محمد جواد میر هادی

Safflower is an oily plant native to Iran, and at the same time, it has good resistance to drought and salt stress, which is a suitable plant for self-sufficiency in this field due to the lack of oil and the large volume of its import to the country. This research was conducted in order to evaluate three varieties of winter safflower under drought stress conditions in different stages of growth in terms of seed and oil yield and other traits. This experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks in three replications, the main plots containing five levels of drought stress, respectively: Drought stress at budding stage, Drought stress at the beginning of flowering stage, drought stress in the mid-flowering stage, drought stress in the seeding stage and no drought stress and the sub-plots included three cultivars I.L.111, L.R.V.51.51, and K.W.2. Seed yield, oil yield, oil percentage are important traits measured. The obtained results show that among the different levels of drought stress, the stress in the stages of budding and the beginning of flowering caused a significant decrease in terms of seed and oil yield. Also, among the studied cultivars, L.R.V.51.51 had the best seed and oil yield. and the lowest sensitivity of safflower to drought stress is in the seed setting stage, because the yield of seeds and oil in this stage of stress did not have any significant difference compared to non-stressed conditions.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting corn production in the world. On the other hand, the use of renewable resources and inputs such as vermicompost is one of the principles of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation, chemical fertilizers and vermicompost an experiment has been performed in the form of split split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications for two years (2017 and 2018) in Kermanshah Agricultural Research and Training Center. Irrigation treatment include optimum, 80% and 60% of water requirement. Chemical fertilizer include 100% and 50% recommended and vermicompost include 0, 2, 4,and 6 ton ha-1 arranged as main plots, sub plots, and sub sub plots, respectively. Results show that leaf area index is decreased from 4.51 to 1.6 from normal irrigation to intense drought stress. The highest yield of fresh forage (82.5 ton ha-1) is obtained in optimal irrigation treatment and combined use of 100% chemical fertilizer and 6 ton ha-1 of vermicompost and the lowest rate (30.1 ton ha-1) is related to 60% water requirement and no use of vermicompost chemical fertilizers. At all irrigation tratments, the percentages of forage protein increase with the use of fertilizers and vermicompost, and the highest percentage of forage protein (10.2%) is obtained in complete irrigation treatment and 100% fertilizer application and 6 ton ha-1 vermicompost. Based on the results in irrigation treatment by 60% of water requirement and application of 50% of chemical fertilizer, application of vermicompost at the rate of six tons per hectare, compared to no application, increases fresh forage by 26.26% and protein by 6.9%.

Wheat crop plays an important role in food security in a country such as Iran. Therefore, serious attention has been paid to ecological farming systems and sustainable management of wheat. For this purpose extensive efforts is done to find proper strategies to improve the quality of soil, agricultural products and started removal pollutants. One of the factors to achieve sustainable agriculture is to use natural agents such as biofertilizers. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain how effective plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is for growth and development of plants. These mechanisms include two groups, direct and indirect in general. Indirect mechanism is to increase absorption and availability of the nutrient elements soluble, producing plant growth regulators, siderophore production of iron chelator, and the phosphate soluble. Through indirect mechanisms such as antagonistic relation, PGPRs moderate the harmful effects of of plant pathogens and thereby lead to increase plant growth. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of biofertilizers containing non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on quantitative and qualitative traits of wheat. This Experiment was conducted in the research farm of Baykola agricultural research stations affiliated by agriculture and natural resources research center of Mazandaran during 2011-12 cropping season. In order to determine physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-30 cm,. Experimental design was split plots arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment chemical fertilizer was assumed as the main plot in 3 levels include: 1- noconsumption (C0), 2- equivalent to 50% of the fertilizer recommendations (C1), 3- equivalent to 100% of the fertilizer recommendations(C2) and two types of biological fertilizers was applied in the sub plot in 4 levels: 1-noinoculation (B0), 2- Seeds inoculated with nitrogen fixing bacteria (B1), 3-Seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (B2), 4- Combined application of bio-fertilizers (B3). Analysis of variance showed that grain yield, plant height, leaf area index, yield components, straw weight, biological yield, harvest index, percent of nitrogen and grain protein were influenced by different levels of biological and chemical fertilizers (Table 3). The highest grain yield was obtained using C2B3, combination treatments using chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers (PSB+NFB). The results of interactions between chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers showed the using 100% of the recommendations fertilizer along with biofertilizers (PSB+NFB) significantly increased grain yield (Table 5), compared with control. Due to increasing activity of bacteria Aztobacter chroococum, Azospirillium brasilense enhanced nitrogen fixation and released phyto hormones and thereby increased nutrient uptake by the roots. In addition, Pseudomonas Potida and Pantoea agglomerace had beneficial effects beside phosphorus uptake. These bacteria increased absorption and dissolved nutrients in the soil around the roots. PGPRs produced the plant growth regulator, organic acids and increased the ability to absorb elements such as iron, zinc and other micro elements and ultimately were effective in increasing crop yield and percent of nitrogen and grain protein. Results of the experiment showed that using phosphate solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen fixing simultaneously or individually increased total plant biomass, grain nitrogen, protein content, yield components and crop yield. However, the combined use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen fixing compared to use of individually was more s effective. A synergic effect was found between chemical fertilizers and biological fertilizers. It is recommended to apply chemical fertilizers along with biological fertilizers to achieve highest possible yield.

