محمد ابوالفتحی

Environmental issues were first in the 19th century in the form of international agreements for the management of resources, which attracted the attention of countries in international politics. In the 20th century, several conferences, including the Stockholm and Rio de Janeiro conferences, were formed to establish cooperation between governments to solve environmental problems. Along with governments, other groups, including environmental movements, emerged in the 1960s to put pressure on governments to solve environmental issues in the West, and due to the existence of a democratic political culture, they were able to become a major force in politics in these countries.  In Iran, like in other parts of the world, environmental problems and issues have been the major problems in society and politics.

 The main goal of this research is to investigate the causes of the non-formation of environmental movements using the theory of political culture. For this purpose, the qualitative analysis method and the descriptive-analytical method were used. In the qualitative research method, the goal is to identify, classify, and extract concepts based on the study of texts or the views of experts. Therefore, the main tools of data collection in the qualitative research method are interviews or library studies. Depending on the type of research, appropriate tools should be used.  

Formation of the environmental movement and institutions in Iran before the revolutionThe oldest non-governmental environmental organization in Iran is the people's organization "Zanan Ashkadz" of Yazd, which started its activity in the late 1340s in order to deal with the influx of quicksand with the cooperation of the then government. Another environmental non-governmental organization is the "Animal Protection Society" which was established in the mid-1350s.After the revolution.After the revolution, Iran's environment faced numerous and serious risks, including air pollution, rapid development, soil and water pollution, rapid population growth, and the destructive effects of the 8-year war with Iraq, and even now, decades of inefficient management based on short-term development policies have added to the severity of this crisis. Although, during the Iran-Iraq war, environmental movements were not allowed to play their part in society, during Muhammad Khatemi’s presidency (1997-2005), non-governmental actors found this chance to start their activity with the aim of making their networks to put pressure on policymakers to pay serious attention to ecological concerns in Iran but by consolidation the power of Islamic Regime,most of them suppressed or had to migrate to other countries because of various reasons but the most matter ones are here. A)   Lack of political culture and participatoryThe continuous history of tyranny has shaped its role in the national consciousness and has caused people and politicians to view the world of politics as more sentimental, deterministic, and unreliable. On the other hand, the century of foreign interference has made the world consider politics a zero-sum game. This has led to the formation of an absolutist and patrimonial culture in the heart of society and politics, which allowed no institution or group, especially social movements, to use official and unofficial organizations and others to get the necessary resources to advance. This has also strengthened the state-centric and centralist view that tends to control all civil movements and organizations. As a result, environmental organizations and movements will not be allowed to operate independently in such a structure so that they can play a buffer role between the government and society. B. Personality-oriented environmental management The absence of a culture of participation and the individuality of environmental decisions has led to confusion and uncertainty in environmental management and the lack of institutionalization of organizational functions based on leadership and participation-oriented management. As a result, due to the existence of such a structure and function, non-governmental environmental institutions have no ability to influence government institutions, and it turns them into government propaganda speakers and a tool for the government's legitimacy.c) Weakness of environmental civil institutionsThe specific cultural and political way has fostered a limited-subsidiary political culture that defines the rights and property of individuals based on their proximity to the sphere of power. In such a situation, civil society institutions and civil activists, including environmental groups, will not have a special place and will be considered "nothing" by the prevailing political culture.    

Due to the dominance of limited-subsidiary political culture and semi-participatory power construction, environmental groups cannot be effective as influential groups or political parties; especially with the security of some aspects of the activities of these groups, obstacles have been created in line with their broader activities, and therefore today the environmental movement of Iran is limited to academic and research activities, which can endanger the future of the environment, face inevitability, and cause more environmental crises and most importantly political and social crises in Iran.

Aging population is the product of population transition in which fertility and mortality decrease from high to low levels. The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing and the number of young people is decreasing. The dimensions and consequences of this issue, despite the fact that in social sciences, such as; The economics of population aging, psychology of aging, sociology of aging, etc. have been analyzed and evaluated, but this issue has not been paid much attention by sociologists and political thinkers. Based on this, the present research aims to theorize the effects and consequences of this issue from the perspective of political sociology in the form of the theory of non-commitment. In this regard, what effects does the aging of the population have, for example, on the political behavior of citizens or their electoral tendencies or on their political demands from the government; Or what effects and consequences the aging of leaders, politicians and decision-makers will have on the behavior and performance of governments, in the future of policy-making, will be analyzed and analyzed. Demographic trends on the issue of aging confirm the fact that both current conditions and future trends of population aging are related to politics and power. In this research, with the aim of explaining and analyzing the subject and in order to obtain the required information, library data and documents have been used, and the method used in this research is analytical-descriptive.

