فهرست مطالب مجتبی جعفری

Diabetic foot ulcers are among leading causes of disability in diabetic patients, often resulting in amputation and disability. Proper foot care can prevent diabetic foot ulcers. One assessment tool is the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare (NAFF). This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the winter of 2023 on 517 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who were referred to the diabetes clinics in Bam, Hamadan, and Asadabad cities, Iran. Patients were selected using convenience sampling. The instruments were examined to assess their psychometric properties, including face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and stability.

The mean age and duration of diabetes in patients were 50.01±18.14 years and 10.70±9 years, respectively. Most samples were female (54%) and married (80.9%). More than one-third of the patients (36.4%) were taking hypoglycemic tablets. The exploratory factor analysis identified five factors: general foot self-care, foot examination, shoe examination, wound management, and use of appropriate shoes. Together, these factors accounted for 52.381% of the total variance. The internal consistency of all extracted factors was above 0.70, as measured by McDonald's Omega coefficient. The stability reliability of the questionnaire was 0.790 for the whole instrument with a two-week interval.

The Persian version of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Foot-care tool is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the foot care of diabetic patients. It allows domestic researchers to use this tool along with other available tools to check and measure the concept of diabetic foot self-care based on their facilities and preferences.

The two neighboring countries of Iran and Turkey have witnessed significant developments historically and politically over a nearly identical period of time. Reza Shah and Ataturk, after coming to power and considering their country's internal and external conditions, sought to reform their westernization and secularization. The similarities and differences between the two countries' societies and the way in which different forces and social classes interact and oppose them have made a different fate. Both political leaders sought to push people toward modernization in a grammatical and orderly process. A comparative study of the modernization efforts of Reza Shah and Ataturk reveals many similarities, but given these similar aspects from a theoretical point of view, we see a different conclusion and conclusion. The present article seeks to compare the modernization process in Iran and Turkey from the point of view of empirical modernization or modernization from above. Therefore, this article seeks to answer the question: Why, despite the many similarities, did the fate of modernization in Reza Shah's Pahlavi era differ from that of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk? The findings of this article indicate that the difference between the function of the institution of religion and its relationship with the government along with other factors has led to the failure of modernization in the reign of Pahlavi during the reign of Mustafa Kamal Ataturk. In this article we use the " comparative-historical" method.

Reforms and modernization in Iran and Turkey had a history before Reza Shah and Atatürk came to power, and it can be said that modernization before these two political leaders in these two societies with acceptance and various oppositions with their own intensity and weaknesses. Especially from the clergy and religious groups and the common people in these two countries. Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk both in the same period of time after coming to power for the mental background and later with a serious confrontation with the concept of modernity and innovative progress of the West in order to take fast and pragmatic actions with behaviors They became more radical in order to reach their ultimate goal, which was to bring their country to progress. According to the historical evidence and documents, it can be stated that Atatürk was more serious and stricter in dealing with the tradition and institution of religion than Reza Shah, and of course, the different function of the institution of religion in both countries led to a different result in the emergence of religion. Real modernization in two countries in that period of history. Changing men's clothing, discovering women's hijab, creating a customary and modern legal and educational system, rewriting history, road building and industrialism, weakening traditional classes and creating and strengthening modern classes should be listed as the most important aspects of Reza Shah's and Ataturk's modernization.

The theoretical framework of this article will be basically based on the theory of authoritarian modernization or modernization and modernization from above. Therefore, we will seek help from Barrington Moore's theory in this field. In the book "Social Roots of Dictatorship and Democracy", Moore examines the modernization methods of England, France, America, China, Japan and India with his sociological and comparative explanation and points to three types of modernization. Kond: The democratic modernization method that took place in America, England and France. The communist and totalitarian modernization method that happened in China and Russia. and the method of modernization from above that was implemented in Japan and Germany. The method that Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk took was mainly in the form of authoritarianism and statism. Atatism or statism is one of the known types of authoritarian modernization from above. In this method, the movement towards modernization is done from above and guided by the ruling classes. In such a way, intellectuals are always present who are in sync with the policies of the Board of Trustees and take steps to encourage, strengthen and help the realization of these policies.

The method adopted by Moore is a comparative historical method and not a comparative method. Deductive method includes determining a theory to explain a certain phenomenon and then deducing appropriate hypotheses that are basically falsifiable and testing these hypotheses in order to determine the validity of the initial theory. In contrast to the comparative historical method, it is an inductive method in which a chain of historical cases related to the desired study is examined in detail and through comparison, the distinction between cause-and-effect mechanisms is determined and explanations are deduced based on this.

