محمد ابراهیم مداحی

The Covid-19 pandemic indicated that our biological characteristics alone are not enough to deal with diseases. Resilience refers to the dynamic process of positive adaptation to unpleasant and unfortunate experiences which reflects our ability to control the situation and manipulate the situation optimally. This capability includes internal dimensions, the role of experiences and mental patterns, and external dimensions including the coordinates or community's efforts in mastering challenges. However, studies only focus on the concept of social resilience as an external dimension, and the role of culture as an independent component of identity has been ignored. In this review, the need to conceptualize cultural resilience has been put on the agenda.  In fact, the capabilities that culture provides through the various components that enable us to have the ability to adapt, change conditions, and improve performance in critical situations are studied.

This was a review of the literature. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases were investigated using the keywords resilience, community, culture, and hardness in Persian and English papers from 1990 to 2018. The articles were evaluated in multiple stages and finally 32 papers were analyzed.

As a result, we conceptualized that cultural resilience could include the following components: belongingness and rootedness, trust, commitment, sense of pride, and attachment.

Cultural resilience can be considered as the ability to adapt and deal with a crisis with the help of historical styles, myths, customs, and cultural beliefs.

Behavioral activation therapy is one of the effective treatment methods for people who have some kind of mental deterioration. The effect of behavioral activation therapy with guided mental imagery on the level of temptation, perceived stress, and positive-negative emotional cognitive regulation of substance-dependent adolescents has not been investigated in the history of this field.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of behavioral activator therapy with guided mental imagery on resilience, temptation, perceived stress and positive and negative cognitive emotional regulation of substance-dependent adolescents.

The research method was quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test design with equal control group). The sample consisted of 30 drug-dependent adolescents who were selected by convenience sampling. Then, from the research sample, 15 substance-dependent adolescents were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 substance-dependent adolescents to the control group. Research instruments included Temptation Questionnaire (Salehi Fadardi et al., 2011), Stress Questionnaire (Cohen et al., 2012) and Adjustment Questionnaire and Emotional Questionnaire (Garnfsky et al., 2002). Multivariate analysis of Mancova and Ankova multivariate analysis of covariance was used for data analysis.

The results of data analysis showed that behavioral activation therapy with guided mental imagery increases resilience and positive cognitive emotional regulation and reduces temptation, perceived stress and negative emotional cognitive regulation in adolescents addicted to experimental group compared to control group.

Considering the effect of behavioral activator treatment with guided mental imagery on positive cognitive emotional regulation and reducing the amount of temptation, perceived stress, and negative cognitive emotional regulation of adolescents, this treatment method should be considered and used in addiction treatment centers.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the schema therapy approach with the therapy based on acceptance and commitment on the self-control of married women and men with extramarital relationships.

In this research, the statistical population included married men and women who had an extramarital relationship, who, due to the disclosure of their extramarital relationship, in the 12 months of 2019 and the first 9 months of 2014, went to four counseling and psychological clinics in Tehran, which are available. The researcher of this research was located, they referred. Among the couples, 45 were randomly selected (23 women and 22 men). To implement the project, the researcher used the purposeful sampling method and the self-control questionnaire of Tanji (2004) was distributed among three groups of subjects (two experimental groups and one control group). Then the effect of independent variable or two treatment methods on two dependent variables was compared. After conducting 10 ninety-minute sessions of schema therapy once a week and 8 ninety-minute sessions of therapy based on acceptance and commitment once a week, the experimental and control groups were subjected to a post-test. In this research, the analysis of covariance test was used to analyze the data, and the independent t-test was used to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment.

The findings showed that self-control in the experimental group of schema therapy increased by 31.66. Also, self-control in the test group of acceptance and commitment increased by 37.87 in the post-test, while in the control group, the increase in both groups was below one score, and the covariance analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the two approaches on self-control. Also, the findings showed that there is no significant difference between the two treatment approaches in terms of effectiveness in self-control.

Based on the findings, the schema therapy approach with treatment based on acceptance and commitment has a significant effect on the self-control of married women and men with extramarital relationships.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the schema therapy approach with the therapy based on acceptance and commitment on the emotional intelligence of married women and men with extramarital relationships.

