Maillard products of seed, seedling vigour and seed viability decreased. It suggests that this technique could apply especially for improving vigor of barley seeds in at the end of storage period or at least one month before of this period. Generally, the effectiveness of PAs on improving seedling vigor was more pronounced in Spermine treatment.

One of the major factors for the low productivity of seeds is poor seed germination and early seedling mortality due to seed-borne fungi. Several grain-borne fungi, including species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, have been implicated as seedling pathogens of cereals. Experiments were conducted at the seed and Plant certification and Registration Research Institute. Experimental units were arranged factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors (cultivar and storage temperature). The result indicated that interaction between storage temperature × cultivar had significantly affected on seed-borne fungi after three months storage. The seed-borne fungi infestation sach as Asporgilau flavus and Penicillium decreased in all seeds that stored at 20-30C° (alternative temperature), also the Fusarium species infestation was reduced in Usef, Nosrat, and Productive Cultivars seed under storage at 20-30C°, whereas Alternaria alternate infestation was increased in all seeds that stored at 20-30 C° . Meanwhile, normal seedling percentage and seedling vigor were significantly improved by storage seeds at 20-30 C° that it was more pronounced in Sahra and Productive cultivars. Final germination percentage and normal seedling percentage increased, when seed-borne fungi infestation such as Aspergillus flavus,Penicillium sppand Fusarium spp decreased in seed samples. Generally, according to cultivars that examined in this experiment, seed stored at 20-30 C°(alternative temperature) could have maintained their vigour high, it is new founding that could help to control seed-borne fungi (Asporgilau flavus, Penicilliumsppand Fusarium spp) in storage condition also prevent of seed deterioration.

This study was conducted to investigate the  role  of water and polyamines (PAs) as priming  agents on  improving seed vigour and chilling tolerance with  different  moisture  content (Mc)(14.0,16.0,18.0%) under chilling conditions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v Usef. Experiments were conducted at the seed and Plant certification and Registration Research Institute in 2013 -2014. The seeds were hand harvested at three initial moisture contents including 18, 16, and 14%  wet weight basis .The seed samples then were sealed in polythene bags and stored in conditioned storage and equilibrium for 8 months. After that for seed priming, seeds were soaked in 20mg/L-1 (w/v) aerated solution of spermine (Spm), Puterscine (Put), and Spermidine (Spd) and distilled water (W) for 16h at 20±2C°. After each treatment, Seeds dried to original moisture level in forced air and sealed in polythene bags, stored in a conditioned storage again until one month. Experimental units were arranged as factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications after treat. The results indicated that Mc18% improved the germination percentage (GP) and seedling vigour compared to Mc 16 and 14%. The electrolyte leakage decreased in seeds harvested by Mc 18% when compared with Mc16 and Mc 14.0%. Also seed treatments significantly increased the seed viability. Likewise, in chilling stress condition maximum proline content and areal dry weight were obtained from Put treat, whereas the lowest electrolyte leakage was recorded for Put treat. Meanwhile, interaction between seed moisture content ×PAs treatment in cold condition significantly affected on plumule length and radicle dry weight, statistically maximum plumule length and radicle dry weight were recorded from Put ×18.0% mc. Also seed priming with water had positive effect on seedling growth after chilling stress.  Generally, the effectiveness of PAs on improving chilling tolerance and increasing seedling vigor was more pronounced in Put treatment along with sample with 18.0% mc.

This study was conducted to investigate the role of polyamines (PAs) as priming agents on  improving seed vigour with  different  moisture  content (Mc)(14,16,18%) under storage conditions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v Usef. Experiments were conducted at the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute 1n 2012 -2013. The seeds were hand harvested at three initial moisture contents including 18, 16, 14% using wet weight basis. The seed samples then were sealed in polythene bags and stored in conditioned storages and for 8 months. After that for seed priming, seeds were soaked in 20mg/L-1 (w/v) aerated solution of Spermine (Spm), Puterscine (Put), and Spermidine (Spd) and distilled water (W) for 16h at 20±2C°. After each treatment, seeds were dried to original moisture level in forced air and sealed in polythene bags, stored in a conditioned storage again for one month. Experimental units were arranged as a completely randomized design with four replications after harvesting time and one month conditioned storage after treatment. The result indicated that 18% MC improved the germination percentage and seedling vigour compared to 16 and 14 % MC. Also after 8 month storage, 18% Mc had the highest germination percentage and seedling vigour. The electrolyte leakage decreased in seeds with 18% MC compared to 16 and 14% MC. Also seed treatments significantly increased the seed viability and germination percentage, whereas, mean germination time and electrical conductivity were reduced in all seed treatments. Meanwhile, maximum germination percentage was detected for seed Spm seed treatment and 18% MC. Generally by decreasing moisture content of seed and delay in harvesting time, seedling vigour decreased and the optimum moisture content and seed treatment were  18% and Spm, respectively.