In this paper, an attempt was made to discuss and study the process of modernization during the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, taking into account the social and cultural conditions and using the theoretical framework of modernization or modernization from above. In the modernization method from the top of Barrington Moore, the occurrence of a popular and violent revolution to remove the obstacles to development is meaningless. And the political results resulting from the destruction of the past social system, through the revolution from above, are different from the results of the revolution from below.

During their conservative modernization, semi-parliamentary regimes try to preserve their old social structures as much as possible and, as much as possible, place major parts of that system within the new social structure. give While in the process of modernization, Reza Shah and Ataturk sought to erase their old social structures because they considered them to be the cause of backwardness. And since the development of Iran and Turkey was exogenous, not much attention was paid to the internal conditions of the society, but to achieve economic development, what had happened in the western countries should be modeled in order for them to progress. would be and by imposing modernization programs from top to bottom and relying on foreign or domestic capital, such as increasing tariffs and collecting huge taxes from farmers in Iran and Turkey, or selling oil in Iran, They provided changes that led to heterogeneous economic growth, especially in Iran. The concept of modernization implies the complete transformation of the traditional society into a modern society, with various types of technology and social organization related to it, which is a developed and stable economic-political feature. How the process of modernization in Iran was accompanied by the systematic oppositions and resistances of the guided society, which became one of the main reasons for the failure of Reza Shah in the modernization measures. Of course, another main reason for the lack of success of Reza Shah compared to Ataturk was the difference in the relationship between religion and government in the two countries

In order to institutionalize justice, urban management should pay attention to both decision-making processes (structural justice) and results and effects and consequences of development (distributive justice) and try to discover the structures and underlying layers that cause injustice and inequality in cities and examine distributional results from fair aspects. Or be unfair. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to evaluate spatial justice by emphasizing the role of urban management, based on which justice is examined in the light of decision-making processes (structural justice) and the effects and consequences of development (distributive justice(. Therefore, the concept and dimensions of justice and spatial justice, its evaluation methods and criteria that can be used to evaluate it in planning documents and traditions such as comprehensive urban plans and spatial distribution of development consequences, are among the topics considered in this study. are. The information and data of the GEC census of 2016 and the information of the uses collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2021 have been used to study distributive justice and to collect the documents of the comprehensive plan to study structural justice. The most important findings of this study are the development of a framework for evaluating spatial justice in urban development programs (by qualitative discourse analysis with emphasis on the semiotic network of Ferdinand Dossussor) and the spatial distribution of development effects and consequences (using quantitative and spatial models in GIS) and institutionalization. It emphasizes the role of urban management. The results showed that the document of the comprehensive plan of Urmia in general has considered a very low and minimal level of justice and has considered this issue (justice) from less angles and the interpretation of the document of spatial justice is more focused on the physical dimension.

The formal structure of the subject is widely debated because "subject" is based on discrete of the "I / world" distinction, how can the formal structure remain stable without distinguishing between "this and that" by adding multiple concrete things? The subject, in the beginning, is only a space that gives the non-possibility to enter, it cannot be determined whether it is "the influence of the subject or the influence of the object" but in any case, it is a structure that opens the other Ideas to the "sensual matter" and figures the stage of alienation It enters a stage that is necessary for the "formal emergence of the subject." The subject is the “analytical continuation” of the notion that the basis of consciousness is not sought from any context and sometimes has an empty beginning. We lose the possibility of receiving consciousness naturally in such a way that the subject creates it only with the emergence and disappearance (the catalytic role of the subject). So "the subject is not historical and linguistic, because the natural connection and natural references are not related to history and language." It informs to the extent that "what does not become symbolic remains unconscious."

The victimological approach to food insecurity contains important theoretical and policy-making implications in the field of food security. This approach in the light of the legal concept of crime and the concept of victimization can identify the nature of crimes and threats; Identifying the scope of damages and behaviors that violate food safety that are sometimes not criminalized, the possibility of analyzing and investigating these behaviors; their criminalization; Pursuing the perpetrators as well as providing a better understanding of the characteristics of the victims and protecting their rights. In this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and using documentary data from the method of collecting library information, we are looking for that in the light of the human rights and human-centered approach to the category of food security, while conceptualizing the concept of "victim" Viewing food insecurity" to show what theoretical and practical insights the "victimology" approach provides in the field of food insecurity.

