محسن زاینده رودی

Fiscal policy is one of the most effective government means to intervene in the economy. The relationship between government intervention in the economy and macro variables such as economic growth and employment is always one of the discussed issues in economics. The impacts of fiscal policies on production, employment and economic growth have been estimated in numerous empirical studies. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimum size of Iran's government. Furthermore, Considering the role of the manufacturing sector in Iran's economy, the impact of government optimal size on Iran's Manufacturing employment would be estimated.  while using data from the period 1360 to 1398, the optimal control method was used to determine the optimum size of the government, and then by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method( ARDL), the short-term and long-term Impacts of government optimum size on the employment of the manufacturing sector evaluated. The research results showed that the optimal size of the government both in the short term and in the long term had a positive and significant impact on manufacturing sector employment. In addition the results indicated that the Impact of government optimum size on manufacturing sector employment is greater compared to the current size of the government. In other words, if the size of the government is optimum, fiscal policies will have a greater impact on the manufacturing employment.

Globalization and digitization, especially the emergence of innovative payment solutions from fintech and large technology companies, have prompted central banks to consider upgrading payment system infrastructure as well as the broader concept and provision of money. The supposed trend towards a cashless “society” has prompted central banks to consider issuing currency in digital form, known as “sovereign digital currencies” or “central bank digital currencies” (CBDCs). This issue has  increased the interest of policymakers and scientific communities in digital currencies of the central bank. The introduction of Central Bank Digital Currencies will mark the beginning of a new monetary era. A recent survey found that central banks representing a fifth of the world's population are likely to issue a CBDC "very soon," while 80 percent of central banks worldwide are considering issuing a CBDC.On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised public concerns about the transmission of the virus through cash, thus increasing calls for the development of contactless payment methods such as CBDC.In general, one of the main goals of CBDC is to increase access to central bank reserves beyond the small territory of commercial banks for the general public; a concept sometimes referred to as "reserves for all". Therefore, cash will no longer be the only form of central bank money through which people can trade and save; rather, these things can be done with the reserves deposited in the central bank.CBDCs can reduce costs. They can be provided through digital wallets on mobile devices, reducing the costs associated with maintaining physical bank accounts and transaction fees. CBDCs may also lower the price of cross-border (and possibly domestic) payments by reducing intermediaries in the normal transaction chain through closer connectivity or direct access to central bank clearing accounts.The central bank's digital currencies can increase the resilience of the economy against shocks by increasing the efficiency of the payment system. However, its incorrect implementation may lead to increased systematic risks that reduce resilience. Therefore, the basic and safe design and implementation of the central bank's digital currency is important to maintain the resilience of the economy against shocks.According to the above, the main motivation of the present study is to explore the effect of the central bank's digital currency expansion on the resilience of Iran's economy using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model.

In this paper, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model was presented and estimated using the Bayesian approach and seasonal data in the period of 03.20.2004-06.22.2022.The parameters of the model are estimated using the Bayesian approach and the Random Walk Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. In this regard, the data of the observable variables of the model include seasonally adjusted data of GDP with and without oil, consumption expenditures, investment expenditures, government expenditures, foreign reserves of the central bank, consumer price index, and the growth rate of money has been used.

The results of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo diagnostic test of Brooks and Gelman (1989) showed that the parameter estimates are appropriate and reliable. The results showed that the increase in CBDC issuance causes an increase in the interest rate and a decrease in the real interest rate, which reduces the demand for cash, and increases the GDP, employment hours, and economic growth. This part of the results of the current research is consistent and similar with the results of Varshosaz et al. (2021), and Sokooti et al. (2022). The increase in production led to a decrease in inflation and an increase in the real exchange rate and foreign reserves of the central bank. This part of the results of the present study was consistent and similar to the results of the study of Barrdear and Kumhof (2022). Furthermore, considering the increase in transparency in the economy and the decrease in transaction costs, consumption expenditures and investment expenditures increased; and government spending and the ratio of government budget deficit to GDP decreased.In this research, following Briguglio and Galea (2003) and Farrugia (2007), the components of the central bank's foreign reserves, the ratio of government budget deficit to GDP, and inflation were used to analyze economic resilience:The reduction of inflation and the ratio of government budget deficit to GDP, and on the other hand, the increase of foreign reserves of the central bank, have led to an increase in economic resilience.