The current research was an applied research and in terms of the research method, it was non-descriptive and quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The current research population included married men and women with extramarital relationship who referred to four counseling and psychological clinics in Tehran in 12 months of 2019 and 9 months of 2014 due to marital disputes with their spouses and the disclosure of their extramarital relationship. Among the couples, 45 couples were randomly selected (23 women and 22 men who committed extramarital relations). The criteria for inclusion in the research included: being married, not pregnant, at least 25 and at most 60 years old, having minimal literacy, not having an acute psychological illness or problem, and registering written informed consent to participate in therapy sessions. In this research, the subjects were placed in three groups of Yang (2003) schema therapy test, acceptance and commitment based test, and control test, and before and after the intervention, they completed Bar-N's (2000) emotional intelligence questionnaire. Data were analyzed using repeated measure variance.

The results showed that the intervention of the experimental schema therapy group (F=6.66, P=0.020) and the group based on acceptance and commitment (F=6.10, P=0.024) on emotional intelligence in the post stage The test is effective and this effect was stable in the follow-up phase; Also, based on the results of Tukey's post hoc test, there is no significant difference between the two groups of schema therapy approach and acceptance and commitment on emotional intelligence in terms of effectiveness.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program on depression and adherence to treatment in coronary heart patients.

The present study was conducted as a semi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group with measurement at the baseline after the intervention and 3-month follow-up with the control group. The number of 52 female patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease from among the patients referred to Hazrat Fatemeh (S) specialized polyclinic (Social Security Organization) located in Urmia city from September to December 2019 and randomly selected to the group Experiment (mindfulness-based stress reduction program (n=26) and control (n=26) were assigned. All participants completed the demographic questionnaire, Beck et al.'s depression questionnaire (1996) and Moriski, Eng and Wood's (2008) treatment adherence questionnaire in three stages. Mindfulness-based stress reduction program was conducted in eight weekly sessions based on Mochari et al.'s training package (2014). The research was analyzed using multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance as well as Tukey's follow-up tests.

The results of the present study showed that the stress reduction program based on mindfulness on depression (F=561.08, P<0.001) and adherence to treatment (F=373.51, P<0.001) in coronary heart patients. It was effective and this effect continued until the follow-up period.

The results of this research showed that the mentioned treatment can be used as a psychological intervention in reducing depression and improving treatment compliance in female patients with cardiovascular disease.

It has a significant negative impact on economic growth.One of the warning signs of the financial crisis is the increasing stress that is occurring in the financial markets, leading to increased uncertainty and instability in the economy. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to calculate financial stress index in Iranian financial markets and identify its effects on economic growth.This paper deals with the relationship between financial stress and recession and economic prosperity in three stages. at first, the effect of financial variables on financial stress has been measured by panel data using random data and random effects.Then by constructing a composite index of financial stress uncertainty using Arch & Garch model we are able to investigate the relationship between economic growth and financial stress uncertainty index. In the second the effect of financial stress on economic growth and recession by multilayer perceptron method shows that it is predicted that the economy will continue to be in recession from the year 1397 to the first quarter of 1399 and with the beginning of the second season of 1399 we will see economic prosperity.Finally, the effect of financial stress along with other variables of production function on economic growth were measured using Markov switching self-regression model. Based on the results, the index has a significant negative effect on economic growth in the long run and short run models.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the cardiovascular disorders that is caused by damage and obstruction of the coronary arteries. In this disorder, the wall of one or more coronary arteries of the heart is wholly or partially blocked due to the deposition of substances called plaque (fatty or fibrous material), and blood flow to different parts of the heart is cut off permanently or temporarily. Coronary arteries have been reported CHD, due to its debilitating nature, creates some limitations in a person's life. Studies of psychological disorders in patients with cardiovascular disease have repeatedly shown that this disease is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Mindfulness-based therapies are one of the complementary methods used in more than 200 American hospitals, and some studies have used this treatment as the preferred psychotherapy to medical treatment to improve blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Given the high prevalence of CHD in Iran and the adverse effects of this disorder on the physical function and social, educational, and occupational status of patients, the development and expansion of therapeutic interventions that reduce anxiety and blood pressure in these patients are essential. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on state/trait anxiety and hypertension in patients with CHD with hypertension.

