محمد ربانی

Arsenic is one of the heavy metals with a very high health priority. High concentrations of arsenic in water sources can cause many problems, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular problems, and even some cancers in consumer populations. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the methods of removing arsenic from drinking water with emphasis on metal nanoparticles (titanium dioxide and zinc oxide) and activated carbon.

This study was a review that was reviewed to study all articles in domestic and foreign databases such as IranModex, IranDock, SID and Google Scholar, Direct science, World Health Organization information base, Pubmed. The keywords heavy metals, arsenic, arsenic removal method, metal nanoparticles, surface water and groundwater were used to search.

A review of studies on the removal of arsenic from water sources showed that since the separation and removal of arsenic from drinking water is very important, various methods such as coagulation and flocculation, ion exchange, filtration and adsorption to remove arsenic from water have been used. Due to good efficiency, low cost and ease of use and other management and environmental considerations, adsorption methods for arsenic removal in water resources have been well introduced. Which is one of the optimal methods of activated carbon. Among the various adsorption methods, activated carbon is a good adsorbent for the removal of 5-valent arsenic (As V), and its efficiency requires pre-oxidation to remove 3-valent arsenic (As III), which is best done with some modifications on activated carbon. For this purpose, nanoparticles have been considered much more for arsenic removal because they can greatly improve the removal efficiency and eliminate the need for pre-oxidation in the water treatment process.

The results showed that iron nanoparticles alone or in combination with other metals, titanium in combination with other metals, especially zinc, cerium and zirconium had significant efficiency.

The issuance of government securities plays an important role in financing budget deficite. Due to the usury of various types of conventional treasury securities, government sukuk has been designed as an alternative to conventional treasury in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Despite years of experience, financing government through government securities, faced serious challenges, which has called into question the government's continued access to this source of funding. The present article deals with the determining challenges of government financing through the issuance of Islamic securities and provides related solutions with a practical approach.In this study, using the content analysis of library documents and interviews with experts, supply and demand side, functional and jurisprudential challenges of government securities are analyzed. Then, practical solutions are presented, including; the establishment of primary dealer system, the establishment of a securities issuance committee and the adoption of a relevant permanent law, not to force the banking system to buy securitiess, strengthening the market depth with Utilization of fintechs, creation of information system for debt market, reforming determining coupon rate system, use of innovative contracts and development of market tools.

The use of medicinal plants or the components extracted from them in different sectors of the food industry has received special attention. Therefore, in the present research, linseed oil was used in two forms, free and microcoated with alginate, in the formulation of cocoa cream. The aim of this research was to produce an functional chocolate ganache containing natural preservatives. The extraction efficiency of linseed oil was 27.73 %. The main component of linseed oil was α-linolenic acid (47.1%) and the least fatty acid detected in it was myristoleic acid (0.06%). The results showed that both evaluated oils had considerable antibacterial effects against tested microorganisms (S. Typhi, E.coli, S. aureus, A. niger, and C. albicans) and gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to linseed oil than gram-positive ones. In this regard. Black seed oil showed higher antibacterial activity and both linseed and black seed oil microcapsules had lower antibacterial effects than their free form. The sample containing 3% encapsulated linseed oil had more favorable sensory peroperties than the sample containing this oil in free form. However, the free form showed higher antibacterial activity but in the regard to the protection of bioactivity of oils from the undesirable condition, controlled release and marketability of product, loading the oils in alginate bead is a suitable way for application of black seed and linseed oil in food products.