Policy recommendations: 

According to the results of the estimation of the model, it is suggested that the government, as a monetary authority, manage its expenses by issuing CBDC and thereby reduce the budget deficit. On the other hand, with the release of this type of currency and increased transparency in the economy, as an expansion policy, the requirements and circumstances will be created to increase economic growth.Declaration of Competing Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest  to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.Acknowledgments: We thank anonymous reviewers for their useful comments greatly contributing to improving our work.JEL Classifications: C11, E31, E58.

Currency shocks affect macroeconomic variables and affect different economic markets. The exchange rate is one of the influential and important variables in economic systems, and in countries like Iran, where the major part of the government's income is formed from foreign currency income from oil exports, it is much more important. Exchange rate as an important key variable including the effects of developments and relations outside the economy on the domestic economic variables of interest and its effect on these variables is of special importance. On the other hand, employment is an effective factor in economic growth, income distribution and maintaining human dignity, and unemployment is the root of many anomalies and economic, social and political consequences. Currency impulses affect the demand of the entire economy through imports, exports, and demand for money, as well as the supply of the entire economy through the cost of imported intermediate goods. Therefore, the changes of this variable easily affect the economic structure of the countries, new theoretical discussions followed by experimental studies have shown that exchange rate impulses have different effects on macroeconomic variables in different economies. In such a way that the manner and size of this effect on the variables are different and depends on the initial conditions of each economy. The demographic structure of Asian countries and the abundant supply of labor on one hand and the lack of appropriate facilities and as a result insufficient demand on the other hand have made unemployment the most important socio-economic problem of these countries. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of currency shocks on macroeconomic variables and labor demand in Iran using a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model. In this study, currency shocks, real GDP, employment, interest rates, oil-free GDP, oil revenues, inflation, consumption and government consumption are considered as currency shocks as the source of fluctuations in the research model. The model is also simulated and solved using seasonal data and Bayesian estimator. The results of the model solving show that the model used to simulate the Iranian economy is very appropriate. The model is also simulated and solved using seasonal data and Bayesian estimator. The results of the model solving show that the model used to simulate the Iranian economy is very appropriate. The results of solving the model indicate that the model used to simulate Iran's economy is very suitable. The results obtained from the shock response functions caused by the currency impulse show that the production increases in response to the currency impulse in the short term due to the increase in exports and investment. In the following, due to the dynamics of the variables affecting production, the production decreased and returned to its stable level in the fifth period. The behavior of interest rate variables and public sector consumption with currency impulse is exactly the same as the behavior of production. The biggest declines are related to real GDP and interest rates. An increase in the exchange rate and a decrease in the interest rate will increase liquidity and increase the consumption of domestic consumer demand, which will cause the general price level to increase again. With the increase in consumption, inflation will start to increase, the changes in the domestic interest rate due to the currency impulse will also increase at first, then decrease and then increase again, so that in the long term its effect will tend to zero and it will reach its stable equilibrium state. Changing the exchange rate from different directions leaves opposite effects on production, and the result of these effects indicates the net effect of changing the exchange rate on production and employment. As the model outputs show. The results show that currency shocks reduce the medium-term real GDP, oil-free GDP, interest rates, government consumption and inflation and consumption. The results also show that severe currency shocks and rising exchange rates in the short run have reduced employment and labor demand. The effect of the change in the real exchange rate on production is revealed from two paths: one is the path of the amount of use of the existing production capacity and the other is the path of the amount of investment and creation of new production capacities. Also, due to the fact that the currency impulse leads to a decrease in the GDP over time and on the other hand causes an increase in the inflation rate and liquidity, it is recommended to use monetary tools as much as possible to avoid the extreme impact of the impulse. currency effects on the economy. On the other hand, the lower dependence of national income on oil can make the effect of exchange rate changes weaker. The results show that currency shocks reduce the medium-term real GDP, oil-free GDP, interest rates, government consumption and inflation and consumption. The results also show that severe currency shocks and rising exchange rates in the short run have reduced employment and labor demand.

