مجید خلیلی

Introduction :

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the most important sources of protein and minerals for humans, and their residues and straw are also rich in nutrients necessary for animal nutrition. This plant species plays an important role in sustainable agriculture due to its morphological characteristics and nitrogen fixation. Crop husbandry practices are very important in maximizing plant’s access to environmental factors and hence its yield potential. Among the most important crop management practices is weed management. Weed control practices such as using optimal planting density and weeding at the right time are more appropriate particularly in terms of minimizing pesticide applications and hence achieving sustainable agriculture. In addition to reducing the quantity and quality of grain yield of beans, weeds cause problems in planting, maintaining, and harvesting operations of this plant. It has been reported that the lack of weed management and control may cause grain yield reductions of  up to 83% in beans, as weeds  outcompete the weed crop in accessing water, nutrients, and light.

This research was conducted in Agriculture Center of Al-Mahdi town, Azna, Lorestan Province, west of Iran as a factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design ith three replications in 2011. Experimental treatments included weeding factor at six levels of: 0 (no weeding), 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after crop emergence (DAE), and complete weeding during the growth period and the planting density at two levels: 40 and 50 plants/m2 of red beans (Sayyad cultivar(. The land had been left fallowed the year before planting. After moldboard-plowing and disc-harrowing the land, seeds were planted into a depth of 5 cm in plots of 3 × 3 m. Irrigation was carried out during the growing period of beans by flooding method, every 5 to 7 days according to the environmental conditions. Fertilizers were used as 100 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate and 50 kg/ha urea before planting and also at 50 kg ha-1 urea as top-dressing at the beginning of flowering. The evaluated traits included plant height (cm), days to physiological maturity, pods/plant, grains/m2, grains/pod, branches/plant, 100-grain weight (g), plant above-ground dry weight (g/m2), grain yield (g/m2), harvest index (%), yield loss due to weed competition (%). SAS statistical software was used to analyze the data and LSD test was used to compare means of main effects and interactions. 

Results and Discussion :

The effect of experimental factors on all measured traits in red beans (Sayyad cultivar( was significant. Among the weeding treatments, besides complete weeding, the most desirable values of measured traits including plant height, days to physiological maturity, pods/plant, 100-grain weight, plant above-ground dry mass, grain yield and yield loss due to weed competition were obtained in weeding at 28 DAE. However, the highest grains/pod and harvest index were obtained in weeding at 42 and 56 DAE, respectively. Increasing planting density increased the plant height, plant above-ground dry mass, grains/m2, and grain yield, despite decreasing the remaining traits. The interaction effect of planting density and weeding time were significant on branches/plant, grains/m2 and grain yield. The highest branches/plant (4.8) was obtained in weeding at 28 DAE and planting at 40 plants/m2, the highest grains/m2 (1815) and grain yield (3869 kg/ha) were observed when weeding was done in 28 DAE and planting was done in 40 plants/m2. The correlation coefficients of grain yield with grains/m2, 100-grains weight, pods/plant and grains/pod were 0.88**, 0.85**, 0.79** and 0.40*, respectively, indicating a greater role of grains/m2 in regulating grain yield than other yield components. Therefore, crop management practices toward appropriate time of weeding and planting density will guarantee a maximum grain yield of  bean, at leat when Sayyad cultivar is cultivated in Azna region.

Conclusions :

Our results suggested that weeding time and planting density are crucial in obtaining acceptable grain yield in red bean (Sayyad cultivar). With weeding at 28 DAE and planting at 50 plants/m2, it is possible to obtain 82% of grain yield obtainable in complete weeding and achieve the appropriate productivity of red bean cultivation in Azna.