Today, with the rise of awareness and changing attitudes, the demand for healthy foods has increased. The effective compounds of black seed with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties are of interest to many researchers. The aim of this study was to benefit from the functional properties of black seed oil in a food model. In the first phase, the peroxide index, color and antimicrobial properties of free and alginate encapsulated black seed oil were investigated. In the second phase, microbial and sensory properties of 4 chocolate ganache samples (preservative free (G or Control), preservative free + inoculated microorganisms (GM), containing 3% free black seed oil + inoculated microorganisms (GOM) And containing 3% of encapsulated black seed oil + inoculated microorganisms (GOM)) were compared. The results of the first phase showed that MIC and MBC of free black seed oil on Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were higher than the encapsulated black seed oil. Also, the highest and lowest antimicrobial effects of black seed oil were observed on Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, respectively. The peroxide index and color of free black seed oil was more than encapsulated black seed oil . Also, the results of the second phase showed that the presence of black seed oil in the chocolate ganache formulation reduced the microbial load of the produced samples. However, the antimicrobial action of free black seed oil on the microbial load of the food model was more than encapsulated black seed oil. Finally, the results of sensory evaluation showed that chocolate ganache containing encapsulated black seed oil had better sensory properties compared to the sample containing free black seed oil.

Pregnant women experience different type of stresses which affect the fetus brain physiological processes like memory. Therefore, it is attractive to find the protective agents that are safe in the pregnancy and neutralize the stress induced manifestations. The aim of current study was to investigate the protective effects of melatonin on memory impairment induced by prenatal restraint stress in offspring rats.

In this experimental study, pregnant rats were randomly assigned to control, restraint stress group and four melatonin treated groups that received 3, 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg of melatonin concomitant with restraint stress. Restraint stress daily induced from 10th to 21st day of pregnancy. Melatonin was daily injected intraperitoneally before the restraint stress. One month after the birth, the memory of offspring was evaluated by measurement of "Discrimination" and "Recognition" indices using Object Recognition Task.

From the data, administration of 3 or 5 mg/kg melatonin did not show significant differences in Discrimination and Recognition indices compared to restraint stress group while injection of 10 or 50 mg/kg of melatonin significantly increased the above indices (P <0.001). There is no significant difference in indices values for 10 or 50 mg/kg of melatonin.

The findings showed that prenatal restraint stress induced memory impairment in one month offspring rats. Administration of melatonin in high doses actively prevent restraint stress induced memory impairment.

Neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine on damage caused by fetal exposure to ethanol have been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of L-carnitine at different stages of pregnancy on the memory of two month old offsprings whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

For the purpose of this study, 55 pregnant female rats were randomly divided into 11 groups of 5, including control group, which received drinking water, and the ethanol group which received drinking water containing 10 % (w/v) ethanol. L-Carnitine treated group received L-carnitine in doses of 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg in addition to the ethanol, in the first 10 days or the second 10 days of pregnancy. For modeling the third trimester of pregnancy, doses of L-carnitine were gavaged to the rat neonates for 10 days. After two months of birth, the memories of offsprings were evaluated using Passive Avoidance Task (PAT) and Novel Object Recognition Test (ORT).

Administration of L-carnitine significantly increased discrimination of the ORT index and the escape latency of entry to dark compartment in PAT by two month old offspring compared to the ethanol group. The mentioned indices were significantly increased at a dose of 150 mg/kg compared to the dose of 50 mg/kg throughout all pregnancy periods. These indices were significantly different when l-carnitine was administered in the second 10 days of pregnancy compared to any other periods.

The administration of L-carnitine during pregnancy can prevent alcohol-induced memory impairment in rat offsprings. This effect was more significant at higher doses of L-carnitine. The best response was seen when L-carnitine was administered to mothers in the second 10 days of pregnancy.

Spirulina platensis is one of the most common and widespread species of cyanobacteria that has been extensively studied in various fields of the food and drug industry. Extensive tests performed on Spirulina show that this cyanobacterium is a unique source of natural bioactive substances with potential healing properties. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction of the bioactive peptide Spirulina platensis by the enzyme alkaline protease and to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of the extracted spirulina peptides in mice with intestinal inflammation.

For this purpose, the RSM response surface methodology determined the optimal performance of the enzyme and the extracted peptides were dried in a freeze-dried dryer to determine the molecular weight of the peptide by electrophoresis SDS page space. The resulting peptides were stored at -20°C. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects in 25 Balb/C mice with inflammation 4% acetic acid was induced. After ensuring inflammation of peptides with two concentrations (1.6 and 3.8 mg/kg) and omeprazole as positive control and water as negative control to Balb/C mice with intestinal ulcer, gavage and effect These treatments were evaluated on the repair of inflammation.