One of the most important goals of economic policy makers in the country is the proper and fair distribution of income among different classes of people. The problem of lack of proper distribution of income and increase of income inequality is often considered from the point of view of social justice and poverty, and this has led to recommend short-term solutions to solve this problem. This article presents the optimal model of Iran's international energy trade with emphasis on international crises, economic growth, unemployment and income distribution using SVAR structural vector autoregression model for the years 1364-1399 in Iran's statistical society and in oil energy. Based on the estimation results of the SVAR model; An impulse coming from the area of energy prices will increase the inequality of income distribution by 0.3%, increase unemployment by 15% and decrease production by 12% in the country, as well as an impulse coming from the years of embargo in the country's oil exports will cause respectively 0.5% increase in income distribution inequality, 7% unemployment and 0.6% decrease. Establishing a suitable theoretical relationship between the discussed variables in the country, rather than being affected by the government's temporary economic policies, undergoes fundamental changes in the structure and political and economic conditions, but according to the model results, the economy has not been harmed much by the financial crisis. , or usually with a gap of six months to one year, has affected the country's economy.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is a symbol of the regional convergence chain in Asia, which is significant due to the economic or social position of the member countries as well as the geographical coverage of this group worldwide. Moreover, due to the large differences in the economic infrastructure of the member countries and their income levels, it is very important to study the index of resilience in the Shanghai group. In fact, the resilience index seeks to assess the ability of the economic compatibility of a country or a group of countries in the face of shocks and ultimately the potential to return to the desired equilibrium level, so a study of the level of resilience in the Shanghai group can show the prospects and future of the organization more clearly. In this research, the econometric method of space panel in the period 2014-2020 has been used. Therefore, two equations have been investigated and the SAR model has been accepted by the random effects method and the results show that the variables of trade volume and innovation have a positive and significant effect on the resilience index.

Considering the significance of food security in the planning of developing nations, such as Iran, and the crucial role played by the private sector in food investment, this study explores the influence of technology spillovers on private sector investment in Iran's agricultural food industry over a 30-year period. Using the dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model and the 2010 social accounting matrix, the study evaluates the effects of technology spillovers in three scenarios: doubling foreign direct investment, enhancing research and development to improve production efficiency (with a technology deduction coefficient of 0.0062), and increasing capital and intermediary goods imports by 20%. The impact of these scenarios on private institutional investment in the agricultural food industry, encompassing agriculture and horticulture, livestock, fisheries, and food industries, is assessed. The results indicate that the first scenario leads to increased private sector investment in all four sectors mentioned. The second scenario does not increase private sector investment in these sectors, while the third scenario only affects investment in the fisheries sector, without impacting the other sectors of the agricultural food industry.

Reducing poverty and inequality is one of the most important goals of planners and politicians in different societies of the world. The success of poverty alleviation programs depends on the accurate identification of the phenomenon of poverty. In this study, using the Alkire and Foster multidimensional poverty approach, the multidimensional poverty index in 5 dimensions of education, employment, standard of living, health and housing, for urban and rural areas during the years 1396 to 1398 has been calculated. The results of this study showed that in rural areas about 28% of people are poor and in urban areas about 25% are poor. Poverty rate in 1397 had a decreasing trend but in 1398 had an upward trend. About 51% of the poor live in rural areas and about 49% of them live in urban areas. The highest rate of deprivation in urban and rural areas is related to the employment dimension, which is about 40%. In terms of education, standard of living, health and housing are 16, 4, 24.5 and 15.5 percent, respectively. The multidimensional poverty index in urban and rural areas is 10% and 11.5%, respectively. Deprivation of women in urban and rural areas in terms of education is more than deprivation of men.