The research method was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with one control and a3-month follow-up group. In this study, the independent variable (Mindfulness-based stress reduction) had two levels (experimental group and control group), and the research had two dependent variables (State/trait anxiety and Hypertension). A purposeful sampling method was used to select the sample size. Thirty patients with coronary heart disease (15 patients for each of the experimental and control groups) were selected from the patients referred to Hazrat Fatemeh specialized polyclinic in Urmia in the months of September to December 2020. They were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of premature CHD and hypertension according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) in patients by a cardiologist, having a high school education, being between 40 and 55 years old, ability to participate in group therapy sessions, and willingness to cooperate. Exclusion criteria were comorbid psychiatric disorders, drug use, and absenteeism in more than three medical counseling sessions. The participants in the experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in eight ninety-minute sessions, and the participants in the control group did not receive training. The experimental group received a mindfulness-based stress reduction program in an eight-sessions of 120 minutes. However, the control group did not receive this intervention during the research process. Ethical considerations included all that subjects who received information about the study at any time could leave the study. They were assured that all information would remain confidential and only be used for research purposes. For privacy reasons, the subjects' details were not recorded. In the end, all of them received informed consent. The questionnaires used in this study, including the State/Trait Anxiety questionnaire (Spielberger, 1970), were completed in three stages. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA using SPSS-24 software. In this study, a significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.

Findings from demographic data showed that the sample had a range of 20 to 45 years, among which the age range of 35 years had the highest frequency (28%). On the other hand, these people had the level of diploma to master's degree, the highest frequency of which was related to the bachelor's degree (57%), and they were all married. In order to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on state/trait anxiety and hypertension in patients with CHD with hypertension, repeated-measurement ANOVA was used. First, the normality of data distribution was checked and confirmed using Shapiro-Wilk Test (P>0.05). The assumption of homogeneity of variance was also tested by the Levene's test, which showed the results for the variables of overt anxiety (F=1.16, P=0.423), latent anxiety (F=2.13, P=0.172), and blood pressure (F=1.48, P=0.254) were not significant. So the assumption of homogeneity of variance was observed. Also, the results of the Mauchly's sphericity test indicated that the data sphericity assumption was observed in the variables of overt and covert anxiety and blood pressure (P<0.05). The data analysis results showed a significant difference between the mean scores of overt anxiety, latent anxiety, and blood pressure in the studied groups in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Generally, considering that the amount of Eta squares in the experimental groups in all research variables is more than 0.14, based on the general rule of Eta squares, it can be said that the results of this study indicate the high effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on state/trait anxiety and hypertension in cardiovascular patients. In addition, due to the significant interaction between time and the experimental variable and the effect size, it can be said that mindfulness-based stress reduction program causes an apparent reduction in state/trait anxiety and hypertension in c CHD patients in experiment groups compared to the control group at three months follow-up stage (P<0.05).

Considering the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on state/trait anxiety and hypertension in patients with CHD, it is suggested that such a program be part of the codified treatments of patients with cardiovascular disease and psychologists of medical and hospital centers have sufficient knowledge in this field by holding training workshops. Like other studies, the present study has some limitations. The first limitation of the present study is the small sample size. Although this study did not yield a drop in subjects, the small sample size of this study is one of the limitations that prevented accurate estimation of the effect size of the program. The second limitation was related to the type of disease of the subjects who could not do heavy physical activity. In future studies, it is suggested that a placebo program should be implemented on the control to control the effect of expectation. It is also recommended to use larger samples to achieve the actual effect size of the program. This study was performed on the patients of Hazrat Fatemeh specialized polyclinic located in Urmia city; it is suggested that to expand the findings of this study, researchers implement a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on similar patients in other hospitals.

In the last few decades, several studies have been conducted on the psychological constructs associated with the experience of crisis, the main focus of which were on the concept of resilience. Resilience is the ability of problem solving and being adapted to critical situations. That is, when we face serious socio-economic, psychological problems and crisis, how much we can be resistant, and more importantly, whether we have the power to overcome these difficult situations. For many years, researchers have been exploring the determinants of resilience, but this research is seeking to conceptualize a kind of resilience called cultural resilience. in which those abilities are studied that the culture gives us in order not to suffer in difficult circumstances, not to be harmed, to be adapted to, and to be able to behave properly as before. Methodologically, this study was a systemic review study. The keywords of "Resilience", "Community", "Culture", and "Hardness" were searched from Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Magiran and SID databases with "AND" index. Finally, 23 relevant articles were founded. Because of interdisciplinary studies, a definition of this construct is obtained: cultural resilience is the capacity and ability to cope with the crisis and solve it with the help of historical methods, myths, customs and group beliefs. In addition, the components of it include dependency, trust, commitment, feeling of pride, and collectivism.