The results showed that the optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline protease were obtained at 60°C, 210 minutes and pH 7.5. Histological

The presence of inflammation in the control group and in mice with peptide at a concentration of 3.8 (mg/kg) intestinal tissue, crypt and intestinal mucosa was completely regenerated during treatment. In mice treated with peptide at a concentration of 1.6(mg/kg), a relative improvement was achieved and the crypt was regenerated, but damage to the intestinal mucosa was still observed. The alkaline phosphatase enzyme is low in mice that receive the peptide, indicating an improvement in inflammation in these mice.

According to the results of this study, the bioactive spirulina peptides were able to treat inflammation in the intestines of mice.

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of nano coating of basil gum with black cumin essential oil (Bunium persicum) was investigated in order to increase the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets. For this purpose, black cumin essential oil was prepared using Clevenger device and the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of it (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm) was investigated. According to the results, black cumin essential oil has high antioxidant properties, and as the concentration increased, antioxidant properties were increased too. The cumin essential oil was then nanocapsulated with a basil gum coating. The nano coating, along with the essential oil (according to the electron microscope image), had a spherical and uniform surface with a low porosity percentage. Then, in order to investigate the effect of nano-coating with essential oil on the shelf life of rainbow trout fillet during a 16-day refrigeration period, 4 treatments including control and nano-coating with different concentrations of black cumin essential oil (1, 1.5 and 2 %) produced and periodic chemical parameters (peroxide, thiobarbiotic acid and volatile nitrogen bases) and microbial (total bacterial and total psychrotrophic count) were studied. The results of chemical and microbial analysis showed that, the nano-coating along with the essential oil slowed down the increasing process of oxidation and microbial indices compared to the control treatment. Until the end of the storage period, they had the allowed chemical and microbial range. Therefore, it seems that this treatment can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial in the meat and fisheries industry.

Production of bioactive peptides from wheat gluten by Biarum carduchcorum extract and the biological and functional capacity were investigated in the present study. Results showed that Biarum carduchcorum have the highest protease activity in (5, 45) pH and temperature, respectively. All fractions obtained (F1:˂3, F2: 3-30, F3: 30-100, F4> 100 kDa) exhibited antioxidant activity, However F1 registered the highest DPPH scavenging activity (65.85±2.64 µmol TE/g) and reducing power ABTS (295.81±2.05 µmol TE/g) and F4 have the lowest antioxidant activity. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity was F2 (86.3%) and F3 (76.3%). F1 Fractions showed an appropriate inhibitory effect on tested bacteria while total extract of F4 had no inhibitory activity against pathogens. Functional properties suggested that the solubility of hydrolysates in all samples decreased in acidic pH but as molecular weight of hydrolysates fractions increased, solubility of hydrolysate in pH (4, 7) increased significantly. Emulsifying activity index decreased and foaming and emulsion stability index increased. It seems that hydrolysates of gluten, by-product of starch industry, have a good potential biotechnological alternative for the industry.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract with no definitive drug treatment. If the disease is not prevented, it may lead to dangerous diseases such as colon cancer; thus, it is important to treat or provide medication for this disease. Extensive tests performed on Spirulina show that this cyanobacterium is a unique source of natural bioactive substances with potential healing properties. The aim of this study was to prepare kiwifruit cysteine ​​protease enzyme and optimize the extraction of the bioactive peptide Spirulina platensis by cysteine ​​protease as well as evaluating the anti-inflammatory properties of spirulina-extracted peptides in mice with intestinal inflammation. To this end, the optimal performance of the enzyme was determined by the RSM response surface methodology and the peptides extracted in the freeze dryer were SDS page space to determine the molecular weight of the peptide by electrophoresis. The resulting peptides were stored at -20°C. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects in 28Balb/C mice, inflammation was induced with 4% acetic acid. After confirming the inflammation of the peptide with a concentration of 3.8 mg/kg and omeprazole as positive control and water as negative control, Balb/C mice with intestinal ulcers were gavaged. The results showed that the molecular weight of cysteine ​​protease enzyme is 24 kDa and the optimal enzyme hydrolysis conditions of cysteine ​​protease were obtained at 60 °C, 210 min, and pH 7.5. Histological results showed the presence of inflammation in the control group and in mice whose peptide at a concentration of 3.8 (mg/kg) had completely regenerated intestinal tissue, crypt, and intestinal mucosa during treatment. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase is low in mice receiving the peptide, indicating improved inflammation in mice. As a result, the bioactive spirulina peptides were able to treat inflammation in the intestines of mice.

Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran The beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human and animal health has been widely studied and confirmed in various cases. To obtain probiotic bacteria, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, dates were considered as one of the important nutrients that could be the source of isolation of these bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate probiotic bacteria of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus from aqueous extract of Mazafati, Pourm and Zahedi. For isolation of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus, the extract was grown on MRS agar and agar nutrient. After 5 days of incubation at 37 ° C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, colonies isolated with morphological characteristics and microscopic form associated including positive gram bacteria. positive and negative catalase bacteria isolated from MRS agar and nutrient agar, respectively. These bacteria were evaluated using biochemical and polymerase chain reactions. According to chemical and molecular tests, Lecunostoc mesenteroeides subsp mesenteroeides, Bacillus subtilis strain UD1022 and Pediococcus parvalus strainSC8B isolated from Mazafati, Piarom and Zahedi date extract . All three bacteria were probiotic. Discussion and According to the results of the experiments, dates are in the probiotic collection. Aqueous extract of dates can be used to enrichment and preparing of probiotic foods. Also, according to the characteristics of probiotic bacteria, aqueous extract of dates or dates may be recommended to prevent of pathogenic bacteria replacement and disease for consumers.

One of the essential criteria for determining the quality of products containing probiotics is the presence of a certain number of viable cells per gram of product. To transmit enough viable cells to the gastrointestinal tract, the population of probiotic microorganisms should be preserved during storage. In the present study, culturable cells of some commercial products were isolated and enumerated by the plate count and flow cytometric methods. The isolates were then identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The viability of yeast cells was then assessed at different temperatures during 30 days by the methods above. The results showed that Protexin restore® contained the same types and number of bacteria that were claimed by the manufacturer. In contrast, protexin balance® and Dailyeast® contained a lower number of bacterial cells and yeast cells, respectively. It is noteworthy that only 33% of yeast cells were culturable on YPG agar, while flow cytometric analysis showed that 87% of cells were viable and exhibited cell membrane integrity. Also, yeast cells in Dailyeast® product were stable at 4-35°C. In conclusion, using different culture media and physicochemical conditions for the enumeration of viable and culturable cells may lead to different results. Thus, a combination of different methods should be used to get good results.

Jam is a product that uses a lot of sugar in its preparation, and this compound plays an important role in increasing the level of sugar. Since the increase in blood sugar is associated with diabetes and obesity, so reducing sugar consumption in this product can reduce the risk of these diseases which are caused by long-term use of this product. In this study, enzymatic invert sugar was used as a substitute for sugar in different ratios (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Quince seed gum and pectin were also used as thickeners to improve the texture properties of jam. Measurement of acidity and pH, viscosity, brix, total sugar, reducing sugars, energy intake and sensory properties were measured. According to the results, with adding the gum and pectin, pH decreased, followed by acidity, brix, viscosity, reducing sugars, tissue hardness, yellowness and lightness index as well as sensory properties scores. Also, with increasing invert sugar, the acidity of samples increased, while brix and viscosity of samples decreased significantly (P˂0.05). But as the invert sugar concentration increased, the taste and color scores of the samples increased. The color score of the samples was significantly increased (P˂0.05) by adding quince seed gum. There was no statistically significant difference in odor of samples with increasing sugar replacement percentage (P≥0.05). In general, based on the results of physico-chemical and sensory tests, it can be said that jam samples containing 75% invert and 0.25% of gum to (treatment number 15) were the best samples with 15% fewer calories than control samples.

Pregabalin is used as an adjunctive therapy in partial seizure, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, and generalized anxiety disorders. This study was designed to determine the effects of pregabalin on memory of rat using object recognition task (ORT) method.