The public sector and its role in the implementation of financial policies for Iran are of special importance for two reasons. On the one hand, the main source of government income is the foreign currency income from oil exports, which is strongly affected by international shocks, and on the other hand, due to the prominent role of the government in Iran's economy, the government's financial behavior in the form of annual budgeting and policies Government finance, like tax collection, has a great impact on other productive sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the implementation of financial policies with special care. In this regard, tax is one of the most stable government revenues and can be used as a tool to implement social justice and encourage investment. Tax collection in an optimal way can have an effect on economic indicators in addition to its positive effects. The purpose of this article is to determine the effective factors on the optimal tax rate in Iran's economy during the period of 1981-2016 with the help of the optimal control method. The results of the research show that the consumption ratio of the private sector to the public sector and the depreciation rate have a negative effect, the ratio of public sector investment to the private sector, capital stock, technical progress coefficient, the elasticity of production compared to the investment of the public and private sectors have a positive effect on the optimal tax rate. are Among the mentioned factors, the ratio of private sector consumption to the public sector and the elasticity of production compared to private sector investment have the greatest impact on the optimal tax rate. Depending on the value of the mentioned variables, the optimal tax rate in the economy is between 22.88 and 25.5 percent. The average tax rate in the period under review was about 14% at constant prices. One of the reasons for the low tax rate is the existence of tax exemptions, the exclusion of taxes on some activities, and the dependence of the government budget on oil. Therefore, for the optimization of taxation in the economy, it is necessary to expand the tax bases, prevent tax evasion in the economy, collect taxes in a targeted manner from activities, reduce the government budget deficit, especially the current budget, remove dependence on oil revenues, and downsize and reduce the administration of the government. The attention of policy makers.

The resilience index refers to the ability of a system to absorb turmoil and reorganization so that the system still maintains the task, structure, specifications, and feedback. This concept was introduced after the 2008 financial crisis economic issues, and its goal is to assess the capability of economic compatibility of a country with shocks and, ultimately, the potential return to the equilibrium level. Under the conditions of the Iranian economy, due to the practice of sanctions in recent years, which has faced many challenges, evaluating the resilience level of different channels is essential. So, this study investigates the effect of competitiveness and knowledge-based economics on the Resilience of the Iranian economy from 1985 to 2019, with mixed frequency, annual and seasonal, using the ARDL-Midas method. The results indicate that in the short-term and long-term periods, the variables of trade (Competitiveness) and innovation (Knowledge-based Economics) on the resilience index have a positive and significant effect. Also, the variables of the ratio of oil revenues to GDP and foreign direct investment have had a positive and significant impact on Resilience, and the variables of government size and inflation rate have had a negative and significant effect on Resilience. Therefore, creating appropriate infrastructure is recommended to use the benefits of the knowledge base and expand competitiveness levels

Today, health indicators are recognized as pivotal factors in a country's development, potentially contributing to the enhancement of overall development indicators. With this in mind, this research was conducted to analyze the impact of health indicators on cultural indicators among diabetic patients in Iran's provinces.

This study adopts an applied and analytical approach. Data were gathered from forms designed based on expert opinions and classified information from statistical yearbooks spanning the years 2015 to 2019 for the country's provinces. Data analysis was conducted using Stata 17 software, employing panel data to estimate the model, and the Xtpcse test to assess hypotheses.

The research findings indicate that health indicators exerted a positive and significant influence on cultural indicators among diabetic patients, including the number of published book titles and the activity level of publishers.

Authorities in the country can promote reading and research endeavors by identifying and effectively utilizing impactful indicators in both health and culture domains. This could involve organizing free webinars and educational workshops in libraries and cultural centers to foster engagement. Additionally, to address health and hygiene concerns, particularly among young people, initiatives can be undertaken to encourage health professionals and doctors to create publications and blogs aimed at enhancing the health and well-being of diabetics.

Considering the role of capital as one of the most important factors which can affect production, job creation, and productive activities, this study was an attempt to investigate factors which can influence investment and the way they do so. To this end, this study benefitted from a dynamic computable general equilibrium model approach to simulate the effects of technology spillovers on economic and welfare variables involved in the investment of Iranian private sector in the country's economy. Accordingly, the study focused on changes in the production index of different economic sectors of Iran and changes in the consumption and price levels in the form of four different scenarios, namely doubling foreign direct investment, improving productivity through technology spillovers by using a coefficient of 0.0062, increasing import of capital and intermediate goods by 20%, and simultaneous application of the aforementioned three scenarios by using the 2013 Social Accounting Matrix for Iran. the results revealed, application of the first scenario can lead to an increase in the level of private sector investment in all the 14 sectors of Iran's economy and cause production growth. Moreover, application of the third scenario can cause the investment level of private sector to decrease. Finally, consideration of the fourth scenario, as compared to the other three scenarios, can be accompanied by a more considerable increase in the levels of production, private sector investment, household consumption, export, import, and thus households' welfare.

