فهرست مطالب محمد رهبری

Hypoxic encephalopathy in adults is associated with different causes including Cardiorespiratory arrest, shock, and some poisonings such as carbon monoxide poisoning.

In this case series study, all the poisoned patients who had hypoxic encephalopathy based on radiological findings and were admitted to the poisoning department of Taleghani and Imam Khomeini hospitals in Urmia between 2016 and 2016 were included. Demographic characteristics, type of poison, type of poisoning, imaging findings, mortality, and length of hospitalization were extracted from the available files.

A total of 14 patients, all of whom were men, with an average age of 41.21 years, were examined. 64.3% of patients had a history of addiction. 85.7% of poisoning cases were unintentional. The most common intoxicant was methadone (42.6%) and the most common cause of encephalopathy was cardiorespiratory arrest (50%). The most common CT scan finding was diffuse edema and loss of white and gray matter differentiation, and the most common laboratory finding was leukocytosis. The average length of hospitalization was 34.4 days. The mortality rate was 85.7%.

Drug-consuming patients are at risk of overdose and possible occurrence of hypoxic encephalopathy, increasing the length of stay in hospitals, and death.

IntroductionIn recent decades, the advent of the Internet and social media platforms has had a profound influence on global interpersonal dynamics. This transformative process has given rise to a novel social life known as the network society, as conceptualized by Manuel Castells (2005). Within the network society, individuals can instantly access and disseminate information, enabling simultaneous communication across geographical boundaries. Consequently, the proliferation of large-scale online platforms has exerted substantial impacts on economic, social, political, and cultural domains.Among the existing platforms, Twitter focuses more on politics than other social media such as Instagram and Telegram. Twitter's inherent nature lends itself to users expressing concise and rapid opinions, particularly regarding public and political affairs. In Iran, this platform primarily serves as a hub for public and political activists. Furthermore, the prevalent practice of sharing tweets on more popular social media such as Telegram and Instagram often leads to the dissemination of media content flowing from Twitter. Beyond serving as a mere outlet for expressing diverse perspectives on events and political matters, Twitter fosters an environment that enables user interaction and influence concerning these events. The communication and reactions of users on this platform can have an impact on political opinions and even shape broader perspectives. PurposeWhile the number of Twitter users in Iran may be relatively low, with only 3% of people reported to be using Twitter according to a recent survey by the Iranian Student Opinion Center (ISPA) in June 2022n, the platform holds significant influence over politics in Iranian society. This is primarily due to the active participation of political and social activists who make up the majority of Twitter users in the country. Notably, both local and international media outlets, as well as political activists, heavily rely on Twitter for disseminating information and engaging in discussions. Furthermore, popular topics and discussions on Twitter often find their way to other platforms such as Telegram, Instagram, and even email, indirectly exposing a wider audience to Twitter's impact. Despite these observations, the relationship between Twitter and the political landscape in Iranian society has yet to be thoroughly investigated in a scientific and systematic manner, highlighting the need for further research in this area.Given the evolving political landscape in Iran, particularly in light of the significant events in October and November of 2022, it has become increasingly vital to explore the association between Twitter and the emergence and characteristics of these developments. Notably, Iran's political environment has long exhibited a stable feature of bipolarity, making it the focal point of this article. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the manifestation and perpetuation of these polarizations within the Persian-speaking user base on Twitter. By doing so, the study aims to shed light on how political polarization in Iran is mirrored and perpetuated within the Twitter sphere. MethodologyThis research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing participatory observation and case study methods. Purposeful sampling is employed to examine specific events that offer significant insights into the research topic. Data collection involves observation and data mining techniques. Initially, the researcher presents their observations on Twitter, while also independently analyzing unique situations aligned with the research question through data mining. To support the research objectives, a selection of noteworthy economic, political, social, cultural, and sports