The issue of the creation of the universe has been a challenge for philosophers, theologians and physicists of all ages. The purpose of this research is to study and compare Hawking’s view on the creation of the universe with that of Mullā Ṣadrā based on the teachings of transcendent philosophy in a descriptive-analytical manner. In this paper, the epistemological and ontological foundations of the two perspectives are compared to clarify the commonalities, disagreements and the advantages. It will be revealed that the concepts of “nothing” and “vacuum” in Hawking’s theory of the creation are different from the concept of vacuum in the transcendent philosophy and hence, do not mean pure non-existence. Referring to the religious teachings and based on his philosophical principles, such as the ontological primacy of existence and substantial motion, as well as the idea of creatio ex nihilo (creation out of non-existence), Mullā Ṣadrā proves the temporal origination of the universe (in a specific sense). According to him, Divine emanation is eternal, constant and inseparable from God and thus, the claim that the creation has begun in a real or imaginary time is rejected.

Thalassemia is one of the hereditary chronic blood disorders that can have negative effects on the quality of life of these patients. Today, quality of life is considered as one of the most important health phenomena, and identifying the factors involved in it can help increase and improve the quality of life. So, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between spiritual health and quality of life in thalassemia patients.

In this descriptive-correlational study, 121 patients with thalassemia were selected and included in the study by available sampling method from the thalassemia department of Bam city hospital in 2018. The tools used included the demographic form, Polotzin and Ellison spiritual Well-Being questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF quality of life. The data were collected by self-report method and analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical software and t-test. One-way variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient were analyzed at a significance level of p < 0.05.

In the present study, the average scores of their spiritual well-being (82.43 ± 17.35)  and quality of life (81.71 ± 19.55) were at an average level, and there was a positive and significant correlation between the average score of spiritual well-being  and quality of life (r = 0.44, p < 0.001).

The results obtained from this research emphasized the necessity of strengthening spiritual well-being as a factor affecting the quality of life of patients. The design of a care plan to improve the spiritual health of thalassemia patients is emphasized based on holistic care.

 The rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease has led to fear and anxiety in pregnant women. While extreme fear and anxiety in pregnant women leads to negative consequences in mothers and fetuses. This study was conducted to determine the status of fear of COVID-19 and its related factors among pregnant women in the city of Bam.

 This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 161 pregnant women referring to women's clinics of Bam University of Medical Sciences in 2021. The participants were selected by convenience sampling method. Demographic information form and women's fear of COVID-19 questionnaire were used to collect data. The data was analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and with descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) and inferential (independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and linear regression) tests at a significance level of p<0.05.

 In this study, 161 pregnant women between the ages of 21 and 25 participated, most of them were housewives (95%), had less than diploma education (49.7%) and were in the third trimester of pregnancy (72.7%). The average score of fear from COVID-19 was 23.39±5.20 (out of 35 scores). There was a significant relationship between the fear of COVID-19 with the level of education and the history of the disease (p<0.05).

 The findings showed that the fear of COVID-19 in pregnant women was moderate to high. Furthermore, the level of fear was related with factors such as level of education, economic status, and history of illness, which requires interventions according to these conditions. Therefore, due to the harmful consequences of fear and anxiety on the health status of the mothers and fetuses, it seems necessary to hold training courses to effectively deal with fear in this group

Today, the study of "corruption" as a complex and tangible phenomenon is considered an important and fundamental issue in all countries. It can be said that the phenomenon of corruption is more or less present in all countries, but what is important is that the effect of corruption in today's world can't be limited to the same country that suffers from the phenomenon of corruption. That is why international institutions, with the support and insistence of countries that are less involved in this phenomenon, seek to take concrete and effective measures in all countries to fight corruption. Obviously, any effective and useful action in any country depends on comprehensive mastery of this phenomenon from various social, cultural, economic, political and legal aspects. Also, an important aspect of the study in this field can be the historical aspect of the case, which examines the historical developments of the concept and nature of the phenomenon of corruption. Such a study is one of the tools needed for a comprehensive study of the effects of corruption and how to combat it. In this article, we have tried to address only a corner of this historical aspect.

Caring for patients with Covid-19 is a challenging issue. Not only does Covid-19 disrupt the lives of patients, it may also have an unpleasant effect on their caregivers. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the caregivers' lived experience of caring for a family member infected with Covid-19.

The present descriptive phenomenological study was conducted using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist. Inductive and in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 caregivers of family members from April to July 2019 in Tehran.