Health indicators, as a significant factor, can play a crucial role in enhancing the levels of developmental indicators in countries. The present study aims to examine the impact of health indicators on economic indicators during the period 1395-1399 for 31 provinces of the country. This research is of an applied and analytical nature. Data analysis is conducted using Stata 17 software, and model estimation is based on the Panel Data pattern. To test the hypotheses, Xtpcse test has been utilized to achieve the results.The results obtained from estimating the model indicate a positive and significant impact of health indicators on economic indicators such as the participation rate of the population aged 10 and older, the unemployment rate of the population aged 10 and older, the Gini coefficient of urban and rural areas, per capita gross domestic product, gross domestic product, health and treatment costs, and education. Therefore, health indicators can have a significant impact on economic development. Thus, by addressing barriers to improving health, efforts can be made towards enhancing the sustainable development of provinces in economic and other educational, human, and various other domains.

According to the technological gap theory,, the technological gap between countries can affect their economic growth and trade. Hence, in this study, the scenarios of reducing the digital divide (1%, 2% and 5%) of Eurasian countries on the growth of Iran's economic sectors (agriculture, industry and services) using the regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) was studied. For this purpose, the share of research and development expenses to GDP was used as index of the digital divide. In addition, in order to collect the required data, version 10 of the GTAP database, which includes the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of 141 countries or regions and 65 sectors, was used. Data in the form of three sections including: 1- agriculture, 2- industry and 3- services and five production factors including: skilled labor, unskilled labor, natural resources, land and capital and seven regions including: Iran, member of Eurasian Union (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia) and other countries were collected. Finally, data analysis was done using MathLab software. Results showed that with the decrease in digital divide of Eurasian countries, economic growth of Iran's industry and mining, agriculture and service sectors will also increase. In addition, among the examined economic sectors, with the reduction in the digital divide of Eurasian countries, the economic growth of services, industry, mining and agriculture sectors in Iran will increase, respectively.

The impacts of shocks generated by macroeconomic growth scenarios (2 percent, 5 percent, and 10%) on the overall welfare index in Iran were explored in this study. The essential data were gathered from the social accounting matrix of 1390, the central bank, and the data-output table of 1395, and the new recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (RDCGE) model was employed for data analysis.The findings revealed that real GDP shocks of up to 2.66 percent result in an increase in Iran's social welfare index. Because growing real GDP through boosting economic capacity raises individual income in society and creates the circumstances for household well-being to improve. Furthermore, productivity shocks of total inputs of production of up to 1.55 percent raise the social welfare index. Because improving total factor productivity has resulted in a rise in output, which has a direct influence on household consumption owing to greater income and promotes economic well-being. Furthermore, the short-term reaction of the social welfare index to oil income shocks is a maximum of 0.81 percent. Because, on the one hand, more oil revenues contribute to increased economic growth, but on the other hand, they lead to the establishment of the Dutch illness. Finally, the data revealed that among the factors analysed, shock due to real GDP growth, shock due to total productivity growth, and shock due to oil revenue increase had the greatest influence on overall well-being.