events in the years 1400 and 1401 are studied, as observed on Twitter, to validate and reinforce the findings from participatory observation. Social Network Analysis (SNA) methodology is employed in this section. The importance of nodes is primarily measured using the PageRank centrality measure, with each node's size and tag size corresponding to its PageRank centrality. In the PageRank centrality measure, a node's significance is determined not only by the number of its connected nodes but also by the importance of these nodes. Node classification into distinct communities is achieved through Lovin's algorithm (Blondel et al., 2008). Graph visualization predominantly utilizes the Force Atlas 2 algorithm (Jacomy et al., 2014). Gephi software is employed for graph illustration and analysis purposes. FindingsThe findings of this research reveal the following: First, within the Twitter space, the presence of anonymous users, bots, and organized accounts is prominent, contributing to the propagation of computational propaganda.Second, likes and retweets by users have become tools for drawing boundaries and intensifying mistrust and polarization.Third, during periods of societal tension, Twitter users tend to silence opposing voices through blocking and unfollowing, creating further polarization and reinforcing echo chambers. This limits exposure to diverse and conflicting opinions, as social media, instead of being platforms for diverse voices, inadvertently contribute to the silencing of differing perspectives.Fourth, in this polarized environment, voices in the middle ground users have fewer opportunities to emerge, as they are subjected to negative labeling from both ends of the spectrum. The term "middleman" is frequently used to protest against individuals expressing differing opinions within the bipolar atmosphere of Twitter.Fifth, different views are disregarded by “checking” individuals' past records, as this checking has become a significant criterion for discerning right from wrong and a means to suppress diverse thoughts and voices.Sixth, Persian Twitter demonstrates a bipolar atmosphere across various topics. The pattern of polarization usually involves a minority pole and a majority pole. The majority pole encompasses diverse spectrums and groups, while the opposing spectrum to the Islamic Republic holds a louder and clearer voice, often leading to the marginalization of moderate perspectives.The research findings indicate a polarized atmosphere within the Twitter environment that hinders communication and dialogue between different groups. While this situation may reflect social and political conditions, Twitter algorithms, content suggestion mechanisms, and features like blocking, unfollowing, and muting have also played a role in shaping and intensifying polarization, effectively creating an echo chamber within the Twitter space. ConclusionObserving the Twitter platform prompts us to think about its essence. Twitter appears to possess a distinct character and nature characterized by blocking and unfollowing, condemnation of moderation as the "middleman," widespread online hate speech, and a polarized environment. This attribute can perhaps be attributed to Twitter's constraint of limited characters per tweet, setting it apart from social media like Facebook or Instagram. The findings reveal the prevalence of distrust, intolerance, insults, and aggression within political discussions on Twitter, hindering the cultivation of equitable dialogue. Within the Twitter space, the interplay of three factors—namely, the formation of "communities of like-minded individuals," the removal of dissenting perspectives through blocking and unfollowing to avoid the challenges of disagreement, and the existence of "filter bubbles"—has contributed to the creation of an echo chamber, amplifying polarization within the Twitter realm. One notable aspect of this bipolar environment is the inherent mistrust and escalation of verbal violence observed between opposing poles, even targeting individuals positioned among the bipolar factions. As this situation becomes more pervasive, users who do not align with either pole, forming a gray area, choose silence out of fear of isolation, consequently intensifying the spiral of silence. With the fading influence of the middle ground users, the cycle of bipolarity further deepens. NoveltyThe phenomenon of political polarization within the Twitter sphere has been extensively explored in various studies. However, the specific context of Iranian Twitter users remains largely uninvestigated, prompting this research to apply existing theories to the Iranian society. In conducting this study, unique characteristics observed within Persian Twitter were examined, shedding light on behaviors that have not been extensively studied in comparable research. One such behavior is the act of checking individuals' past and disregarding their current positions based on their previous opinions on a given topic. This particular behavior is distinct to the polarized Twitter environment within other communities.