Dynamic production power planning to meet hourly load demand is one of the important issues in production management and operation of power systems. In this article, the problem of optimal load dispatch considering transmission network losses, considerations and practical limitations of thermal power plants such as increasing and decreasing ramp rates, prohibited production areas, steam valve effect with the combination of renewable resources including wind farms and solar units has been raised. Renewable energy sources have reduced environmental pollution due to the non-use of fossil fuels, but these sources have uncertainty and random nature in production. On the other hand, wind and solar sources are considered to be part of fast start-up sources and thermal sources are considered to be part of slow start-up thermal sources. Considering the mentioned cases together complicates the problem of optimal load distribution, in this article, a new method based on the sine-cosine algorithm is used to determine the contribution of different production sources in the load supply. To solve this problem, which has non-convex cost functions, a new method based on the sine-cosine algorithm has been used. In order to evaluation the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulation results and numerical studies on a sample system including 6 thermal units, 5 wind units and 13 solar units have been implemented and compared with other metaheuristic algorithms. The results of numerical studies show the superiority of the proposed method over other methods while having the appropriate speed and accuracy.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two motivational climate on physical self-concept and physical fitness among the witness students. The population included 1260 the witness female students in Qom. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group involved task-oriented motivational climate (participatory and voluntary activities) while the second experimental group experienced the self- oriented motivational climate (competitive and compulsory activities). The control group kept up doing the usual physical education program in school. the short form of the Physical self-description questionnaire Marsh et al (2010) and physical fitness tests were used to collect the data. Kruskal-wallis , Anova , related T and will coxon statistical tests were identified, Physical self-concept including physical activities, physical appearance, endurance, physical competence, flexibilities, overall self-concept and self-esteem Also the Factors of physical fitness was raised significantly on account of creating a motivational climate according to task-oriented method. However, the self- oriented method has significantly increased the Harmony dimension of physical self-concept and Factors of physical fitness. Therefore participation in physical activities through creating a task-oriented motivational climate was recommended to increase physical fitness, physical self-concept and feeling valued.

In this paper, bipolar inverse fuzzy graphs are introduced. Several operations are made on such graphs and whether these operations result in a bipolar inverse fuzzy graph is investigated. A type of bipolar inverse fuzzy graphs called strong bipolar inverse fuzzy graphs have been studied. The complement graph and dependent threshold of a bipolar inverse fuzzy graph are introduced and it is concluded that the complement of a bipolar inverse fuzzy graph is a strong bipolar inverse fuzzy graph. An inclusion condition regarding threshold graphs corresponding to two bipolar inverse fuzzy graphs with special conditions will result.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two leadership styles sports on sports motivation among the students. The population included 2056 female students in Qom. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group involved task-oriented motivational climate (participatory and voluntary activities) while the second experimental group experienced the self- oriented motivational climate (competitive and compulsory activities) and The control group kept up doing the usual physical education program in school . the sports motivation questionnaire Malta et al (2007) was used to collect the data. Kruskal-wallis and will coxon statistical tests were identified, sports motivation including: intrinsic motivation, Integrated regulation, External regulation and decreased amotivation was raised significantly on account of creating a motivational climate according to task-oriented method. but meaning growth statistically was not observed in the other two groups, Therefore participation in physical activities through creating a task-oriented motivational climate to plays an important role in responding to their motivational needs and persistence in sports experiences

This experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications and five cultivars of red beans, including local of Azna, Derakhshan, Sayad, Goli, and Naz in Jihad Agricultural Service Center Al-Mahdi Town, Azna. Results showed that red bean cultivars differ in the characteristics measured (P < 0.01). The highest dry weight, LAI, plant height, distance between internodes, nodes number on the stem, seeds number per plant and per square meter, harvest index, grain yield per plant and square meter, and biological yield belonged to the Goly cultivar. But, the highest CGR was in local varieties of Azna. Naz cultivar had the highest number of leaves per plant, number of sub-branches per plant and square meter, and number of fertile pods per plant. But Sayad cultivar had the highest NAR, RGR, and number of seeds per pod, and the Derakhshan cultivar had the highest ratio of the pod to plant height and 100- seed weight. Except for the lowest seeds number per pod in Naz and ratio pod to height and nodes number in Goly, the lowest Other characters were obtained in Derakhshan. According to the results of this experiment, the Goli cultivar is suitable for cultivation in the study area. The study of correlation relationships showed high and significant correlation between yield, and biological dry weight (0.77**), leaf area index (0.72**), crop growth rate (0.66**), sub-branch number per plant and per square meter (0.61**), node number per plant (0.98**), seed number per plant (0.86**), 100-seed weight (-0.45*), pod-to-height ratio(-0.88**), distance between nodes (0.79), height (0.91**), biological yield (0.49*) and harvest index (0.61**).