This study was conducted to develop a model for political participation on the basis of personality traits and ego identification. It is a correlational study based on structural equation modeling, especially regression equations (an amalgamation of path analysis and the second level factor analysis). The statistical population included all the male and female Basiji students of the Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University. In this study, a sample size of 500 people was determined, considering the number of observed variables, assigning a coefficient of 20 for each variable and taking into account the possibility of incomplete questionnaires. After determining the sample size, the availability sampling method was used to select the sample. For data collection, the NEO Personality Questionnaire, the Benyon and Adams Identity Questionnaire and Farajzadeh’s standard questionnaire of political participation were used. The findings revealed that the research model was valid, and in general 83% of political participation could be explained by personality traits and ego identification. Also, personality traits and ego identification variables had a significant direct effect on political participation, and the path of personality traits mediated by identification showed an indirect effect on political participation. The results of this study underline the need for social communication models in an area of natural characteristics of individuals in large-scale social and national activities.

The workforce of any military organization is one of the most important and influential resources in that system. The need for the proper use and suitable selection of people in different work shifts is vital.

This study aims to measure the basic cognitive functions based on Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) in police shift and administrative personnel.

This study’s design is causal-comparative. A sample of 110 individuals from the specialized unit staff of Kerman province in 2019 was selected through a random sampling technique. To evaluate the cognitive functions of these individuals, the ANAM Neurological Psychological Evaluation Software Collection was used. The Independent T-test was performed for data analysis using the SPSS software version 25.

The findings showed no significant difference between shift and administrative groups in the scores of code substitution, mathematical processing,  matching to sample, mathematical processing time, and matching to sample time. However, a significant difference between the two groups was observed in procedural reaction time (P=0.024) and reaction time (P= 0.006).

The results showed that the simple and procedural reaction times are higher in shift workers. There was no significant difference in other cognitive patterns of the research subjects in the sampled police personnel. That could be due to the similar general military training, using administrative staff in police operations, and periodic shifts.

One of the main reasons for clinical referrals is the complaint of physical symptoms described in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as Somatic Symptom Disorder. This study aimed to determine the fit of the structural model of the relationship between somatic symptoms disorder and stressful organizational variables mediated by self-regulatory processes in a clinical sample of patients diagnosed with somatic symptoms disorder.

The statistical population consisted of all patients with somatic symptom disorder who had referred to the hospitals and health centers of police in Tehran, Iran, during the first six months of 2019. Of this population, 30 people were selected by the purposive method. The instruments used in the study were a questionnaire for somatic symptom disorders, a short form of the Iranian Police Stress Scale, a self-regulatory scale, a screening questionnaire, and a structured clinical interview to assess DSM-5 disorders, all of which had good validity and reliability. Structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the obtained data using the SPSS 23 and PLS 2 software.

The results of structural equation modeling confirmed the mediating role of self-regulatory processes in the relationship between stressful organizational variables and somatic symptom disorder. The overall model fit (GOF) in the sample group was 0.490, and the model fitted the data. Findings showed that mission organizational variables had more effect on physical symptoms than non-mission organizational variables. Additionally, the initial hypothetical model had a good fit with the observed data, and the stressful organizational variables explained more variance of physical symptoms through self-regulation.

If police officers use self-regulatory strategies, they can better avoid the effects of organizational stress on physical symptoms. This feature plays a mediating role in the relationship between stressful organizational variables and physical symptoms, and reduces the effect of stress on individuals.

Due to their stressful work conditions, police forces are always exposed to serious dangers that affect their physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the fit of the structural model of the relationship between physical symptoms and stressful organizational variables mediated by personality traits in a group of police officers.

The statistical population of this study included all the male police officers in Tehran with at least three years of service in 2019, from among whom 300 people were selected using the cluster sampling method. The data collection instruments were a screening questionnaire for physical symptoms, the short form of the Iranian Police Stress Scale, the short form of the NEO Personality Questionnaire and a structured clinical interview to assess DSM-5 (SCID-5) disorders, which had acceptable validity and reliability indices. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation method with the help of SPSS and PLS (version 2) software.