considered is an important objectives of sustainable agriculture,environmental protection and achieving inclusive development.Therefore it seems essential method that can reduce the excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers.The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of plant growth promoting microorganisms and effect of combination nutrition systems,chemical and bacterial on stages phenology,yield, yield components wheat grain protein precedent variety N8019.Experiment was conducted in research farm of agricultural research stations baykola affiliated with agriculture and natural resources research center of mazandaran in 2011.The study was conducted a split plot and to form randomized complete blocks design with 12 treatments and 3 replications.Treatments included fertilizer(nitrogen and phosphorus) as the main factor in three levels:1- noconsumption(C0), 2- equivalent to 50% of the fertilizer recommendations(C1),3-equivalent to 100%of the fertilizer recommendations(C2) and two types of biological fertilizers which contain nitrogen-fixing and phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteriaas the subsidiary factor in 4 levels: 1-noinoculation(B0), 2-seeds inoculated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria(B1),3-Seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria(B2), 4-Combined application of bio-fertilizers(B3).The results of the analysis of variance experiment run indicated which effect of different treatments, including the use of 100% chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers on plant phenology, yield and grain protein rate, was significant at the 1% but greatest influence on the aforementioned components is achieved through the combination treatment(100%chemical fertilizers+biofertilizers) and interaction effects.Thus the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat in the compilation system (bio-fertilizer and chemicals) than when used alone had a better result.

In order to study the effect of different sowing methods on grain yield and its components of dry land wheat and determine the most effective sowing method¡ a field trial was conducted using factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design¡ with 3 replicates in Hamadan Agricultural Research Station in 2011. Factors were included four cultivars (Homa¡ Rasad¡ Sardari and UN11) and two sowing machines (P1: Deep furrow press drill¡P2: Russian liner planting). The results indicated that planting different cultivars affected all traits except of the number of plant per m2 significantly. The results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained by using deep furrow press drill sowing machine (1880 kg/ha) and planting Homa cultivar (2220 kg/ha) separately. Sowing Homa cultivar by deep furrow press drill sowing machine increased the number of tiller per m2(7 T/m2) in comparison with the other treatments.

In order to study different characteristics، 10 new varieties of forage sorghum in two cutting in a split plot in time، based on a randomized complete block design in four replications، were tested in Karaj. All of the varieties are pure line variety; including: KFS1، KFS2، KFS3، KFS6، KFS8، KFS9، KFS12، KFS15، KFS17 and KFS18. Important factors such as the number of leaves، plant height، stem diameter، were recorded each timely. Combined analysis of variance showed significant differences between varieties (except tiller number)، cuttings and variety * cutting interactions (Only plant height) for all study traits at 1% level probability. The highest and lowest leaf area mean were produced from KFS6 and KFS18 with 512/84 and 353/25cm2. The highest stem diameter obtained from KFS3 with 1/ 75 cm and the lowest with 1/53 cm from KFS12. The highest and lowest number of tillers، belonged to KFS3 with 3/19 and KFS1 with 2/28 respectively. The highest and lowest of leaves obtained from KFS2 and KFS15 with 14/56 and 11/75 respectively. The highest total dry matter yield varieties KFS18، KFS1، KFS3 respectively 66/21، 24/20، 16/18 tons per hectare produced. KFS6 lowest Dry forage yield variety with 70/13 ha in total، two cutting produced.