Social movements are always a collective behavior, today they are a product of the context and internal environment of countries; However, other issues such as security problems in the external environment of that country can also be effective in their formulation. In this regard, one of the countries that has many religious-ethnic and linguistic diversity is Iraq, which has always provided the ground for the emergence of all kinds of independence-seeking movements and activities. This country is in a sensitive position geopolitically and has always witnessed the presence of foreigners in its land throughout its history. Instability and lack of independence in Iraq, as well as the existence of dictatorial governments in different ages, have provided the ground for intensifying ethnic-identity conflicts and centrifugal tendencies. From this point of view, the main question of the current research is what is the main reason for the maturation of the Iraqi Kurdish movement in the post-Saddam Hussein governance environment? In order to answer, this hypothesis is proposed: the fragility of the national government has caused the intensification of the gap among ethnic-identity diversities and this has led to the increase of nationalist sentiments and the emergence of a kind of separatism in the form of the Kurdish movement. Based on this, in the light of the indicators of the fragile state, including political, social and economic, we see the formation of a checkered pattern of problems in the dictionary of the Kurdish movement on the page of the Iraqi nation-state. Therefore, the authors have tried to explain the issue in question by applying the methodological foundations of the fragile state theory and draw a new perspective on the emergence of the Kurdish movement in Iraq; It should be noted that the research method in this study is qualitative and causal.

After Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to power, extensive efforts were made to develop and modernize the country; But in this way, many groups and strata were opposed to the Shah's policies. Therefore, in order to achieve his goals, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi suppressed and marginalized the opposition groups through the coup d'etat of August 28, 1943. After the coup, the military assumed a large and exclusive role in the political structure and the imperial cabinet in order to achieve the great goals and civilization that Mohammad Reza Pahlavi sought. The question here is that given the development in the economic, social, military fields, why did different people and groups oppose the policies of the Shah and finally the revolution? The findings of the study indicate that the reason for the formation of these oppositions and ultimately the revolution, the dissatisfaction of people and various groups with the Shah's rule and authoritarianism, the lack of proper implementation of elites in the political structure and failure to delegate social and political responsibilities to Other elite groups. In this article, he uses the theory of elitism and explanatory and causal methods to understand the causes of dissatisfaction among other elite groups and the purpose of this study is to show the lack of proper replacement of elite groups in the political structure and ultimately the internal crisis and the fall of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

The state of political development of a country largely depends on the minds of that society and especially the mental content of the elites. Political elites are the holders of power and high positions in a political system that play the most important role in shaping the evolution of society. The present study seeks to answer the question: What effect has multiplicity on the behavior of political elites after the Islamic Revolution on the country's political development process? The hypothesis to answer the question in the framework of "elite theory", using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, is that: The multiplicity of elites after the Islamic Revolution has delayed the process of political development in the country. The study concludes that the conflict and multiplicity among political elites, from the political turmoil in the early days of the victory of the Islamic Revolution to intra-factional and supra-factional disputes of post-revolutionary governments, is a sign of slow political development in the country.

Socio-political analysis of recent environmental movementsAbstractRecent environmental movements have been involved in politics since the 1980s in order to counter the threats posed by environmental degradation and to take direct action to protect the environment andfrom the very beginning, they tried to influence the environmental policies of the governments by using peaceful and non-peaceful methods in the form of interest groups and green parties, and the governments reciprocally tried to use the capacity of environmental movements to guide and direct public opinion in order to protect their interests.This study seeks to answer the question, how can recent environmental movements be analyzed in the context of political sociology? Therefore, the present study examines the case study of late environmental movements based on Robert Dahl's theory of political pluralism from the perspective of political sociology with a qualitative and interpretive method. Research findings show that recent environmental movements using democratic methods, in the form of interest groups and green parties, can pose serious challenges to political governance and influence and direct the policies of governments to improve the environment.In contrast, governments seek to use their capacity for political and social purposes by recognizing and strengthening environmental movements. As a result, a two-way relationship has developed between governments and recent environmental movements in which both parties enter into power relations with each other using their own methods and tools.Keywords: Political Sociology, Recent Environmental Movements, Government, Pluralism.