In the present study, 17 caregivers of family members with the age range of 28 to 52 years who had the experience of directly caring for a family member infected with Covid-19 participated. Caregivers' experiences were classified into four themes and 11 sub-themes. The themes were: "heavy and dangerous care", "negative consequences", "helplessness" and "sacrifice".

The present study showed the challenges of caregivers of family members of patients with covid-19 during the epidemic period. As the Covid-19 pandemic continues, the situation for caregivers may become more difficult and challenging. The most important issue in such a situation can be support, which in the form of government support in the form of financial and equipment, the support of the treatment staff in the form of training and the support of close acquaintances of the caregiver can moderate the challenges raised to some extent.

Scientific advances are usually recognized and introduced as the most important achievements of the Islamic system. These achievements are proud and defensible in their place. But the question is, what are the most important achievements of the revolution and the Islamic system? In other words, can the achievements of the revolution be divided into main and secondary achievements? If the answer is yes, what is the main achievement of the revolution? This research aims to answer these questions as a documentary/library study.

Nurses are constantly experiencing various tensions considering their sensitive profession, so that, their physical, mental, and spiritual health aspects are at risk, and this issue can affect the quality of their care for patients. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the relationships between nurses' spiritual health and emotional intelligence.

This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The study’s sample population included all nurses working in the Bam’s Pasteur Hospital (Bam city, Kerman Province, Iran). Sampling was done by available methods and in the end, 165 nurses were accepted to participate in the present study. Paloutzian and Ellison Spiritual Health Questionnaire and Bradbury and Greaves Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire were used to assess nurses' spiritual health and emotional intelligence, respectively. The collected data from questionnaires were entered into SPSS-18 software and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical tests.

According to obtained results, the mean scores of spiritual health and emotional intelligence of the participants were 76.48±13.29 and 118.80±16.68, respectively. Among the demographic variables, only gender showed a significant relationship with the level of spiritual health (P=0.016). Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between spiritual health and emotional intelligence (r=0.274, P=0.002).

The present study revealed moderate levels of spiritual health and high levels of emotional intelligence in the participants. thus, providing workshops in hospitals seems necessary to promote spiritual health via enhancing emotional intelligence in working nurses. As a more effective and long-term solution, we suggest that universities pay more attention to future nurses’ spiritual health by including courses related to spiritual well-being and emotional intelligence.

After many demarcations, the new Islamic penal code has been finally approved by the parliment and came into force since the May 2013 following its confirmation by the Guardian Council. Compaired with the former code enforced since 1991, the last code include some innovations which have made it larger. One of these innovations is concerned to prediction of proofs of evidence in the penal code whereby, the fifth part of the first book of the new code has considered the general rules of proofs of evidence. Considering that the legislator for the first time has collected the proofs of evidence, normally concerned to the formal legislation, in a substantive criminal code, an analysis of the new approach seems to be so essential to study. In this article we have tried to study critically this policy from different aspects. This approach leads us to a new perspective on the Islamic Penal Code, which, while not as prominent, raises important issues in legal analysis.

Research on health and body management and with the advent of the new age and consumer society, the appearance of the body has become very important for people in society; In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of general health in the management of male body athletes.

In this study, in order to determine the sample size, the Cochran's formula of 381 samples was used as a multi-stage cluster sampling for an unlimited community. Independent t-test and Human Whitney were used for data analysis and SPSS software version 25 at the level of 0.05.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between general health of athletes's body management (P <0.05).

General health seems to play an important role in body management components. In this regard, it is suggested that more studies be done to increase the external credibility of the research.

 The physical and psychological health of people in society is of fundamental importance; In this regard, the aim of this research is to investigate the social mechanisms of young athletes in terms of physical and psychological health.

 In this research, in order to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula of 381 samples was used as a multi-stage cluster sampling for an unlimited population. Ajmon independent t and Yeoman-Whitney statistics were used for data analysis and SPSS version 25 software was used at the level of 0.05.

 The research results show that there is a significant relationship between social mechanisms and physical and psychological health (P<0.05).

It seems that planning on social mechanisms can play an essential role in the physical and psychological health of young athletes. (P <0.05).