The results of the structural equation modeling confirmed the mediating role of personality traits in the relationship between stressful organizational variables and physical symptoms, and the personality traits of extraversion, dutifulness and agreeability are effective in the relationship between personality and physical symptoms. Also, the relationship between the personality traits of neuroticism, agreeability, dutifulness and openness to experience with stressful organizational variables and also the relationship between the personality traits of neuroticism and openness to experience with physical symptoms were not significant. Non-mission organizational variables had the greatest impact on physical symptoms.

Given the nature of the police job and the tensions that people face in this job, if police officers have high rates of extroversion, dutifulness and agreeability, and low neuroticism, they will adapt their responses to life events according to the stressful situations. Accordingly, they will regulate the emotions resulting from stressful organizational variables in order to provide appropriate responses to environmental demands and control tensions and stresses, and create psychological adaptation to the needs, stresses and requirements of life and can better prevent the effects of organizational stress on physical symptoms. Therefore, it can be concluded that if a person has organizational tensions, they are less likely to develop physical symptoms and have lower perception of stress if they have certain personality traits.

Cancer is undoubtedly one of the most worrisome of these diseases and discovering ways to prevent it is the main goal of researchers. The purpose of this study was to raise the awareness of people to adopt lifestyle and healthy practices for cancer prevention.

This study was a quasi-experimental, interventional control study. The study population was women with cancer in Rasht. The sample size of the case and control groups was 40 individuals, 80 women were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into two groups of 40 each. Lifestyle questionnaire was used for data collection. At first the lifestyle questionnaire was completed by the groups, then the experimental group received 8 sessions of cancer prevention education based on BASNEF model. After the training, the questionnaires were again completed by the two groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and covariance test.

According to the results, the effect of educational intervention based on BASNEF model on life style was significant (P <0.01). The significant effect of educational intervention based on BASNEF model on lifestyle indicates that the mean of dependent variables in these groups is different.

The results of this study showed that BASNEF model-based education program was effective in raising awareness, improving lifestyle and thus promoting cancer preventive behaviors in women.

Children with Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suffer from a wide range of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems. Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a method of teaching sustained attention and regulated thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Furthermore, Neurofeedback (NF) is a self–regulation technique in which the current parameters of Electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from the subject’s head are presented to a subject through visual and auditory modality, while the subject is supposed to voluntary or involuntary alter these parameters to reach a more efficient mode of brain functioning. MBCT is self–regulated while NF is machine–aided. In recent years, non–pharmacological treatments have been developed to solve these problems. The current study aimed to compare the efficacy of MBCT and NF on the emotional self–regulation of children with ADHD. 

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The study population included all 9– to 12–year–olds referring to counseling and psychology clinics in Tabriz City, Iran, in the year 2018. After observing the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and implementing the Child Symptom Inventory–4 (CSI–4) (Gadow & Sprafkin, 1994), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach, 1991), Integrated visual and auditory (IVA) (Sandford & Terner, 1994), and Diagnosis by a child psychiatrist and psychologist, 45 ADHD children were selected as the study samples. They were chosen by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups, as follows: MBCT, NF, and controls. All study subjects completed the Emotional Regulation checklist (Shields & Cicchetti, 1998) before and after the treatment. The MBCT group members received treatment in 15 sessions, and the NF group members received 25 sessions of intervention; however, but the controls received no treatment. After 5 months, follow–up tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS–24 using repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post–hoc test. 

The obtained results indicated that MBCT and NF were effective in emotional self–regulation in children with ADHD (p<0.001). Additionally, MBCT had a greater effect on the improvement of emotional self–regulation in children with ADHD, compared to the NF intervention (p<0.001). The 5–month follow–up results also suggested that this effect was lasting.

Considering the effectiveness of MBCT on the emotional self–regulation of children with ADHD, using this method, along with other approaches, to reduce the symptoms and problems of this condition is important. According to MBCT data, children with ADHD learn to be mindful concerning different situations and control their emotions. They could repeatedly practice this skill throughout the day as they perform various tasks and activities to ultimately improve their emotional self–regulation.

Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity are the key symptoms of ADHD. ADHD is among the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorders that could lead to irreversible complications and injuries if not given proper treatment. In terms of the etiology of ADHD, various issues have been discussed based on damage to executive functions. Among the most critical executive functions, working memory and planning ability could be mentioned. Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a combination of cognitive–behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy, and one of the methods of teaching sustained attention. Mindfulness could be defined as directing attention in a specific, purpose–oriented way in the present and without judgment. Neurofeedback (NF) is another non–pharmacological treatment option, which has recently gained significant experimental support concerning the improvement of the symptoms of ADHD. NF attempts to teach the subject a self–regulation strategy by recording the brainchr('39')s electrical waves and providing feedback. Feedback is usually given to the person through sound or image, which helps to determine if it has made a significant change in their brainwave activity. The present study aimed to compare the effects of MBCT and NF on executive functions (working memory & planning ability) in children with ADHD. 