Rouhani’s promises and programs in the twelfth presidential election created a lot of expectations, especially among his supporters. However, after the victory, he confronted the frustration of many of his supporters and the dissatisfaction of many social groups. The question is how and by what factors this situation was created and what were the consequences. In this article, this question is answered based on an extended model of the theory of "relative deprivation" and by exploring the data available in cyberspace along with the documentary data. The findings of the article demonstrate that the second Rouhani's second administration, on the one hand, had created a high volume of expectations and demands, and on the other hand, from the first days of its establishment, faced increasing restrictions on the fulfillment of these expectations and demands. These constraints are due to several factors. Rising pressure from rival forces and institutions during the arrangement of the cabinet, the withdrawal of US from JCPOA and the escalation of sanctions and inconsistent and contradictory policies of the government, especially in the monetary and budgeting context, were among the most important factors. These factors have deepened the economic crisis, raised inflation, unemployment and poverty, and concerns of the lower and middle classes. This situation provoked a chain of social and political protests in the real world and in cyberspace, especially from January 2018 to August 2018. Although the protests were suppressed, they created political distrust and severe frustration among various groups over the Rouhani government's ability.

Development of online social networks in recent years and creation of more ease for accessing to these networks via smart phones, has influenced people’s culture especially young people who use these networks daily. Among these networks, Twitter has different role because its access is prohibited in Iran and also many of its users have anonymous activity in it. So it creates an environment that users can talk in it more freely or as Hirschi says, there is less social control on these users. The lower social control in Twitter, may increase the amount of vulgar contents in it. So, understanding the role of Twitter in using vulgar contents as an abnormal behavior, is important for assessing the normative effects of using Twitter on its users. In this study, the content of Tweeter, from 1388 to 1396, is analyzed by using keyword-based data mining and descriptive-statistical method. Findings from data mining on 82 million tweets show that users have increasingly tweeted vulgar contents in early years of using Twitter in Iran. However, since 1392, the rate of using these contents have been relatively constant, and only 3 to 4 percent of all tweets have had vulgar contents. Therefore, in contrary to the first hypothesis, Twitter has not eliminated the obscenity of vulgar content. The reason can be the development of new values in this virtual community and the increase of social control, which is the result of more tweeting with real names and badges.

This research aimed to diagnose the reason to increase in the total number of unemployment insurance applicants (claimants) in the Golestan province in order to find realistic solutions. From the perspective of data collection, this research is a field-based, in terms of controlling variables is non-experimental research and with regard to purpose is applied research. Quantitative and qualitative data collection tools were interview and questionnaire, respectively. This research was conducted in two main phases during 2017 and 2018. In the first phase, a Delphi panel technique is used to identify the causes and solutions of the increase of unemployment insurance applicants in Golestan province and in the second phase, the AHP and TOPSYS techniques were used for quantitative assessment and prioritization of identified causes and solutions in the first phase. The results of the AHP showed that four factors of "business milieu", "responsible institutions", "employers" and "applicants", have the most importance in increasing the willingness of unemployed insurance. Considering these four criteria, the most important reasons for rising request for unemployment insurance are: "market fluctuations with stagnation in manufacturing and industry (such as construction) and job losses", "labor market imbalance (Labor force inflation as a result of supply over demand for labor force), "the non-payment of the minimum official wage (the gap between the actual wage and unemployment insurance payout)," and "the limited economic ability of active enterprises in the province (low employment capacity)". In order to accurately assess the solutions identified for unemployment insurance, four criteria of "economic feasibility" and then, "environmental feasibility", "administrative feasibility" and "institutional appropriateness" (in accordance with the general rules and regulations) in order of importance was considered. considering these four criteria, the most important solutions for optimal management of unemployment insurance are: "reviewing the conditions and mechanism for receiving unemployment insurance compensation for preventing collusion between the worker and the employer", "recruiting foreign investments for industrial development of the province", "training workers on work discipline and conscience in cooperation with business enterprises" and "strengthening the field of labor relations".