Measuring poverty is one of the challenges in development economics. Different methods of calculating poverty vary depending on the type of region, country, researcher goals, and available data. Definitions of poverty has changed a lot in recent years. Multidimensional poverty has replaced one-dimensional poverty. According to the breakdown of one-dimensional poverty lines and poverty is measured according to annual income. Multidimensional poverty, taking into account other aspects such as education, health, living standards and income, are fuller attention to the issue of poverty and a more comprehensive definition of poverty. In the one-dimensional poverty through poverty line be considered poor if the person under the poverty line and above it is not poor. The multidimensional poverty may be poor person in one or more dimensions, for example in the field of income above the poverty line but poor health or education are considered. Preferences are about the reasons people make decisions. Preferences are divided into social preferences and personal preferences. Preferences are divided into risk, time saving, altruism, trust, retaliation, positive and negative. These indicators have been introduced in the Global Preference Survey. In this article, by establishing the relationship between multidimensional poverty and preferences, we examine the impact of preferences on multidimensional poverty.Top time preferences in this study are defined as preferences that have the greatest impact on people's decision-making time. For example, in different occupational groups, preferences can be different and varied at the moment of decision-making to help people in need, charities and aid organizations, which at the time of decision-making and frequently compared to other preferences to preferences. Superior goes back in time. Identifying superior preferences helps to create poverty reduction policies in line with those preferences and leads to ranking the effective preferences of individuals in multidimensional poverty.The use of fuzzy logic in various topics such as measuring economic variables is increasing. For topics for which a definite boundary is inconceivable, fuzzy logic provides better and closer results to reality. For example, if we consider poverty in terms of income, we should use the poverty line to determine the level of poverty of individuals. For example, if the poverty line is set below the annual income of one billion rials, if a person has an annual income of 999 million rials, If he has an annual income of one billion and one hundred thousand rials, he is considered non-poor. Here, the classical set, which has a clear demarcation, can not show poverty in terms of income correctly and close to reality, while using the fuzzy set and its tools, one can belong to the non-poor group and 0.8 at a rate of 2.0 belongs to the poor. In this study, we use the adaptive fuzzy-neural model ANFIS, which is a more comprehensive model, to answer the research question regarding the identification and the maximum impact of superior temporal preferences on multidimensional poverty. According to Alkaier and Foster, Multidimensional poverty is divided into deprivation in terms of education, health, living standards, and education for children, adult education, children's health, men's health, women's health, home flooring, sanitation, shared facilities, access to education, Healthy drinking water and assets are indicators of its measurement. Preferences are the reasons for individuals' decisions and are divided into trust, risk, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity in social and personal dimensions. In this study, the best time preferences are mentioned as the reasons for people at the moment of decision making without having a history of previous preferences. Using a two-stage questionnaire method, in the first stage, multidimensional poverty was identified and in the second stage, the preferences of people willing to help in different dimensions of multidimensional poverty were identified and using ANFIS fuzzy-neural model in MATLAB software to investigate the effect of superior preferences. Let's look at the dimensions of multidimensional poverty. The results showed the greater impact of temporal altruism, temporal reciprocity, temporal trust and temporal risk, respectively, and this sequence can be introduced as the preferences of individuals at the moment of decision making or the best time preferences. In this paper, the effect of superior temporal preferences on multidimensional poverty was investigated using an adaptive adaptive fuzzy-nervous system. Multidimensional poverty is introduced in various articles with other factors of deprivation, such as education, health, living standards. Preferences address the reasons for people's decisions. Preferences refer to trust, risk, altruism, and positive and negative reciprocity. Top temporal preferences in this study for the first time refer to the reasons for a person's decision outside of past decisions and consider the reasons of individuals at the time of decision. Hence, temporal trust, temporal risk, temporal altruism, and positive and negative temporal interaction are created at the moment of a person's decision, and in the past, the effect of this preference has rarely existed. The reason for this is related to the individual's decision-making conditions at the time of the decision. For example, a person does not trust different people, but at the moment of decision making, he trusts the reasons and circumstances. Finally, by creating an ANFIS model, we examine the preferences for each of the dimensions of multidimensional poverty and obtain the results using the best creative membership functions and rules. According to the results table of temporal altruism, temporal reciprocity, temporal trust and temporal risk are the most common reasons for people to help and have the greatest impact on the dimensions of multidimensional poverty.

Determining the size of the government and its effect on the economy is one of the important issues in the field of public sector economics. This research seeks to determine the factors affecting the optimal growth rate of government expenditures. The increase in government spending has an effect on economic variables and can lead to an increase in the production and supply of public goods and services and affects the well-being of households as well as the desirability of households. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the optimal growth of government spending in Iran's economy. The information used is for the period 1360 to 1397. In this study, the dynamic optimal control approach has been used to investigate the factors affecting the growth of government expenditures. The results of the study show that the time preference rate, the coefficient of technical progress, the elasticity of production in relation to the investment of the private and public sectors, the consumption ratio of the sector Private to public, capital stock has had a negative and inverse effect on the optimal growth of government spending in the economy. On the other hand, the ratio of public sector investment to private sector, the elasticity of substitution between time and capital depreciation rate have had a positive effect on the optimal growth rate of government spending in Iran's economy. Also, the sensitivity of the growth rate of government expenditures was estimated for different values ​​of the mentioned variables. The calculation results show that depending on the parameters, the ratio of government expenditures to the previous period varies between 0.91 and 1.024 percent.