The fourth and fifth centuries AH is the period of the domination of the Buwayhīd dynasty over the caliphate of Baghdad. This dynasty of Shiites was very interested in spreading knowledge in the countries under their control and devoted all their efforts to supporting scientists and promoting science. The most important examples of their support for science can be seen in Baghdad, as the center of the Islamic Caliphate. The kings and ministers of this government were very interested in promoting knowledge in all the known fields and areas of that time and were able to accelerate the scientific endeavors made in the time of Hārūn and Maʾmūn with more power. With the spirit of religious and scientific tolerance, to turn the “Dār al-ʿIlm”s as a historical continuation of the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Ḥikma), into a safe place for research, study and teaching of scientists. In the meantime, some centers such as “Dār al-ʿIlm Shāpūr” became a suitable place for gathering the most important scientists of that time due to the efforts of the honorable founder and the trustees of its scientists. In addition to scientific discussions and debates, valuable works by scientists were made available to science seekers in the center’s extensive library. One of the sciences that was able to develop with the help of the administrative and scientific structure of “Dār al-ʿIlm Shāpūr” is medical knowledge. The large number of books preserved in that center, and especially the dedication of the important medical works of the great physicians of that time, had given it double importance. The present study is an attempt to analyze the prominent role of the library of “Dār al-ʿIlm Shāpūr” in the spread of knowledge -especially medicine- in the fourth and fifth centuries AH.

Nowadays, fuzzy graph coloring is one of the most widely used topics in real problems. Here is an algorithm for the calculation of the chromatic number of a fuzzy graph. The method of calculating the color number of the fuzzy graphs, obtained through various operations such as union and join, is presented. A solution to the routing problem is also suggested by using fuzzy graph coloring.

Writing treatises and books on ethics and morality is one of the most important topics in medicine history. Teaching and learning medical knowledge and skills was a common one in the golden age of science in Islam, too. The scholars of that period considered the ethical points of view as an important fact in their medical profession. The present article reports the behavior and ethics of physicians based on the review on the first book in this field, "Adab al-Tabib". This book, which can be called the Encyclopedia of Medical Ethics, represents standpoints of the prominent Islamic scholar, Ishaq bin Ali Al-Ruhawi. In this paper, it was intended to summarize the main points of professional behavior and ethics among physicians. Due to the wide-ranging and comprehensive nature of the book, only a few pertinent topics were reviewed. Those topics include the necessity and concept of politeness; the behavior and commitment of physicians towards themselves, patients and society as well as the behavior of nurses, attendees and tips on how to train and examine medical and pharmacy students. Al-Ruhawi in this book, declares that the first necessity of medicine is the true faith and belief in God and the doctors are the guardians of the body and soul. Commitment to medical education, nurses and pharmacists’ role in the management process, physicians’ communication skills suggesting of learning other sciences such as philosophy and more important point, strong relationship of body and soul, are the strengths of Adab-al-Tabib that Ruhawi intended to improve quality of medical services by reviewing them.

This paper presents the boundaries for the energy of a graph. These boundaries include upper and lower bounds. The discussion of the boundaries will determine the energy function of a tree and its relation to the energy of the star and path graphs. Finally, a conjecture is obtained about the maximum energy of unicyclic graphs.