since the economic reforms in China in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping, the country has experienced increasing growth. So that many international organizations such as the OECD and theorists such as Rachman believe that the world's economic center of gravity has shifted to the east and the southern countries under the leadership of China, and this country will challenge the hegemony of the United States seriously faced; But according to the research findings and the views of some political economy theorists such as Kiely, since China's growth is based on mass production and the export of assembled goods, this country has not experienced the technological development that makes other countries dependent on it, and China continues to plays the role of a peripheral state in the international division of labor, which is dependent on industrialized countries, and the concepts of center-periphery are still important and practical. the question is, what are China's economic challenges in becoming a hegemony? In response to the above question, the hypothesis was raised that considering Beijing's problems and economic dependence on industrialized countries, especially Europe and USA, it is impossible for China to achieve hegemony. In this article, the dependency school theory is used to show the lack of independence of China's economy from the central and industrialized countries, and we will use the explanatory method to show the China challenges . The purpose of this research is to point out the peripheral role of China in the international division of labor despite its economic growth.

The term modern social movements is used to describe movements that were active in France in the late 1960s through collective action in the social sphere. The most important new social movements are the civil rights movement, the women's movement, the peace movement and the environmental movement. The rapid growth of industrial and capitalist societies, regardless of environmental degradation, has created many problems. The most important problems are soil erosion, resource reduction, ozone depletion, greenhouse effects, extinction of animal and plant species and various types of soil and climate pollution. The combination of these factors has provided the basis for the formation and activation of environmental movements. The present paper tries to answer the question of how emerging environmental movements can be analyzed in the form of new social movements? And what are their effects on new social movements? Therefore, with the qualitative interpretive method, and the method of case studies, it examines the nature and why of emerging environmental movements. The research findings show that environmental crises and the need to solve environmental problems that have become a pervasive and global crisis, have provided the basis for the formation, activity and impact of emerging environmental movements. Therefore, in order to deal with the existing crises, emerging environmental movements first informed and increased public awareness, and then created pro-environmental organizations and groups, and finally, by entering In the field of politics, and using new tools and methods, they have expressed their demands and protests in a peaceful and non-violent way, in order to force governments to respond and finally enter directly into The field of politics as influential groups and political parties in the field of public policy. As a result, the volume and scope of social power and the political influence of emerging environmental movements have led to the revitalization and enrichment of new social movements; in a way that today they can be identified and analyzed as powerful social forces and influential actors in the field of political sociology.

The current research has investigated the consequences of Western civilization on Iranians with the descriptive-analytical method and with the library survey tool. The interrelationship of Western civilization with the culture and thinking(worldview) of Westerners led to the most important consequences of the invasion of Western civilization in the culture and worldview of Iranians.The results of the investigations carried out in the current research, on the one hand, confirm the relationship between Western thought, culture and civilization, and on the other hand, it showed that the aforementioned triple connection is not necessarily a linear relationship, and in some cases, the entry is arbitrary and without attention. On the basis of cultural and thinking, the manifestations of Western civilization will form a wave of civilizational changes in the first place and cultural and thinking changes in the next stages.If the Iranian society has faced changes in the field of culture, such as the forgetting of clothes, music, architecture and other Iranian-Islamic civilizational and cultural manifestations, in the first step, with the increase in the appearance of western civilization, and in the second step, changes in the field of worldview. has witnessed

This study aims to investigate the evolution and non-evolution of the status of women in both Salafi and Shiite discourses. In this study, using the method of analysis of Laclau and Mouffe discourses, we will show that although in the past and in Shiite discourse, like other traditional Islamic discourses, women had a lower status than men, but Shiite discourse using the institution of ijtihad was able to change the status of women and could eliminate many inequalities between men and women. This Shiite discourse was able to gather and attract many aspects of modern discourse such as freedom, equality, right of participation, etc. to focus on the signs of Ifaf (chastity) and to redefine these signs. Accordingly, women in the evolved Shiite discourse benefitted from many rights such as the right to freedom, participation, equality, etc., like men and the meanings of these signs also changed. For example, freedom means the freedom that does not conflict with chastity. It would make a huge difference in the field of women, but the Salafi discourse could not achieve this because of its implications.

One of the important issues at present is the spread of religious conflicts that have affected the society and politics of different countries. The purpose of the article is to understand the roots of the conflict of Muslims and Hindus over the city of Ayodhya. The main question of the article is why there has been a conflict between Muslims and Hindus over this city? Ayodhya is an old city in the north of India. Hindus believe the city is the birthplace of Rama. In Hinduism, Rama is an avatar (embodiment) of the Hindu god called Vishnu. Hindus say that Babur the king of Gurkani destroyed the temple of Rama to build the Babri Masjid. From the middle of the nineteenth century to the present, a conflict between Muslims and Hindus took place to control Ayodhya. In 1992, this conflict led to the demolition of the Babri Masjid by an angry mob of Hindus. In this article, the role of perception of threat, the interaction between religious leaders and political officials, and social and material power resources have been examined in the conflict of Muslims and Hindus. The process tracing method has been used which explains the conflict based on causal narrative. The method of data analysis is qualitative explanatory method. The literature review shows the innovation of this research. The conclusions show that the three suggested hypotheses are important factors that explain the conflict of Muslims and Hindus over this city.