To determinate the most important agronomic traits of new variety of Safflower, an experiment was conducted on 7 Safflower varieties in 2007-2008 growing season at the field of Karaj Research Institute for Seed and Plant Improvement, as a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. some important traits such as: head number per plant, seeds per head, plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, were recorded during the growth period and oil percentage, 1000 seed weight, seed and oil yields were measured after harvesting. The genotypes showed significant difference for head number, 1000 seed weight, oil yield, number of secondary branches, dry weight of biomass, harvest index, oil percentage, dry weight of stem biomass, plant height, seed yield. Data analysis showed the maximum of grain with yield 2655 Kg/ha were achieved in PI variety and the minimum of grain yield with 1460 Kg/ha was achieved in K.W.H.10 respectively.so, the maximum oil percentage with 30/25 were achived in PI variety and minimum oil percentage with 25/5 was achived in LRV51-51 respectively. But maximum of oil yield with 802/03 Kg/ha were achived in PI variety and minimum oil yield with 390/27 Kg/ha was achived in K.W.H.19 respectivly. Also head number, 1000 seed weight, oil yield, number of secondary branches, dry weight of biomass, harvest index correlation with seed yield. Maximum levels of CGR, RGR were related to (PI) variety.

Considering the decreasing amount of livestock feeding supplies and the overgrazed rangelands in Iran, growing forage plants has gained a prominence. Clover, which is among the most important forage crops, not only produces high quality forage for animals, but also plays a special role in enhancing soil fertility through fixing the nitrogen of the air. Persian clover is one of the important subspecies of clover which is native of Iran and Mediterranean regions. In an attempt to determine the quantitative yield and morphological properties of 15 lines of Persian clover, a split-plot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with 15 treatments and 4 replications in the 400-hectare research field of the Institute of Plant Breeding and Seed Preparation in Karaj. On the basis of the results, Lordegan cultivar with 62.63 t/ha in the first cut had the highest wet forage yield. From among the total cuts, Kurdistan, Lordegan, and Mahaliy-e Zabol second cut cultivars had the highest yields with 123.99, 121.98, and 119.58 t/ha, respectively. Regarding dry forage yield, the highest amount belonged to Mahaliy-e Zabol cultivar with 12.04 t/ha in the first cut and after all cuts, Eqlid-e Fars, Mahaliy-e Zabol, and Baladeh-e Kazeroun had the highest yields with 24.35, 24.25, 22.07 t/ha, respectively. With respect to morphological properties, the highest leaf to stem ratio in the first cut and the highest stem with 61.25 cm in the second cut belonged to Eqli-e Fars cultivar.

The physiological impact of source restriction on corn (hybrid SC704) yield formation due to water deficit stress was studied in Varamin during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with split plot arrangement. In under stress plots, two short periods of water-holding were applied at V8 and tasseling growth stages. Defoliation treatments consisted of: control, cutting 1/3 of leaves at V8, cutting 2/3 of leaves at V8, and cutting 1/3 of leaves at tasseling and cutting 2/3 of leaves at teaseling. The grain yield of 8.9 t .ha-1 was attained by moderate irrigation which was a results of 16.4% and 27.3% greater biomass and harvest index compared to the water stress conditions. The water stress reduced the available assimilates during grain filling which resulted in reduction of grains per ear from 598 to 455, while increased the 1000-grains weight from 105 to 168 g. Positive and significant correlation between the grain yield and number of grains per ear indicated that this yield component is more important than individual grain weight for yield formation. The results showed that cutting 1/3 of leaves at tasseling not only did not decrease the dry matter accumulation but also increased the grain yield by more dry matter partitioning to grain filling process. Under water stress, late but scanty defoliation increased the water content of remaining leaves and their photosynthesis which resulted in higher grain yield.

In order to study the impacts of mechanical (using cultivation), chemical (using herbicides) methods and their integration in controlling broadleaf weeds in sugar beet fields, this experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Mahidasht-Kermanshah in 2006. In this experiment, 9 different treatments consisting a mixture of post-emergence herbicides phenmedipham + desmedipham + Ethofumesate and Triflusulfuron Methyl with Sittogate combined with cultivation and 2 check treatments with and without control of the weeds were investigated. The results indicated that cultivation treatment accompanied by Triflusulfuron Methyl reduced dry weight of weeds by 54.91% and showed 100% control of Amaranthus spp. In comparison with control treatment. Cultivation treatment combined with a mixture of phenmedipham+desmedipham+Ethofumesate and Triflusulfuron Methyl with Sittogate increased the sugar beet root dry weight by 159.89% and caused 100% control of the density of Conringia orientalis. Phenmedipham+desmedipham+Ethofumesate plus Triflusulfuron Methyl with sittogate treatment increased root yield by 121.86% compared to the check. In conclusion, the highest root yield was obtained in the cultivation treatment combined with phenmedipham + desmedipham+Ethofumesate, a mixture of phenmedipham + desmedipham + Ethofumesate and Triflusulfuron Methyl with Sittogate and cultivation treatments in sugar beet.