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The population of this study included all children aged 9–12 years, referring to counseling and psychology clinics in Tabriz City, Iran. After observing the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and implementing the Child Symptom Inventory–4 (CSI–4), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) scale, and diagnosis by a child psychologist, 45 ADHD children were selected. The study subjects were randomly divided into three groups, as follows: MBCT, NF, and the controls. All subjects completed the Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition (WMS–IV), and the Tower of London test before and after conducting the treatment. The reliability of the WMS–IV has been reported from 0.65 to 0.95. The validity of this test was also reported from 0.66 to 0.92 (Abedi, Sadeghi, and Rabiei, 2011). The reliability of the Tower of London test was reported equal to 0.80. The researchers also reported the validity of this test as 0.79 (Lezak, Howieson & Loring, 2004). The members of the MBCT group received treatment in 15 sessions, and those of the NF group received 25 sessions of intervention; however, the control group received no treatment. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS–24 using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni posthoc test.

The obtained data indicated that MBCT and NF affected the executive functions (working memory & planning ability) in children with ADHD. Findings also revealed that MBCT had a more significant effect on executive functions (working memory & planning ability) in the studied children with ADHD in the posttest phase, compared to the NF group (p<0.001).

Considering the effectiveness of MBCT on executive functions (working memory & planning ability) in children with ADHD, this study highlighted the importance of using this method, along with other approaches to reduce the ADHD symptoms.

Elderly is a critical period of human life and awareness of the mental status of the elderly and effective psychological interventions can lead to the attainment of this period's mental health. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on psychological symptoms (depression and psychological well-being) in the elderly.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control group. In a quasi-experimental study, 24 elderly women referred to Yas and Arman Shayan home rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 1396 were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two equal groups (12 patients each). Were. The intervention group received training in cognitive behavioral group therapy and the control group did not receive any training. The research tools were Elderly depression questionnaires and psychological well-being. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The findings showed that CBT improved depression and psychological well-being in older women (P <0.05). This finding meant that the intervention led to an increase in psychological well-being in older women. On the other hand, a look at the values ​​of significance level, chi square and test power showed that the intervention was effective and meaningful in the experimental group and its effectiveness was 0.43%.

According to the findings of the study, CBT can improve hopefulness, lack of meaning, and decrease in elderly women by improving symptoms and negative psychological reactions such as depression, feelings of loss and loneliness. Anxiety of death and improving their attitude towards the future and themselves.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy on Quality of Life in Patients with Functional Indigestion in Arak, in 2018.  

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with experimental and control group. The statistical population was all women with functional dyspepsia in Arak who were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned into two experimental (n = 12 and control (n = 12) groups. Finally, each group was 11. The experimental group received cognitive-behavioral group intervention in eight 90-minute sessions and the control group remained on the waiting list. The measuring tool used in the study was the Quality of Life Nippen (1998) Questionnaire. Data analysis was done by SPSS22 software in two parts: descriptive and inferential (covariance).  

The results showed that the intervention in the experimental group increased the quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia. Also, comparing the means of the experimental and control groups, it can be concluded that the intervention in the experimental group increases the quality of life components including stress and worry, interference with daily activities, eating and drinking disorder, disease awareness and feeling. Controlling for and interfering with work and education has been functional in patients with dyspepsia.  

cognitive behavioral group therapy is an effective way to improve the quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia.

The aim of this study was Comparison effectiveness Acceptance and Commitment group therapy and Cognitive- Behavior group therapy Perfectionism and self-esteem women with body image dissatisfaction.

The present study was experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. It also concluded a 3 month follow up. The statistical population consisted of 1064 female (23-38 age) with body image dissatisfaction that had refer to health centers of Tehran municipal during 95-1396. The sample of this study was cluster sampling method which 45 females from 453 questionnaire were selected based on the cut point, inclusion and exclusion criteria was designed in 3 groups(ACT, CBT, Control) randomly. The experimental groups received 12 sessions Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (90 minutes a week) in groups. The instrument in this study were Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash 1997), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Besharat 2007) and Rosenberg self-esteem (1965) scale.