The vector auto regression model was used to investigate the effect of real sector shocks on the social welfare in Iran during the period of 1980-2019.The results of the impulse response test showed that the Amartya Sen welfare index showed a rapid response to the shocks of total factor productivity growth in the first period, which had a zero effect over time. The utility-oriented welfare index reacts positively to the shocks of total factor productivity growth in the first period, which has decreased from the second period and has become negative even from the fifth period. Amartya Sen Welfare Index and utility-oriented welfare index shows a positive and rapid response to real GDP per capita shocks in the first period, which is adjusted over time, and from the seventh period. The Amartyasen Welfare Index reacts negatively to oil revenue shocks and is very weak. If the utility-oriented welfare index shows a positive response in the first period, but in the following periods, its effect is adjusted and remains partially positive. Amartya Sen welfare index shows a leap and positive response to employment shocks from the first period and its trend continues and from the fifth period it continues in a positive and stable manner and the utility welfare index has a similar trend to Amartya Sen welfare index. Discussion In the Iranian economy, employment leads to increased social welfare, while in the long run, oil revenues, GDP per capita and growth in total factor productivity have led to a decrease in social welfare. Therefore, in the Iranian economy, creating employment and reducing unemployment is the most appropriate factor to increase welfare.

This research has been done with the aim of providing an effective model for evaluating the health policies of the administrative system according to the upstream documents in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance. This research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, so that at first, by conducting library studies, 108 policy titles were counted as primary codes (parts of speech), which were divided into 23 basic themes (components) and then into 6 organizing themes (dimension) included administrative, social, economic, political, judicial, and financial dimensions. The initial model was verified by experts. The statistical population of this research includes 4062 employees of the headquarters and provincial general offices of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, and according to Cohen's sampling method, 205 samples were selected using the stratified sampling method. The initial model was tested in this sample. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated as (86.1 percent), the internal reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha, and considering that the values of Cronbach's alpha were higher than (0.7), the internal reliability of all dimensions was confirmed. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Smart-PLS software. Statistical methods of confirmatory factor analysis, structural equations and single-sample t-test have been used to investigate the research questions. As a result, according to Cronbach's alpha indices score and composite reliability higher than 0.6, factor loading higher than 0.5 of the questions, root-mean-square index score of the standardized residual equal to 0.039, the validity of the model was confirmed.

Determining the optimal growth rate of expenditures and the size of the government and its effect on macroeconomic variables is one of the important issues in the field of public sector economics. The increase in government spending has an impact on economic variables and can lead to an increase in production and employment.The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the optimal size of the government in Iran's economy and its effect on the employment of the agricultural sector. In this research, the optimal growth rate for the size of the government was estimated using the dynamic optimal control method. In the following, the effect of optimal size of the government on the employment of the agricultural sector was investigated with the ARDL method and the use of Eviwes software. The results of the estimation of the equation show that in the current situation, the variable government expenditure trend has had a negative and significant effect on the employment of the agricultural sector, both in the short term and in the long term.But the effect of government size in the optimal state has had a positive effect on the employment of the agricultural sector. Therefore, in the implementation of financial policy, the issue of improvement in policy making should be taken into consideration.