In order to investigate and compare the cultivars of the Berseem clover from the point of yield quantitative and qualitative forage yield, a field study was carried out in 2008-2009, in the form of random complete blocks design using time dependent split plot method (cultivar as the main plot and different harvest stages as sub plot) using thirteen variants in four times and three cuttings at Seed and Plant improvement institute in Karaj. The result of variance analysis for mean cuttings showed that from the point of quantitative traits in fresh yield and dry yield and from the point of qualitative traits in percentage of protein, the effect of harvest by cultivar were significant at the level of one percent. Also the result of mean comparison showed that the highest fresh yield and dry yield and protein percentage, were obtained as 27.38 and 6.68 ton per hectare and 27.63 percent respectively for cultivar Elitt-2 in mean three cultivar. Therefore based on the results, Elitt-2 and Tolidi-e-dezfoul cultivars are appropriate and can be recommended for Karaj metrological conditions compare to other cultivars.

To investigate the possibility of tank-mix application of two herbicides – Nicosulfuron and Bromoxynil + MCPA – to control narrow and broad leave weeds in corn fields, an experiment was carried out in Karaj. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design and factorial format with twofactor combination and in four replications. The first factor was Bromoxynil + MCPA at 0, 1.0, 1. and 2.0 liters per hectare and the second factor was Nicosulfuron dosage at four levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 liters per hectare. In additionally to experimental treatments, an evidence treatment with complete hand weed was added. Then the efficiency of the treatments on weed of the field and corn yield was studied. The results showed that the best combination of tank-mix of the above mentioned herbicides considering weed control efficiency, the percent of corn yield augmentation and the minimal environmental risk was 0.5 to 1.0 liters per hectare of Bromoxynil + MCPA and 1.5 liter per hectare of Nicosulfuron.

In this research، the seed viability and growing status of Swallow-wort (Cynanchum acutum Willd.)، as an alien weed، which has been invasive in pistachio orchards of Aran and Bidgol، north of Esfehan province، was studied. The viability of seeds of this plant which were collected from previous year was tested using tetrazolium solution. The periods of growth stages of the weed in pistachio orchards from seedling emergence up to seed repining were recorded. Further more، seed and rhizome germination of this plant from soil depth was studied. Results indicated that 80-96 percent of the seeds collected from previous year were alive. In nature، emerging the first rhizome-originated seedlings were observed in initiation of March، maximized in mid March and stopped in the first days of June. Emerging of the seed-originated seedlings started from mid April، maximized in initiation of May and stopped at the end of this month. Most rhizome- and seed-originated seedlings were grown respectively in 10-19 and 1-9 cm soil depths. The plants originated from seeds didn''t attach to the pistachio trees.

In order to study of cover crops effects on weed suppression in sugar beet, an experiment was performed in Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (Karaj Station), in 2007. The experiment was arranged as completely Randomized Blocks Design with four replications and seven treatments. The treatments were different cover crops (including: Wheat, barley, triticale and rye) that planted between rows. Chemical weed control, weedy and weed free plots were also used as controls. Cover crops were removed by herbicide application (paraquat at 400 g ai ha-1). Phenmedipham+ desmedipham+ethofumesat (Betanal Progress A.M, EC 27.4%) was also used in the four-leaf stage of sugar beet. Results indicated that cover crop treatments suppressed major weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L.) and were similar to recommended chemical control (application of herbicide). In addition, total of weed biomass was decreased in barley, rye and control treatments. The minimum biomass of total weeds belonged to the barley+herbicide treatment. Because of synergism effects, barley+herbicide had maximum of the root and sugar yield (29.83 and 4.47 T ha-1, respectively), that was significant with other treatments. In overall, barely cover crop had the most effects on sugar concent. Therefre, sowing winter cover crops between rows for seedbed prepared in autumn (barley, rye, wheat and tritical, respectively) will suppress the dominant weeds and increase the quality and yield of sugar beet.