Analysis of Mixed Variance and Bonferroni showed significantly: A- increase self-esteem in pretest and follow up (P=0/01), B- in decreasing perfectionism in pretest and follow up (P=0/01), D- both of therapies was effective on self- esteem (F= 13/16, P=0/01), and perfectionism (F= 4/91, P=0/05) at the same level.

These intervention can be used in the improvement of psychological problems in this group.

The most common gastrointestinal disorders are gastrointestinal dysfunctions, which is one of the most common types of gastrointestinal dysfunction that can impair health and quality of life. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy and cognitive-behavioral group therapy on quality of life, anxiety and depression in patients with functional indigestion.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study was women with functional indigestion referring to gastrointestinal clinics in Arak in 2018. A total of 33 individuals were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned into three groups (11 individuals in each group). Experimental groups received 8 sessions of 90 minutes, respectively, with acceptance, commitment, and cognitive-behavioral methods, and the control group received no training. Research instruments were the “Nepean's Dyspepsia Index for Quality of Life”, the “Beck's Anxiety Inventory”, and the “Beck's Depression Inventory”. In the present study, face validity and content validity of the instruments were measured and confirmed by experts and reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 22.

Acceptance and commitment group therapy and cognitive-behavioral group therapy increased quality of life and reduced anxiety and depression in patients with functional dyspepsia compared to the control group. Also, cognitive-behavioral method reduced depression in comparison with acceptance and commitment, but there was no significant difference between them in enhancing quality of life and reducing anxiety (P <0.05).

The results showed the importance of both methods, especially cognitive behavioral group therapy in enhancing quality of life and reducing anxiety and depression in patients with functional dyspepsia. Therefore, clinical psychologists and therapists can use these methods, especially cognitive behavioral group therapy, for quality of life, anxiety, and depression interventions.

The stability of political systems is based on the level of participation of the individuals in the society and the level of individuals ’participation is function of unique personality and interactivity traits. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the perspective of political participation based on personality traits and the role of mediation of subject relations among male and female students of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch. This research is a correlation research based on structural equation modelling. In this research, 500 students were selected as sample size with available sampling method. We used Neo Personality Inventory, Bell's Relationship Questionnaire, and Farajzadeh Political Participation Questionnaire for collecting data. Research findings show that the research model has been confirmed and in general, almost half (43%) of political participation can be explained by personality traits and subject relations. Also, the variables of personality traits and subject relations have a direct effect on political participation. The path of personality traits by mediating thematic relations showed indirect effect on political participation. The results of this research emphasize the necessity of thematic communication patterns in the context of the natural characteristics of the individuals in the macro-social and national activities.

Elderly people face with many physical and psychological problems and acceptance and commitment treatment is one of the effective therapeutic methods in improving physical and psychological problems and features. Therefore, present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on physical and psychological symptoms of elderly women.

In a one quasi-experimental research, 24 people of elderly women referred to two Yas Home and Shayan Armans’ rehabilitation centers of Tehran city in 2017 year were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned into two equal groups (each group 12 people). The experimental group trained by acceptance and commitment group therapy method and the control group didn’t receive training. The research instruments were the questionnaires of multidimensional performance measures, geriatric depression and psychological well-being. Data were analyzed in the SPSS-22 software by multivariate analysis of covariance method.

The findings showed that the acceptance and commitment group therapy led to improve the activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, depression and psychological well-being of elderly women (p<0/05), but there was no significant effect on their physical health (p<0/05).

According to the results, it is recommended that used from the acceptance and commitment group therapy method along with other therapeutic methods to interventions in the field of elderly women health, especially for improve their physical and psychological symptoms.