In the last two decades the concept of social capital and good governance has become one of the main topics of research in political science. The present study is concerned with explaining good governance and the obstacles facing it in terms of social capital. In line with this concern, and based on the claim of the study, the research question can be stated as follows: What is the relationship between social capital and good governance in Iran? Hypothesis with the question is consistent that the realization of good governance depends on the weakness or strength of social capital in Iran. This research, in terms of purpose, is foundational and of the methodology, is descriptive-analysis. Social capital is independent variable and the dependent variable is obstacles to good governance in Iran. The findings suggest the relationship between the failure to achieve good governance and the decline of social capital at the macro level and there are barriers to good governance in Iran. In addition, research shows that barriers in the form of a vicious cycle reproduces one another over the years, and this vicious cycle itself is the biggest obstacle to good governance in Iran.

The popular uprisings in 2011, known as the Arab Spring, led to political changes in some Middle Eastern countries that have had a profound impact on the political and security interactions in the region, leading to regional change and the transformation of regional roles and actors. Saudi Arabia, as a conservative country, has always sought a policy of maintaining the status quo in the region, with the advent of developments in the region and the fear of spreading it into its kingdom, as well as in order to maintain a balance of power with the aggressive policy in the region. Also Qatar as a GCC member, known as a mediating state in the region, assessed the developments in the region as an opportunity to increase its role. Qatar's political movements were in conflict with Saudi policies on regional developments that led to tension between Saudi Arabia and Qatar and other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The present study, with a comparative approach, will examine the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia and Qatar towards the Syrian crisis. The research findings indicate that the two countries, despite ideological differences aiming at promoting their regional status and eliminating rivals into regional crises, have adopted their approach to intensifying conflicts in the region. Put them at risk and put them face to face.

Obesity leads to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Sleep disorder can also cause obesity and overweight through changing the levels of neuropeptides, such as ghrelin and leptin as well as other mechanisms. In the present study, the effect of vitamin D supplement, was investigated on anthropometric indices in overweight or obese individuals with sleep disorder.
In this double-blinded clinical trial study, statistical population consisted of 74 overweight or obese women and men (age, 20-50 years) with sleep disorder who referred to Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz city. The mean serum level of vitamin D in the studied subjects was less than 30ng/ml. In the treatment group, 50000 units of vitamin D was taken for 8 weeks (once per week), and in the placebo group, 4 pearls were taken for 8 weeks. Plasma level of 25(OH)D3, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, sunlight exposure period, physical activity, and 3-day food recall, were measured at the beginning of the study and 8 weeks later.
Serum level of 25(OH)D3 significantly increased from 24.7ng/ml to 37.6ng/ml after 8 weeks of intervention in the treatment group (p The results of this study showed Vitamin D supplementation increased serum level of Vitamin D and reduced waist circumference in overweight or obese subjects suffering from sleep disorder.

Sleep quality may be directly related with vitamin D serum level. Some studies found that people with lower vitamin D serum level experienced a lower sleep quality. Consequently, this study aimed at determining the effect of vitamin D supplements on sleep point and quality in 20-50 year-old people with sleep disorders.
This double-blind, clinical trial was performed in Golestan Hospital of Ahvaz Jundishapur Medical Sciences University from November 2015 to February 2016 on 89 people with sleep disorders based on Pittsburgh Sleep quality index (PSQI). Participants of the study were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients under study were divided into two groups of vitamin D supplement and placebo recipients by random allocation. At the end of the study, the data on 89 subjects (44 in intervention group and 45 people in placebo group) were examined. Participants in intervention group received four edible pearls, each 50000 IU vitamin D, one in a fortnight. To placebo group, a placebo capsule (edible paraffin) was given one in a fortnight. Before and after intervention, Petersburg’s sleep quality questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire, international physical activity questionnaire, general information questionnaire, sun exposure, vitamin D serum level and three-day food record questionnaire were assessed and recorded for all participants. To analyze data, Student's t-test, Chi-square test, ANCOVA, Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon statistical tests were used.
Mean score of Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire before and after intervention was 9.45±2.44 and 6.75±2.97 respectively (P=0.001) in interventional group and 10.51±3.14 and 9.73±3.04 respectively (P=0.18) in controls. Based on the results of the present study, at the end of the study score of Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire reduced significantly in vitamin D recipients as compared with placebo recipients (P=0.001).
This study shows that the use of vitamin D supplement reduced sleep score (PSQI) or improved sleep score, reduced sleep latency, increased sleep duration and increased subjective sleep quality after modifying confounding variables in adult people with sleep disorder.