,economic development and social welfare are among the priorities of every government and government. The quality of economic institutions is one of the most important factors of development. However, due to the abstract nature of institutions, its measurement is associated with certain complexities. In this dissertation, the effect of human capital on the quality of institutions in Iran is examined.The institutional quality index presented in this study is based on Iranian provincial data for the period 2006 to 2016 and based on five components of the main indicators of good governance (accountability and the right to protest, government effectiveness, quality of regulations, rule of law and corruption control). Is. After normalizing the data, the panel data method was calculated using a two-stage least squares model (2sls) with Stata software. In order to determine whether our model in this dissertation is panel or cumulative, the F-Leimer test and analysis of its results were used and the panel model was approved. Then, using Hausmann test, it was concluded that finally the panel model with random effects should be applied to the data.According to regression coefficients, the results show a positive and significant effect of human capital on the quality of institutions in Iran. He states that the higher the human capital in the provinces, the better the quality of institutions. According to the results of this study, a one percent increase in the human capital index leads to a positive and significant increase of 0.21 in the institutional quality index.

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the demand elasticity of cultural Products and to examine the consumption behavior of urban and rural households in this commodity group. For this purpose, the Dynamic Almost Ideal Demanding System (DAIDS) and the seemingly unrelated regression method for the period 1981-2017 were used. The results show that the homogeneity hypothesis for the group of cultural Products in urban households is not confirmed, In other words, urban consumers have a monetary illusion in their consumption of selected goods, That is, rather than considering real income and real prices in their consumption decisions, they consider nominal income and nominal prices. This assumption also applies to rural households. The price elasticity of cultural Products for urban and rural areas is inelastic, which means that these goods cannot be replaced and are essential. In addition, the results show that price changes of other groups have little effect on demand for cultural Products. In addition, the income elasticity of cultural Products for both urban and rural areas is greater than one, and so these are luxury goods; The results of estimating the elasticity of the subgroups of cultural Products also show that education is necessary for the urban areas, but for the rural areas, the elasticity of the commodity is unit. Income elasticity is positive for all groups in urban and rural areas, which is an increase in cultural costs if income is increased.

Although green management is the indicators to assess performance effectiveness in executive organizations and its implement the strategies of the 5th and 6th Development Plans the executive regulations of the ‘Green Development Plan’, effective actions have not been reported. This research aims to provide a Green Management Model for Social Responsibility; Considering the role of Accountability in Executive Organizations. The statistical population of this research consists of two groups of managers and assistants of executive organizations from with a sample size of 360 people (cluster-random sampling method) and expert community with 32 by snowball sampling method. Data analysis included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling with SPSS and AMOS software. The reliability of the research was studied by a survey filled by university professors and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results showed that green management can predict Social responsibility in executive organizations. Green management has positive and significant relationship with organizational social responsibility; also, there a significant relationship between variables with the mediating role of accountability. among the variables of this research, leadership from green management, leadership and processes within the organization from the social responsibility and organizational accountability from accountability have the highest priorities in these organizations. Comparing the results for the three provinces showed :1) There is a significant difference between them in regards to green management (leadership), Social responsibility with the mediating role of accountability; 2) Tehran gained the highest rank in green management and organizational social responsibility and Kerman gained the highest rank in accountability.

The goal of this study is to examine the effect of governance dimensions (political governance, social governance, economic governance) on the sustainable development index in OPEC Plus oil countries in the period 1997-2018. For this purpose, the panel method, based on the Chow test and the fixed effects method, based on the Hassman test, is used to estimate the research models. The results of estimating the models suggest that the rule of law index (as a representative of political governance) and the human development index (as a representative of social governance) have a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development index in the studied countries and the macroeconomic stability index (as a representative of economic governance) has a negative and significant effect on the sustainable development index of these countries, the results of which are confirmed by studies. Among the governance dimensions, social governance is the most important governance dimension affecting the sustainable development index in these countries.

The formation of global markets through the process of globalization has always been one of the main concerns of economic experts in the world. In fact, in the efficient economic markets, this relationship is wider every day, and the situation is the way that the expansion of globalization as an economic accelerator can lead to the growth of the economic sectors of the countries. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of globalization index on financial markets (money and capital markets). To this end, 10 selected developing countries and 15 developed countries were reviewed during the period from 2001 to 2020. In order to estimate the effects of variables, the panel's cointegration technique with Auto Regressive Distributed Lag was used. The results of the estimates indicate that the effect of the globalization index combination on the indicators of money market (banking facilities) and capital market (value of equity shares) is positive. On this basis, it can be noted that globalization can provide spaces for the development of money and capital markets in the studied countries.