The global financial crisis has affected the advanced and developed economies. Iran's economy has been affected, like many other developing countries. In this paper, the effects of financial stress index on economic growth using linear and nonlinear models (Markov Switching) has been investigated. In this regard, after the construction of the index, at the beginning defined a production function and the impact of financial stress on economic growth in the rest of the production function variables measured in Linear method. According to the results of financial stress index in the model of the long - term and short – term negative and significant effect on economic growth. The coefficient of this index is 0.02%, which means that with an increase of 1% in the amount of this indicator, the economic growth per capita decreases by 0.20%.So financial stress an obstacle to economic growth and the variables government spending, taxes, and the rate of exchange, which as indications of how to manage the government policies in fiscal, monetary and exchange Optimally utilized. Finally, to test the hypothesis on the nonlinear method of switching Markov model has been used.The results show that, when financial stress is increasing, the effect of uncertainty on financial stress on economic growth is negative

One of the most common diseases is cancer. Cancer refers to a set of diseases that occurs through unprotected cell proliferation. The exact cause of this phenomenon is unclear, but genetic factors or cases that can interfere with the cell's activity are likely to occur in the cell nucleus. Researchers have emphasized the importance of preventive education. Many health problems, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, types of cancers and addiction present in most developing countries, are somehow associated with changes in the lifestyle of those societies. In fact, it is better the treatment of early prevention and early detection, the easier and less costly treatment. In fact, the best way to reduce the therapeutic profile of patients with severe illness is to transfer costs from the treatment to the prevention phase. Health education is the most effective method to deal with this problem. One of the most important health education models is the Basnefe model, which relates to awareness and thinking. Studies have shown that health education can enhance awareness and lifestyle to prevent cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the Basnefe model on lifestyle, awareness and preventive behaviors of cancer in women in Rasht.

The present study was a semi–experimental research with pretest–posttest design and control group. This study was performed on women in Rasht city (North of Iran) in 2018. A total of 80 volunteers were selected (mean age: 36.42), and they randomly were assigned in the control group (n=40) and in the experimental group (n=40). To collect information, three questionnaires of awareness (including 10 questions, researcher made), Miller and Smith's lifestyle (including 20 questions) and preventive behaviors (including 10 questions, researcher made) were used. Groups first completed questionnaires. Then, for the experimental group, eight sessions of cancer prevention training were performed based on the Basnefe model. After the training period, the questionnaires were completed by the two groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS–22 software and ANCOVA.

Descriptive findings showed that the mean level of awareness in the experimental group in the pre–test stage increases from 10.18 to 14.25 in comparison with the post–test. In addition, the mean of lifestyle in the experimental group in the pre–test phase compared to the post–test decreased from 61.12 to 54.70, and the mean of preventive behaviors in the experimental group in the pre–test stage was from 23.87 to 28.58 that it has increased. The results of ANCOVA showed that the Basnefe model's educational intervention had a significant effect on lifestyle, awareness and preventive behaviors of cancer in women (p<0.001).

The results of this study revealed that the education program based on the Basnefe model was an effective method in raising awareness, improving lifestyle and promoting preventive behaviors of cancer in women.

The objective of this study is to examine Mindfulness Substance Abuse Prevention Program effectiveness on well-being and reducing the recurrence of substance abuse. As for methodology, this research is applied in terms of objective and is experimental in terms of data gathering by using pre-test, post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the men afflicted by industrial substance abuse (within the range of 20 and 50 years old) who abandoned drug abuse. A sample of 30 persons was selected through purposive sampling and divided into experimental (n=18, M=41.2, S=3.1) and control (n=12, M=39.9, S=2.8) groups. Data were collected using the Ryff’s psychological well-being scale, and analyzed through repeated measurement and Chi-square test method. The findings of the study demonstrated that Mindfulness Substance Abuse Prevention Program results in a meaningful increase of psychological well-being and meaningful reduction of recurrence of substance abuse in experiment group participants.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional regulation and self-efficacy of women with social anxiety in Tehran, Iran. This is an experimental research work with a posttest-pretest design, two experimental groups and a control group, and 3-month follow-up. The statistical population included about 1000 women aged 25-25 with social anxiety who had referred to health houses in Tehran in 2016-2017. Using cluster sampling and considering the cut-off score of the questionnaires, entry and exit criteria, and the structured interviews for the definitive diagnosis of social anxiety, 45 women were selected and randomly assigned to three groups (cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance therapy, and commitment and control). The data collection instruments were a structured interview, the Connor Social Anxiety Inventory (2000), the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (2001), and the Scherer Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1982). Each experimental group received twelve sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy treatment. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed that both therapies were effective in improving emotional regulation and self-efficacy (p<0.01); however, acceptance and commitment therapy was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy in enhancing emotional regulation and self-efficacy in posttest and follow-up stages (p<0.01). Therefore, acceptance and commitment therapy highly helped to improve the psychological problems and mental health of women.