This research was accomplished during 2005 to 2006 at Weed Resaerch Department، Iranian Plant Protection of Research Institute for identification of morphophysiological variation of field bindweed population، and introduction of this weed biotypes in Karaj. The study was done by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) based upon 43 morphological and physiological variables. Due to Karaj climate، The most important variables were shoot dry weight (SDW)، (5. 71-34. 40 g) total biomass (10. 56-36. 91 g) and leaf area (557. 56-1948. 34 cm2)، respectively. The results of this experience showed 11 biotypes in Karaj. The variability in morphological and physiological of these field bindweed biotypes may explain their different adaptability as the environmental conditions and different management practices change.

In order to evaluate nitrogen fixation ability and nutrients uptake in three cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) inoculating with some types of inoculants containing different strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum; bv. phaseoli an experimental design was conducted in Khoramdarah region in 2006 and 2007. In this investigation three types of biological fertilizers including Rb117, Rb123, Rb136 and a commercial inoculants (Rhizobean super plus) with two treatment N100 (use of 100 Kg nitrogen/ha) and control (without seeds inoculated and fertilizer) and three common bean cultivars including COS16, Derakhshan and Akhtar (red skin) were used. The experiment was factorial in a randomized complete block design. The strains were provided by Soil and Water Research Institute Laboratory. Rb117 strain showed 58 percent increase in seed yield compared to non inoculants treatment. Among inoculants, the effect of Rb123 strain was 32% compared to others. The highest rate of nitrate reductase enzyme activity was at fertilizer treatment (100 Kg net N per ha) as 1099.18 n mol/g FW/h and the lowest enzyme activity was observed at control (720.3 n mol /g FW/h). Influence of inoculants on potassium and phosphorus absorption by plant, was significant. The highest means were obtained in inoculants treatments. The strain of Rb117 was more effective on common bean compared to other strains. In three cultivars, the COS16 was successful compared to other cultivars. High seed yield and many evaluated traits achieved by COS16 (spotted bean), second year of experiment and Rb117 strain.

The effect of source restriction on yield and physiological indexes of corn was studied in Varamin، Iran، during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with split plot arrangement. The irrigation regimes were allotted to main plots. The intensity and time of defoliation combination were allotted to sub plots. In moderate irrigation plots، the irrigation was done when the soil water content reached to 75% of available water content. In under stress plots، two short periods of water-holding were applied at V8 and tasseling growth stages. Defoliation treatments were consisted of: Control، cutting 1:3 of leaves at V8، cutting of 2:3 of leaves at V8، Cutting 1:3 of leaves at tasseling and cutting 2:3 of leaves at tasseling. This result showed that remobilization efficiency of stem reserves for grain yield is mostly related to sink capacity than source strength. Under moderate irrigation، later or more intensity defoliation decreased the RGR. While under drought stress، cutting the 2/3 of leaves did not decrease the relative growth rate. The improved NAR due to defoliation caused to compensate the decreased leaf area. So، late and more intensity defoliation could not decrease the CGR. The grain yield of 8. 9 t ha-1 was attained by moderate irrigation which was a results of 16. 4% and 27. 3% greater biomass and harvest index compared to the water stress conditions. This indicates that pot-anthesis water deficiency decreased the sink capacity more than source strength. The results showed that under water deficiency and source strength restriction، the stem reserves play an important role in grains filling process. But under high soil water supply، these reserves will be needed when the source strength is limited after flowering stage. Under moderate irrigation، there were not significant differences among defoliation treatment for remobilization efficiency of reserves from stem to grains.

In order to investigate the resistance of 8 suspected Wild oat populations (Avena ludoviciana), collected from Shoosh, to Chevalier herbicide a whole plant bioassay and seed bioassay (screening and dose response tests) were carried out in 4 replication. This investigation was conducted during 1388 and 1389 in the Department of Weed Research, in Plant Protection Research Institute of Iran. Four weeks after herbicide application in the screening test in pots with recommended dose and in dose response assay with 1-32 fold of recommended dose at 2-4 leaf stage, plant fresh and dry weight percent, survived plant rate, and EWRC visual rating were measured. In seed bioassay in petri dish with the measurement of coleoptile length seven days after treating germinated seeds of sensitive population, discriminating dose was determined and used to treat all other populations. This survey, demonstrated the resistance of KHI, KHB, KHC, and KHA populations in Adkins methode and moss methode. These results were also confirmed by petri dish bioassay. On the base of these results, it is the first report of resistance of wild oat population to Iodisulfuron+Mezosulfuron (ALS inhibitor) herbicide in Iran