In order to evaluation of Effect of storage conditions, duration and packaging on viability and vigor of soybean, an experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment (2×3×5) in the field (completely randomized block design and laboratory (completely randomized design) with three replications in agricultural and natural resources research center of Mazandaran, Iran in 2010-11 and 2011-12. This experiment was included 30 treatments (first factor: five types of packaging as a) two layer paper pack, b) three layer paper pack, c) two layer paper pack with laminate layer, d) cloth pack.5 Propylene pack. The second factor had three levels storage period, 2, 4 and 6 months. Third factor: two storage condition.1) ambient condition and 2) controlled storage condition with 16◦C and 65% relative humidity. The results show that by increasing of seed storing period from 2 to 6 months the rate of germination was decreased from 84.87% to 79.25%. The higher rate of germination in the controlled storage condition with three layer paper pack was observed (88.62%) than ambient condition with Propylene pack (63.94%). Based on the results of the accelerated aging test by increment of storage duration from 2 to 6 months the rate of germination was decreased from 81.81% to 76.61%. The highest germination rate was related to three layer paper pack meanwhile the lowest germination rate was related to Propylene pack and cloth pack. The seed quality indices showed good statues in the controlled seed storage condition than ambient condition in both consecutive years. Also it was noticed that the highest and lowest final emergence seedling percentage was related to controlled storage condition with three layer paper pack (81.98% in the first year and 80.89% in the second year) and ambient condition with Propylene pack (62.31% in the first year and 62.08% in the second year). Generally it was noticed that storing the seed in three layer paper pack with controlled storage condition was suitable for preservation of soybean seeds.

The cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has significantly increased in recent years، mainly due to quality of its oil، which is useful for the human consumption and industrial purposes. In order to investigate the effect of different seed storage temperatures on seed quality of two sunflower cultivars (Euorfluor and Rcord)، seeds were exposed to three storage temperatures (5، 20 and 20-30C°) for four month. Experimental units were arranged factorial manner in a completely randomized design with four replications. The effect of storage under 20C° was more effective in maintaining vigor of sunflower seeds. The effect of storage at 5C° culminated in damage of vigor of sunflower seeds by increasing electrical conductivity (EC) and mean germination time. The effect of storage at 20-30C° (alternative temperature) brought about seedling growth with in comparing with other treatments. This study indicated that best results for germination and vigor of sunflower seeds found for seed of Euorflour cultivar in comparison with to Record cultivar under seeds storage temperature.

Contamination of maize seed production fields by blacknightshade weed is one of the seed production problems in Moghan region. With attention to possible effect of black nightshade fruit extract on maize seed germination properties, effect of various fruit extract concentrations including; 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100% and control (seeds not soaked in black nightshade fruit extract) on maize (Single cross 704) seed germinability and vigor were evaluated. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design with four replications. Studied characters consisted of: germinated seeds number two and three days after planting, normal and abnormal seedlings number, ungerminated seeds number, mean time to germination, coefficient of velocity of germination, mean daily germination, daily germination speed, seedling and primary shoot and root length, primary shoot and root fresh and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigour indices. The results showed that extract concentrations had not significant effect on germinated seeds number three days after planting, normal and abnormal seedlings number, ungerminated seeds number, mean daily germination and daily germination speed. While extract concentrations significantly increased germinated seeds number two days after planting, mean time to germination, coefficient of velocity of germination, seedling and primary shoot and root length, primary shoot and root fresh and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigor indices. By increasing of blacknightshade extractconcentration, most of the positive seed germination and seedling vigor indices increased