 Male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 7), and were injected 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day of pregabalin or normal saline for 28 days. For evaluation of memory, animals underwent ORT during two 3-minute trials with an one-hour interval to explore similar and similar or different objects. For this reason, the discrimination (d2) and recognition (R) indices, as well as the frequency of new object exploration (f), were compared in the second period of exposure (T2). The P-values of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

 Administration of pregabalin with the dose of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days significantly reduced the d2 (P < 0.050, P < 0.010, and P < 0.001, respectively) and R (P < 0.010, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively) indices, and frequency of exploration (P < 0.050, P < 0.050, and P < 0.001, respectively) in the T2 trials compared to the control group. 100 mg/kg of pregabalin showed more decrease in these factors compared to the dose of 10 mg/kg (P < 0.050, P < 0.001, and P < 0.050, respectively).

 The findings of this study indicate that long-term administration of different doses of pregabalin disrupts cognitive memory to new object in rats. The memory decline follows a dose-dependent pattern.

Probiotic strains of Lactobacillus can be used as food preservatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (PTCC1737), L. reuteri (1655 PTCC), L. brevis CD0817 and the combination of Lactobacillus on microbial quality of rainbow trout fillet in refrigeration and freezing temperature. Treatments were immersing fillets in suspensions of L. reuteri, L. brevis, L. delbrueckii and the combination of Lactobacillus. The control treatments consisted of additive-free fillet and fillet processed with 2% solution of lactic acid. The control and test treatments were refrigerated (five days) and frozen (six months). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were not observed in test and control treatments. L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was not observed in frozen storage. The number of Lactobacillus showed a decrease in combination treatments during freezing (1.34logCFU/g). In L. brevis, total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were 23.91% and 77%, respectively. In L. reuteri, total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were 27.12% and 72.88%, respectively (P<0.05). Significant increase in ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in L. brevis compared to L. reuteri and no significant difference in L. brevis number during storage at freezing temperature caused that L. brevis  is recommended for preserving farmed rainbow trout fillet under refrigeration and at freezing temperatures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional properties and production of ultrasound yoghurt using collagen skin of Sangar. The results of collagen samples showed that the lowest reducind power was observed in normal collagen samples (0.2%) and the highest in collagen hydrolysis (5%) (P<0.05).The least antioxidant activity belonged to normal collagen (0.2%) and normal collagen (1%). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in collagen hydrolysis (5%) (P<0.05). The highest solubility belonged to the collagen hydrolysis sample (pH=4) and the lowest solubility belonged to the collagen hydrolysis sample (pH =10) (P <0.05).The results of tests of yoghurt samples showed that the pH of sample code 5 was significantly higher on day 1 and pH of treatments of code 2 (containing 1% of normal collagen) and 3 (containing 1.5% collagen hydrolysis) There was a significant low level of other treatments (P<0.05). Antioxidant activity of code 4 (containing 50% collagen + 50% capsule) was highest and antioxidant activity The samples were higher than the control sample.On the 14th day, the highest index of Associated Thiobarbituric acid belonged to the control (no collagen) and the least amount belonged to code 5 (containing 100% capsule). On day 1, it was found to be lowest in code 4 (50% collagen content + 50% capsule) and 5 (100% capsule contents). On the 14th day, the highest control group was observed and the lowest was observed in code 4 (containing 50% collagen + 50% capsule) (P<0.05). In both days, a significant difference was found in the color score the taste; odour of the samples were not observed. Only on the first day, the taste and odour of the code 2 sample were significantly lower than other treatments. (P<0.05). Treatment of code 4 (containing 50% collagen + 50% capsule) was introduced as a superior treatment.