This applied research, using exploratory mixed method design, was conducted to identify and prioritize green enterprise development opportunities in Golestan province. By purposeful sampling approach, using snowball technique, 19 key informants were selected to participate in the research. At first, based on the focus group methodology and review of the documents, the key areas and criteria for the development of the green enterprises were identified. Then, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the prioritization of the identified opportunities was performed according to multiple criteria. The research tool was a semi-structured group interview in the first stage and a researcher-made questionnaire in the second stage. Based on the findings of this research, 28 fields have green enterprise opportunities in Golestan province. In order to realistic multilateral assessment of the opportunities, seven key criteria for recognition and investment in the development of green enterprises in the Golestan province were identified as (1) greenness (environmental compatibility), (2) technical and feasibility, (3) economic feasibility, (4) market feasibility, (5) social feasibility, (6) spatial compatibility (capacities and natural resources), and (7) employability. Based on these criteria, three priority areas for the development of green enterprises in the Golestan province include handicrafts, organic farming, and tourism, especially ecotourism.

The dairy industry in Iran is one of the most important markets with high diversity of innovation, as well as the scientific advancements in this highly competitive and full of turbulence environment,So for each company to enter the dairy market and its continuous longevity, it is necessary to develop a series of indicators such as innovation identifying opportunities and threats of the company, innovation in customer satisfaction, risk management, innovation in product presentation, service and product quality, flexibility ability to structure and refine processes and organize and enhance the productivity of human resources, business intelligence, innovation in the market and the analysis of the status of competitors, in order to easily adapt to environmental changes.Certainly identifying the dimensions and components of organizational innovation in these companies can be a guarantee for the fulfillment of the above cases. For this purpose, in this research, for identifying the dimensions and components of organizational innovation in active dairy cooperative companies with using a qualitative method based on library studies and the predecessor of the research and survey of experts, through the provision and distribution of a questionnaire and performing a fuzzy Delphi test, 32 components Organizational innovation was identified. After completing the phase of fuzzy Delphi, 23 components were selected which earned a score above 7.71, and ranked in four dimensions of product innovation, administrative innovation, process innovation, and marketing innovation. Finally, the status of the components of the research variables was verified aspect of being normal, using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Organizational entrepreneurship is one of the main branches of entrepreneurship that plays an effective role in the success of organizations. Organizational Entrepreneurship is an internal organizational process that is influenced by internal organizational factors. In this research, after the literature studies, organizational entrepreneurship model based on organizational innovation consisting of four dimensions of innovation in product, process, organization and marketing is presented. The statistical population of this study was the non-random sample of 30 individuals selected in the two sections of the decision group consisting of experts with experience in the field of economics and business, especially in cooperative companies. Also statistical population of the study included all active dairy cooperative companies in the country consisting of 150 companies and 108 active cooperative companies were selected as statistical sample based on the Morgan table. The components of organizational innovation based on theoretical foundations and library studies were identified as 32 components, and finally, using a questionnaire and using expert's knowledge, 23 components were selected. Using the hierarchical process method and performing paired comparisons with selected Expert Choice11 software, selected dimensions and components were prioritized. The results showed that organizational entrepreneurship dimensions include product innovations, administrative innovation, process innovation, and marketing innovation, each with its own components.

To obtain the effect of natural honey on the effect of Streptococcus mutans, a study was released. This cross-over, clinical trial study was performed on 24 dental students. 2 cc of saliva from two groups were initially made. The honey was held to case group and they were asked to do instruction for a week. The instruction was swishing the honey daily by rate of 5 ml in their mouth for 5 minutes, and then swallowing it. After 2 weeks wash out, switching between the groups was performed and changes in salivary mutans streptococci were determined by statistical analysis with Mann-U-Whitney test. The Streptococcus mutans in the saliva of the control group at baseline was 54250±30482 CFU/ml, and after the intervention, was 37042±27900 CFU/ml (p<0.001). Saliva levels of Streptococcus mutans in case group at baseline were 26000±34667 CFU/ml, which was changed to the rate of 54167±35129 CFU/ml (p<0.001). For estimation of the laboratory reliability‚ 4 cc saliva of 4 students were taken. Each sample was divided in two parts‚ and the entire 8 samples were sent for estimation of Streptococcus mutans colony numbers. The difference between them was 17500±95749 CFU/ml (p<0.04). A pilot study is preferable to estimate the laboratory reliability in order to gaining the best results.