In order to study effect of seed priming on seedling emergence and vigour of wheat cultivar ,experiment was conducted in laboratory seed and field ,in seed andamp; plant certification and registration Institute in 2009. Experimental design was a factorial based on completely randomized designs with four replication. Two cultivars (Azar-2,Sardare-101)andtimes; four priming media and control (un soaked) were used in this experiment. Seeds were primed for 12 hour and 20 ċ in four priming media , PEG 10%, KCl 2%, KH2PO4 0/5%, distilled water and control. In pot experiment seedling emergence percent, seedling leugth, primary root and shoot leuth, and sedling dry weight, primary root and shoot dry weight and mean seedling emergence rate and time and in tield experimcut seedling emergence percent and mean rate and time detemined. Result vevealed . The interaction among seed priming media andtimes;cultivar showed the significant effects on stem length , root dry weight ,stem dry weight and total dry weight (andalpha;= %1), seedling length and Mean Emergence Rate (andalpha;=5%). All of the priming media caused that seeds emergence rapidly in compare with control. In compare among seed priming, Maximum root dry weight, stem dry weight and total dry weight was obtained for seeds osmoprimed with KCl 2%.The most percent emergence, mean emergence rate and seedling length was obtained for seeds osmoprimed with PEG 10%.In field condition hydro priming improved the rate of germination . In compare among seed priming, the most percent emergence in field was obtained in PEG 10%.The interaction among seed priming , seed priming media andtimes;cultivar showed the significant effects on percent emergence. The most was observed in sardari-101andtimes; KCl 2% and PEG 10%andtimes;Azar-2.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different packages on oil rapeseed varieties produced in Qom province. The studied cultivars were RGS, Talaieh and Okapi and packaging cover types were three andndash;layer paper bag ,4-layer paper bag , propylene bag,propylene+paper and flaxen bag which was studied using factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The seed containing bags were stored in the ware house of agricultural and natural resources center of Qom province for 1 year and standard sampling of each treatment and replication was done at the end of the storage period then seeds germination was tested. Also electrical conductivity test ,average time for germination cold test and accelerated aging test have been conducted for estimating seed vigor. The results showed no significant difference between cultivars and cultivars reaction to the exerted treatments was the same, but seeds storage in the various bags had a significant effect on seed vigor as seeds in four layer and three layer paper bags had the most vigor and seeds in propylene bags and paper propylene bag had the least vigour.Also the results showed that various seed storing covers have significant effect on the average time of seeds germination ,electrical conductivity and vigor after cold test and accelerated aging test and in all cases three and four layer paper bags showed the best resulting. However propylene and paper propylene bags had more deteriorating effect on seed quality. Since in the warehouse the temperature had increased up to 45anddeg;c and air relative humidity up to 85% in some months of the year, and with considering that high temperature may accelerate the incidence of some hydraulic reactions and either seed deterioration, so the temperature has more effect on propylene and propylene paper bags.

Among the production factors, seed as the primary production factor plays an important role in the transfer and exploitation of genetic characteristics seeds aiming to increase qualitative and quantities of the yield. Among growth stages of plants, seed germination and emergence stages are the most critical growth stages and play a pivotal role in plant establishment in fields. In order to investigate the impacts of seed diameter size on characteristics of germination in three wheat )Triticum aestivum L.( cultivars, this study was conducted in 2008 in a research station of seed and plant certification and registration research institute, Karaj, Iran. The experimental factors were five seed diameters ) 2-2.2, 2.2-2.5, 2.5-2.8, 2.8-3 ,andgt;3 mm ( and three wheat cultivars )Mahdavi, Pishtaz and Bahar(. In laboratory, seeds from different size class from cultivars were planted in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Germination percentage, germination speed , seedling-length, radicle-length, plumule-length, seedling dry weights, radicle dry weights and plumule dry weights were measured. Data analysis showed that seed size had a significant impact on speed of germinations, radicle dry weights, plumule dry weights and seedling dry weights. Results indicated that germination speed significantly decrease with increasing seed size. The other traits showed significant increases with increasing seed size. Cultivar had significant impact on germination characteristics but germination percentage and germination speed were similar between cultivars. Mahdavi cultivarandrsquo;s seedling length and dry weight was dependent on 1000 number of seed weights, especially influenced by 2.5-2.8, 2.8-3 and andgt;3 mm seed diameter, Seed size may be equivalent to the amount of nutrients saved in seeds. Therefore larger seeds may produce vigorous seedlings. Significant interaction was observed for radicle-length, plumule-length and seedling dry weight. This study suggested that the wheat genotypes did not have similar performance regarding to the variation in seed sizes .