The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase and catalase as biomarkers of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata and their mechanism in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals lead, cadmium and nickel were measured in soft tissue and studied stations in two seasons. Samples were collected seasonally in Lavan stations, Hendurabi and Nakhilo (in the northern Persian Gulf) from spring 2013 to winter of that year by scuba diving. Pearl oysters are divided according to their shells size; shells separated from soft tissues and were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of heavy metals and enzymes. Moopam standard method were used for measuring the concentration of heavy metals and for analyzing tissue concentrations of glutathione S-transferase in Clam the method recommended by Habig et al In 1974 were used. For measuring acetylcholinesterase Ellman method were used. Catalase contamination in pearl oyster in the supernatant obtained from the study based on the method homogeate soft tissue of mussels which Abeiwere evaluated. The concentration analysis of heavy metals nickel, cadmium and lead in the soft tissue of Pinctada radiata in all three stations, respectively 0/12 ± 0/58 and 1/86 ± 0/04 and 1/94 ± 0/30 in parts per millionThe, concentration of acetylcholinesterase at several stations, in large and small sizes and in the seasons had no significant difference. Variations of catalase, and glutathione S-transferase were almost similar to each other and parameters, station and seasons were significantly different in the concentrations of these enzymes. Seasonal changes in antioxidant enzymes related to (assuming a constant in salinity and oxygen) to age, reproductive cycle, and availability of food and water temperature. With increasing temperature at warm season, antioxidant enzymes were increase, with increasing temperature and abundance of food in the environment the amount of antioxidant enzymes may increase. The presence of the enzyme concentration may indicate that the higher levels of the enzyme to eliminate ROS activities to be any healthier situation. At the time of gonads maturation and spawning season catalase activity increases. This study also indicates that catalase was significantly higher in the warm season. Due to low pollutants of heavy metals in the study area, a lower level of contaminants were observed in shellfish tissue incidents of international standards and strong correlation between the amount of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster tissue and enzymes was not observed, Therefore, we can say that the pearl oyster remains in a healthy condition and the amount of enzyme is normal.

The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase and catalase as biomarkers of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata and their mechanism in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals lead, cadmium and nickel were measured in soft tissue and studied stations in two seasons. Samples were collected seasonally in Lavan stations, Hendurabi and Nakhilo (in the northern Persian Gulf) from spring 2013 to winter of that year by scuba diving. Pearl oysters are divided according to their shells size; shells separated from soft tissues and were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of heavy metals and enzymes. Moopam standard method were used for measuring the concentration of heavy metals and for analyzing tissue concentrations of glutathione S-transferase in Clam the method recommended by Habig et al In 1974 were used. For measuring acetylcholinesterase Ellman method were used. Catalase contamination in pearl oyster in the supernatant obtained from the study based on the method homogeate soft tissue of mussels which Abeiwere evaluated. The concentration analysis of heavy metals nickel, cadmium and lead in the soft tissue ofPinctada radiata in all three stations, respectively 0.12 ± 0.58 and 1.86 ± 0.04 and 1.94 ± 0.30 in parts per millionThe, concentration of acetylcholinesterase at several stations, in large and small sizes and in the seasons had no significant difference. Variations of catalase, and glutathione S-transferase were almost similar to each other and parameters, station and seasons were significantly different in the concentrations of these enzymes. Seasonal changes in antioxidant enzymes related to (assuming a constant in salinity and oxygen) to age, reproductive cycle, and availability of food and water temperature. With increasing temperature at warm season, antioxidant enzymes were increase, with increasing temperature and abundance of food in the environment the amount of antioxidant enzymes may increase. The presence of the enzyme concentration may indicate that the higher levels of the enzyme to eliminate ROS activities to be any healthier situation. At the time of gonads maturation and spawning season catalase activity increases. This study also indicates that catalase was significantly higher in the warm season. Due to low pollutants of heavy metals in the study area, a lower level of contaminants were observed in shellfish tissue incidents of international standards and strong correlation between the amount of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster tissue and enzymes was not observed, Therefore, we can say that the pearl oyster remains in a healthy condition and the amount of enzyme is normal.