It’s a critical question that is existence of natural law a reason for natural legitimacy? This paper intends to show “natural judgment” is not exactly “pure natural sciences judgment”. It is shown that there are some criteria for differentiation between “natural judgment” and “pure judgment”, The first step is to discuss natural data and its system; the next step is feasibility of the judgment. The feasibility performs by “continuous analysis” concept that is somehow “subject-predicate” analysis of the judgment. In the final step it discusses natural judgments system and natural rule: Is there natural rule? Is the world generally legitimate? Discussion about “computability possibility” is vital in all the parts. Therefore, it is expected that discuss “possibility” and “episteme based on statistics” and try to clarify its position; At the end, it discusses that is “possibility” “natural rule” or “rule of the nature”? Altogether, this paper has a logical approach on natural issue because it deals with “natural judgment” with regards to “continues analysis” and our “access” on judgment truth, empirical content of judgments and also our relative access to judgement resulted in random analysis method. analytic continuation of “the nature” on predicate and totally on analytic continuation of the judgment reflect the nature. In result, it can offer a parameter as differential factor of “natural judgment” from “pure judgment”

We have two direct ways of recognizing myths. 1) Recognition of natural forms; 2) recognition of mental forms. Human consciousness of his environment is limited to his living conditions, hence we can limit the first elements of human natural thought to areas of food resources, water, wild animals, and geographical location of human life. Human consciousness in the realm of natural intelligence that uses it, is the optimizer of these living conditions and nothing more; it means we can describe myths as we describe natural forms in natural science, it has been methods of people like D. Rosenberg and M. Eliade. But there is a "distinct thing" that grows apart from reality and that is self-sufficient, it is more dependent on the “absence of the object” and not on “the object”. and that is symbolic structures and language. Therefore, it can be found that language is formed around "numen" but doesn’t cover it and is always in progress. Language concerning consciousness with its judicial content can be expressed in A) categorical, B) conditional and C) analogical forms. Expression is to verbalize the "real thing" if there is any reality; it refers to the second way that is to deal with mental and general forms of myths; it has been the method of philosophers like C. Levy Strauss and E. Cassirer.

In the phenomenology of Husserl, subjectivity is important as a prior necessity, insight, and a self-evident in our consciousness, hence it’s not produced or cleared as content. Does it mean Husserl ignored subjectivity and its value as content in human minds? If it's not, how we have owned it? Or is it the subjectivity placement inside an object or against it? Neither! Because both of them may mislead us. We aren't the subject or its owner, we only select a single type of concept and delimit it by subjectivity. It's not a probabilistic action, because we only separate a concept from others, then introject it as a predicate without every content. After all, there are empty and it’s only stimulate our sensibility without every new data. In this paper, we change our point of view from the primacy of the subject to the object’s effect on consciousness as the sphere of ownness, between us and other things or other minds.

The Takfir thought has been able to reestablish itself many times through the use of two major Islamic sources ,the Quran and the Sunnah ,as well as citing some differences of jurists throughout history and imposed a great deal of damage on corpus of Islamic society . So it was appropriate to explain its intellectual foundations and exposed to public opinion .this research examined the historical background of Takfir thought and evaluated its major jurisprudential foundations from religious texts (more in Sunnah) as well as the objective debris of this stream of thought and proved that none of its jurisprudential auxiliaries were capable of proving the religious legitimacy of this process and its consequences.

A concise overview of history of Muslims clearly indicates the fact that the basic motivations of most false accusations، charges and Takfirs against persons، groups and religions are mostly due to personal motivations، party grudge، religious prejudices، ignorance، selfishness، jealousy، hatred، self-contentedness and the right to self-understanding. In this study، the scientific meaning and concept of the Takfir،as an abominable innovation، was attentively illustrated and its destructive and undesirable effects including the acts of showing Islam badly، massacre of innocent people، creation of schism، disruption with the society and etc on the society especially Islamic society were thoroughly studied. Ultimately، it was proved that the Takfir is obviously a deviation of the main route of Islamic laws، so it is necessary that Muslim scholars sternly try to stand against this radical and fundamental thought by their scientific and practical abilities and also not to let it grow in the world anymore.

The doctrine ‘soul perfection’ as one of the most important aspects of philosophical study of the soul suggests the existential perfectionism of the soul in the theoretical and practical spheres. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method to explore this idea in Mulla Sadra’s thought and that of the New-Sadraids. From this inquiry, it is clarified that in the system of transcendental philosophy, the soul perfection is realized – in the theoretical sphere, in the light of the philosophical doctrine of ‘unity of the knower and the known’; and along with it, there exists the doctrine of ‘unity of actor and the action’. Among the most important anthropological foundations of soul perfection, one can refer to the ‘substantiality of the soul’, ‘corporeal originality and spiritual eternity of the soul’, and ‘substantial motion of the soul’. Among the most important achievements of the soul perfection in the sphere of anthropology, one can refer to the ‘critique of regarding the man as the infima species’ and ‘the soul’s lacking quiddity’.