Fertility style is the main factor in the population growth trend. The review of factors associated with the fertility style is a very complicated process since the interdependence of some factors grab the possibility of making a specific distinction between them. Regarding this, the present study aimed to investigate the most important factors in fertility style, including socio-economic factors, religious beliefs, government policies, and cultural factors.

This study was conducted on the articles on the most important factors in fertility style published within 1990-2016. The searching process was accomplished using several databases, including the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Google Scholar, PubMed, Psyc INFO, Thomson Reuters, SID, Cochrane and Medical Library Findings: The search process resulted in the inclusion of 14 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. The findings of the reviewed studies revealed the positive and influential role of religious beliefs in the fertility style. The age at marriage and maternal age were the other effective factors in the fertility style. On the other hand, low economic status, high literacy and cultural activities had a negative relationship with childbearing.

As the findings indicated, the achievement of the most appropriate growth path and a dynamic and balanced society requires an equilibrium and coordination between population growth and cultural, social, and economic development.

Background and According to ancient Iranian stories, medicine is attributed to mythological kings; and after Greek medicine entrance and its integration with Iranian traditional medicine and consequently, with entrance of Islam, the compilation of medical books got started. After a period of stability and establishment, Iranian medicine was well-known. In Qajar time, with the chaotic health situations and widespread fatal infectious diseases, the new medicine came into world by establishment of Dar ul-Funun; medical domains became expanded and one of the most famous physicians of Naseri and Mozaffari era, Mirza Ali Hamedani, compiled the book “Mozaffari's Pediatric Revival”. He had a great role in pediatric development and this article has tried to introduce his work.
Methods and Materials: The present research has been done based on library study. Mirza Ali ibn Zayn al-Abidin’s book which was collected in 1935, and other books and articles of Qajar time were studied.
it seems that the book is the product of Doctor Mirza Ali Hamedani’s teachings in Dar ul-Funun and abroad. Moreover, it includes medical issues of Qajar time and particularly medical problems and difficulties of children and measures to reduce their damages and casualties.

The study sought to determine the role of organizational culture in public health organization. The role of organizational culture and its dimensions such Meritocracy, human dignity, Enjoining and Prohibited from Denying, Honesty and Transparency, decisiveness in enforcing accountability explained in the official health organization. The research methodology is survey and the type of relationships in terms of the target is applicable. The spatial domain is East Azerbaijan province police commander and the studied period is the first quarter of 1393. The study sample, the entire staff of East Azerbaijan Province police, Sample size of 117 was obtained using Cochran formula. Sampling is the cluster. Research findings show that the average organizational culture of employees, and the average administrative health organization based on their marital status, isn’t meaningfully different. Also, there isn’t any meaningful correlation between organizational Islamic culture and organizational health with the age of staff. There exists a meaningful correlation between administrative organizational health with meritocracy, dignity, good & bad separation, honesty & transparency, and the certainty & reliability in responsibilities. The overall results of this study prove that organizational culture plays a role in administrative health organization.

exploration of factors associated with re-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be helpful in prevention of disease and reduce the burden of tuberculosis on health care system. This study was designed to identify factors associated with re-infection of tuberculosis in patients with sputum smears positive pulmonary tuberculosis in five bordering provinces of Iran. In this cross sectional study that performed of 2010-2012، different and clinical، socio economical factors were evaluated to identify influencing factors on re-infection. Data were gathered from questionnaires and survey of medical records. Data were analyzed by statistical methods. In 300 studied patients with average age 51. 9 ± 24. 2 years. 7. 2% of patients were diagnosed with re-infection. 64% of patients were in low-income classes، (10. 6 %) of patients had concomitant renal diseases، 10. 2 % had diabetes، and 9. 8 % of patients had liver dysfunction. In multiple analysis، migration from rural to urban areas (P=0. 31) and weight loss (P=0. 42) were significantly associated with increased risk re-infection. Compared to global reports recurrence rate in our cohort was in a moderate degree. Future studies should be done to identify the influential environmental and socioeconomic factors that affect the M. tuberculosis in re-infection