Current Studies regarding the background and motives of kin marriage or xvedodah by zoroastrians are generally based on Greek historiography and writings of non- Persian figures and the concepts used in Pahlavi's jurisprudential texts. This practice, in addition to the mentioned sources, has also been reported in the Islamic texts. Yet, no detailed studies of the degree of consistency of the content between the works of these scholars and historical and religious significance has not been made compared with zoroastrain sources. This paper tries to find three basic issues in two resources groups:1.The origin of the ancient tradition of next o kin marriage in Iran history
2.The extent and frequency of this practice
3.The goals and motives of the continuation of such kinship among the Zoroastrians.
But given the mythological background of Zoroastrian jurisprudential text and the reported cases of the spread of this kind of kinship in various Islamic sources, it is not easy to make a definitive statement about the widespread prevalence and popularity of such a ritual.

Requirements of the Issue Sixteen of the Iranian National Building Code demand the protection of the drinking water network inside residential buildings over 4 stories or with more than 10 units. These buildings should aslo be supplied by a storage tank with sufficient amout of water supplying for 12 hours of consumption. Without proper regulations, the implementation of this newly building code may create problems including degradation of on-site water quality. To address this problem partially, this research has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of: incorrect operation on water meter failures, extra repairs may be needed in the distribution network, and the quality of drinking water in storage tanks installed in high-rise buildings. To carryout the objective of this study, regular field inspection of pump and reservoir system was performed, during each in each field observation water samples were collected, and all water samples were analyzed according to the methods specified in the 2005 edition of the “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”. In addition to the analytical data collected from this study, the existing water quality data from Tehran water and wastewater company were also utilized. All together, routine qualitative tests were performed on 50 on-site reservoir tanks in residential high rise buldings. The results of sampls’ water quality showed that: (i) about 10% of the samples had higher level of heterotrophic bacteria with standard deviation of 56%, (ii) 8% of the samples had concerned level of total Coliforms contamination. In addition, the turbidities of higher than1 NTU in some tanks were observed that may be an indicative of an additional water water quality problems. Aside from water quality problem, direct pumping was made by 4.82% of the users in which this activity significantly contributed to an increased energy costs, water meter failures, and water pressure drops. From the preliminary findings of this study, it has been concluded that there is a potential risk for microbial contamination in drinking water storage tanks and there is also potentials for pump and meter failures and as a results additional requirements for regular maintenance. Because the accurance of these problems are inevidable, it is recommended to development a proper regulatory guidance and enforcement by Tehran’s water and wastewater company in order to protect Public Health safety.

Cancer is one of the greatest health-related problems and due to increasing drug resistance and severe side effects of chemotherapeutic agents, production of targeted anticancer agents with lower side effects is under consideration. Previously, we produced a fusion protein consisted of catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin (DT386) fused to BR2, a cancer specific cell penetrating peptide. First steps of this study showed selective antiproliferative effects of DT386-BR2 on cancer cells but not on normal cell lines. The aim of the present study was evaluation of its in-vivo non-specific toxicity in healthy mice.
The fusion protein was produced and purified through recombinant DNA technology. Intraperitoneal injections with various concentrations of DT386-BR2 were done in healthy mice for five consecutive days and they observed for 14 days after the last injection inspecting their food consumption, body weight, body temperature, and finally being dead or alive. Negative controls were injected with normal saline solution.
Findings: There was not any significant effect on temperature, body weight, and viability of mice received various concentrations of DT386-BR2 (P DT386-BR2 can be used for further pre-clinical studies to determine its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics profiles and evaluation of its anticancer efficacy in suitable xenograft animal models.