Field bindweed has an impressive array of survival techniques which has enabled it to become one of the world’s 10 worst weeds. Throughout the past century, its invasiveness has given major impetus to the development of selective herbicides and weed science in general. This research was accomplished during 2005 to 2006 at Weed Resaerch Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection for identification of morphoecophysiological variation of field bindweed population, and introducing these weed biotypes in Damavand. The study was done by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) based upon 43 morphological and physiological variables. The most important variable was Leaf Area (LA). Results of this study showed 16 biotypes in Damavand. The variability in morphological and physiological of field bindweed biotypes may explain their different adaptability as the environmental conditions and different managemant practices change. The reason of difficult control of field bindweed is the high degree of phenotypic polymorphism within this species.

In order to survey the resistance of wild oat populations to clodinafop propargyl herbicide, an experimental study was conducted at the Department of Weed Science, Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute greenhouse in 2008. Treatments included 12 wild oat populations suspected of being resistant to clodinafop propargyl and a susceptible biotype collected from Fars Province. A dose-response study was conducted for 13 wild oat populations. In this study, wild oat populations were sprayed during the 2–4 leaves stage using eight doses of clodinafop propargyl including 0 to 16 times the recommended dose (64 g ai ha-1). Biomass and surviving plant measurements were performed four weeks after herbicide application. Results of this study indicated that all suspected populations were resistant to clodinafop propargyl herbicide. The comparison of resistance index on the basis of biomass and surviving plants showed that the W/F-M2/85 population from Marvdasht had the highest level of resistance. This population could preserve over 50% more of both biomass and surviving plant relative to the control at 16 times (1024 g ai ha-1) the recommended dose.

In order to evaluation of different irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components and water use efficiency of forage millet (cv. Notrifeed) and sorghum (cv. Speedfeed), an experiment was conducted in agricultural research station of Islamic Azad university of Birjand in 00. Experimental design was split-split plot based on randomized compelet block design in three replications. The main plots were three irrigation levels (, 67 and 00 precent of water requirment), sub plots were three nitrogen levels (6, 9 and 8 kg/ha) and sub-sub plots were plant species (forage sorghum and millet). The results showed that the effect of irrigation and nitrogen treatments and plant were significant at 0.0 confidence level on total fresh and dry yield and water use efficiency. The dry forage yield in and 67 percent water requirement treatments were 6.6 and. percent lower than 00% water requirement treatment, respectively. The highest water use efficiency was belonge to medium water stress. Also total fresh and dry yield of forage and water use efficiency in millet were greater than sorghum. In addition, interaction between irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer in mentioned traits was significant at 0.0 confidence level. Application of higher levels of nitrogen increased total fresh and dry yield of forage and water use efficiency at all irrigation levels, significantly.

In order to evaluation of ecophysiological nitrogen fixation ability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars with some types of inoculants which contain different strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Phaseoli, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in Khoramdareh region of Iran during 006-007. Treatments consisted of three types of biological fertilizers including Rb7, Rb, Rb, a comercial inoculant (Rhizobean super plus) with two N00 (use of 00 Kg nitrogen/ha) and control (without seeds inoculation and fertilizer application) treatments and three bean cultivars of COS6 (spotted bean), Derakhshan and Akhtar (red beans). Results showed that inoculation of different bean varieties with Rhizobium strains incresead their qualititative and quantititative traits. Inoculation and nitrogen application increased yield up to percent in comparison to control. Rb7 was more effective on common bean yield than other strains and caused up to 59 percent seed yield increase in comparison to non inoculant treatment. Whereas Rb had the least effect on yield (%) among studied inoculants. COS6 was also the best cultivar in most traits and seed yield of this variety was 7.5 and 9 percent higher than Derakhshan and Akhtar varieties, respectively. The most protein percent were obtained from 00 kg/ha nitrogen, and Rb7 treatment. The highest and lowest protein yields were gained from Rb7 and control treatments, respectively. It was concluded that industrial biofertilizers such as Rhizobean super plus must be used as complementary materials with mineral fertilizers to achieve satisfying yield and sustainable agriculture.