The arrival of the Islamic Revolution of Iran has destabilized the order governing the region in different dimensions and challenged the regional and transregional powers that benefit from the existing order. In defining the regional and transregional powers that feel threatened by this development, one can name the West led by the United States, the Zionist Regime and the conservative rulers aligning with the West. These countries align with each other in the form of a single front, each with a different identity but with a common namely countering and alienating the revolutionary Iran as the main threat. It is this front that propose the idea of Shiite geopolitics as a part of the above-said objective. This front has the idea that Iran plans to intervene in the domestic affairs of the countries of the region and to establish Shiite political regimes by supporting Shiite groups and movements. So, the question raised in this article is that "the concept of Shiite geopolitics was shaped as a result of what process?" This article has been conducted with analytical-descriptive method, and the findings of this research support the hypothesis that the concept of Shiite geopolitics is the result of the perceptional and intersubjective conflict between the Islamic Revolution and the regional and transregional opposition in the form of a front during the past recent decades.

The glourios Islamic revolution in Iran is a great change throughout the history of Iran and it has brought with itself enormous achievements which are not comparable with the past era. Although there are some improvements regarding political development in comparation with the past era, but these improvement are far from the ideal situation of an Islamic system. Influence of political culture on political development?A culture approach is used to answer this question .Thus a hypothesis has been tested which counts political culture as the major factor in prevention of realization of political development. For this purpose and regarding different study approaches, the most improvement elements of political culture are extracted. Based on these elements it is shown that the former cultural situation continues to its existence and this culture has a wide gap with civil culture which is the best culture for a democratic system. Therefore political culture of Iran has not provided a ground for political development and is a major obstacle in this regard. A comprtion between political culture and authority pattern, participation pattern, party formation and interaction with foreigners proves this argument. Therefore development in Iran needs cultural preparation.

US politicians have found post cold war conditions an appropriate ground for the implementation of hegemonic stability with pivotal role of US. This issue has led to growing US intervention in various parts of the world. This article tries to answer this question: what decisions have been inspired by security and hegemony-seeking strategy in US foreign policy about Iran's nuclear issue? Initial answer to this question is that a nuclear Iran means a change in power balance in strategic region of middle-east that will lead to restriction in US interventions. Based on the future strategic prospects and step by step restriction, US has adopted tension diplomacy against Islamic Republic of Iran. This kind of process paves the ground for the failure of taneshzodaee strategy by Iran.

Soft power as one the characteristics of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, theoretically and practically has had considerable impacts on both regional and Intl political developments. Signs of this impression, can be taken into account in the process of emergence and activation of Islamic fundamentalist movement, formation of liberation ones as well as developing, continue and promoting of Middle East and north African Islamic Awakening. The main idea of the present paper is: "what impacts has soft power of Islamic Revolution of Iran had on the revolutions of the Middle East and North Africa"?Responding to above question, hypothesis of this research is: 'Regarding the overlap of the Iranian revolution's soft power in the region with the nature of Middle East revolutionary developments, Islamic revolution's inspiration is inevitable ".This paper enjoys a descriptiveanalytic method and its data are gathered according to library research method.

Different various conflicts among Iran and the U. S relations have been created، since Islamic revolution in 1357. Since that time two countries have had a struggling and could relation، and the U. S use different strategies to restrict Iran''s policy goal because of challenges in their relations. One of the U. S newest and the most crucial deeds to change Islamic Republic of Iran is visible in their soft threats. Iran with the aim of different instruments and procedures react these threats، though. This article wants to evaluate social capital against the U. S soft threats as a tool. So، main goal of survey explained in a question: is it possible to use social capital as a means against the U. S soft threat? This survey offers a hypothesis that Islam republic of Iran is able to use and increase social capital among community in order to arise its own software and therefore fight against west software threats and neutrize them. This article is descriptive analytic and gather information through library source.

Communitarianism is one of the most important critics of political liberalism. Communitarianism has raised a number of questions، especially about individualism and state’s neutrality in political and social issues. Therefore، this article tries briefly to study this approach. The findings show that communitarianism، unlike liberal individualism، requires state’s interference in political and social issues.