There are various tools for monitoring the concentration of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. Today these studies are based on biological monitoring and biomarkers. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of the glutathione S-transferase as biomarkers of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals lead, cadmium and nickel were measured in soft tissue and studied stations in four seasons. Samples were collected seasonally in Lavan stations, Hendurabi and Nakhilo (in the northern Persian Gulf) from spring 2013 to winter of that year by scuba diving. Pearl oysters are divided according to their shells size; shells separated from soft tissues and were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of heavy metals and enzymes. Moopam standard method for were used for measuring the concentration of heavy metals and for analyzing tissue concentrations of glutathione S-transferase in Clam the method recommended by Habig et al In 1974 were used. The concentration analysis of heavy metals nickel, cadmium and lead in sediments at all stations were 1.6 ± 0.12 and 0.69 ± 0.04 and 4.16 ± 0.30 ppm, and the concentration analysis of heavy metals nickel, cadmium and lead in the soft tissue of Pinctada radiata in all three stations, respectively 0.12 ± 0.58 and 1.86 ± 0.04 and 1.94 ± 0.30 in parts per million, That results showed that the concentration of lead has significant difference in sediments station, Compare the results of this study with standards related and other similar studies at the regional and international level showed that pollutant concentration of heavy metals in all cases significantly less than all the standards and guide values associated. The concentration of glutathione S-transferase was almost similar to each other and parameters, station and seasons were significantly different in the concentrations of this enzyme. Seasonal changes in antioxidant enzymes related to (assuming a constant in salinity and oxygen) to age, reproductive cycle, and availability of food and water temperature. With increasing temperature at warm season, antioxidant enzymes were increase, with increasing temperature and abundance of food in the environment the amount of antioxidant enzymes may increase. The presence of the enzyme concentration may indicate that the higher levels of the enzyme to eliminate ROS activities to be any healthier situation. Due to low pollutants of heavy metals in the study area, a lower level of contaminants were observed in shellfish tissue and strong correlation between the amount of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster tissue and enzymes was not observed, Therefore, we can say that the pearl oyster remains in a healthy condition and the amount of enzyme is normal.

Vinegar is a popular condiment in the world that different materials and methods have been used to produce it. In Iran natural vinegar is also prepared mostly in a traditional way by using different fruits such as grapes and apples. Natural vinegar has beneficent properties and because of this, it is recommended to be used by traditional and Islamic medicine. Vinegar contains acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Acetic acid bacteria and yeasts are involved in the production of vinegar and lactic acid bacteria improve the flavor of vinegar. The aim of this study was isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria especially Lactobacillus brevis from traditional vinegar.
After collecting a few traditional vinegars, the vinegar samples cultured for isolation of lactic acid bacteria on MRS broth and agar media contained nystatin as an anti-yeast antibiotic. Then some microbiological tests including catalase, gram staining and fermentation of carbohydrates were performed. Then, they were cultured at different temperatures, pH and different concentrations of salts. Finally, three isolates bacteria with biochemical properties of Lactobacillus brevis were evaluated by16 srDNA gene amplification.
Twelve lactobacilli were isolated from three vinegar samples. All isolated bacteria were catalase-negative and gram-positive. They could be able to grow at pH around 4.5 and 5.6, and at 2, 4 and 5.6% of salt concentrations. Most of the bacteria grew at 15oC, whereas one isolated grew at 45oC. Sequencing and Blast results showed that the three strains are Lactobacillus brevis.
Discussion and Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantrum were found in traditional vinegars. Although isolation of Lactobacillus plantrum from vinegar was reported previously, as far as we could determine, it is for the first time that we could isolate Lactobacillus brevis from vinegar.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid used in the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and depression. GABA is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme in many organisms, including bacteria. Therefore, cloning of this enzyme is essential to the optimization of GABA production. This study aimed to clone and construct the expression vector of GAD gene from Lactobacillus plantarum PTCC 1058 bacterium.
In this experimental study, we investigated the morphological, biochemical, genetic and 16s rDNA sequencing of L. plantarum PTCC 1058 strain. Genomic DNA of the bacterium was isolated and amplified using the GAD gene via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Afterwards, the gene was inserted into the pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector and subcloned in vector pET32a. Plasmid pET32a-gad expression vector was transformed in Escherichia coli BL21 strain, and protein expression was assessed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
FINDINGS: Morphological, biochemical and genetic analyses of 16s rDNA sequencing indicated that the studied substrain was of the L. plantarum strain. In addition, results of nucleotide sequencing of the fragmented segment via PCR showed the presence of GAD gene. Results of colony PCR and SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the accuracy of the cloning and gene expression of the recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 strain.
According to the results of this study, cloning of GAD gene from L. plantarum PTCC 1058 was successful. These cloned genes could grow rapidly in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems and be used in cost-effective culture media and even non-recyclable waste.