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been lead to complexity in succesfull treatment of Tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of first and second line drug resistance on pulmonary TB pateints and study their demografic and clinical links. In a cross-sectional study in 2011-2012, 105 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.TB) pateints were collected randomly from east azerbayjan province of Iran. After full clinical history and physical evaluation, standard proportion method was performed for detection of drug resistance in M.TB pateints. Frequency distribution of the M.TB in various parts of the city was significantly different. The total prevalence of resistance to any drug was 8.57% (6.1% in new cases and 33.3% in previously treated cases). Two (1.9%) patients were MDR-TB and a case was Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR). In the multiple logistic regrassion analysis, odds of resistance to one or more TB drug was significantly more in retreatment group than newly diagnosed group (OR=7.7). Frequency of resistance to Streptomycin (5.7%) was the highest and resistance to Etambutol was the lowest (0.95%). Sputum (88.3%) and coughing (86.4%) were the most common symptoms. Monitoring of drug resistance status by rapid teqnniques is necessary and crucial on patients with previous history of TB. Unexpected distribution of the disease in different parts of the city indicates the need for other studies.

In present research was tried to analyze and compare the degree of Iran’s cutie’s development from approach of attraction factors of foreign sport tourists that for accessing to this objective was selected five cities Tehran، Isfahan، Kish، Mashhad& Urmia (as the cities hosting the major international sports competitions in Iran) for sample. After gathering the factors attracting the foreign sports tourists from the valid scientific resources and through the interviews with prominent professors in sports، they were categorized in four groups: 1) Infrastructural factors، 2) Social and cultural factors، 3) Managerial and organizational and 4) Natural and non-natural attractions. Considering these factors، a questionnaire containing 19 questions was designed based on Likert scale and offered to 32 subjects from the sample in each of the studied cities (total 160 people). The resulted data from the questionnaires were analyzed by Numerical Taxonomy method and the final results showed that considering managerial and organizational factors، Mashhad; natural and non-natural attractions، Isfahan; and considering infrastructural factors and Social and cultural factors and also all factors، Kish have the more suitable conditions in attracting the foreign sports tourists in compare with other cities. Of other important results from this study was the lack of adequate infrastructure for sport in all studied cities، and solving this problem can be considered as the most important step in developing sports tourism in Iran.

Celestial bodies (the moon, Sun, stars, planets, meteors and Comets) have been long believed to affect destine, health and sanity of people. These believes generally depict the trust and thought realm of the ancient tribes. They could also justify most of the modern or contemporary beliefs of the varied civilizations. In the current research, in addition to the review of the most ancient mythical events on the previously mentioned believes, the thoughts of for east civilizations (china, Mongolia etc.) as most influential civilizations of their eras have been under attention. For farther documentation' "Ilkhani Tansouqhnameh", as the most important translated manuscript of Chinese Medicine from 1400 CE and its influence on the medicine practice of those civilizations have been discussed in this study.

Traditional medicine is one of the oldest therapies in human societies, which has been used by different nations, and its development is indebted to tradition, culture and customs of different nations. Traditional medicine still retains its place in many countries alongside modern medicine to maintain health and treat diseases and has progressed considerably.Traditional medicine is a holistic approach to health, knowledge and skills, with a plethora of ways to maintain health and treat various diseases and has a direct relationship with plants, animals, minerals and manual procedures. One of the techniques used in traditional medicine is leech therapy. Leech has been labeled a tiny surgeon. Therefore, we referred to traditional medicine texts and gathered comments of philosophers and doctors of traditional medicine in Iran regarding the use of leeches in the treatment of various diseases. In this paper, we made an attempt to discuss treatment modalities in Iranian traditional medicine.