محمد زاهدی

Background and

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular coitus. Anovulatory processes are the most common cause of infertility in women. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of combination treatment of clomiphene citrate (CC) and letrozole versus letrozole alone for ovulation induction and pregnancy rate in infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

This is a single-blind, controlled trial study. A total of 102 infertile PCOS women were randomly divided into two groups. Group one (n=51) received 100 mg CC plus 5 mg letrozole daily on cycle days 3-7 for a single treatment cycle and group two (n=51) received 5 mg letrozole daily on cycle days 3-7 for a single treatment cycle. When at least one follicle reached a diameter of 18-19 mm, the patients received human gonadotropin hormone (5000 U-IV injection). The couples had regular intercourse, 2-3 times a week, as they had been instructed.

The number of follicles with a diameter of 14 mm was significantly higher in women who received the combination treatment of letrozole and clomiphene compared to the ones who received letrozole treatment (P=0.04). There were no statisticaly significant differences in the number of 18 mm follicles (P=0.07), mean endometrial thickening (P=0.37), clinical pregnancy rate (P=0.99), ongoing pregnancy rate (P=0.59), multiple pregnancy rate (P=0.99), and live birth (P= 0.99) between the two groups.

According to our study, the combination treatment of letrozole and CC is more effective than letrozole and can be used as the first-line therapy for infertility in women with PCOS. Moreover, the cost and risk of this treatment may be lower than other induction ovulation treatments.

The present study investigated the effect of eight weeks of training with a gyroscope on identifying the body position in space, the semi-dynamic balance on the ground, and Huber's device score. Two groups of 30 Air Force (IRIAF) pilots with an average age of 27 years, height of 178, and weight of 80 kg were randomly assigned to two training and control groups. The training group was exposed to eight weeks of training with the gyroscope device. The pre-test and post-test of the two groups were compared using videography, star test, and Huber's score using the statistical method of repeated measurement. In the gyro test, there was no significant difference in the detection angle of the body position in the air in any groups before and after the test. However, an increase in rotation speed was observed in the training group. In Huber's test, there was no significant change in the control group before and after. However, in the training group, an improvement in the score was observed, especially in the non-superior limb, as well as a decrease in the difference in the score between the two hands. Stars were not observed in any groups before or after the test. According to the results, it can be concluded that despite the non-significance of the difference in the subjects' ejection angle and position identification in the training group, it occurred simultaneously as the rotation speed increased

The present study investigated the effect of eight weeks of training with a gyroscope on identifying the body position in space, the semi-dynamic balance on the ground, and Huber's device score. Two groups of 30 Air Force (IRIAF) pilots with an average age of 27 years, height of 178, and weight of 80 kg were randomly assigned to two training and control groups. The training group was exposed to eight weeks of training with the gyroscope device. The pre-test and post-test of the two groups were compared using videography, star test, and Huber's score using the statistical method of repeated measurement. In the gyro test, there was no significant difference in the detection angle of the body position in the air in any groups before and after the test. However, an increase in rotation speed was observed in the training group. In Huber's test, there was no significant change in the control group before and after. However, in the training group, an improvement in the score was observed, especially in the non-superior limb, as well as a decrease in the difference in the score between the two hands. Stars were not observed in any groups before or after the test. According to the results, it can be concluded that despite the non-significance of the difference in the subjects' ejection angle and position identification in the training group, it occurred simultaneously as the rotation speed increased

The twelfth Imam and leader of the Islamic Ummah, Hajja bin Al-Hassan al-Askari, is the Promised Mahdi (peace be upon him). Many reasons have been mentioned to prove the existence of that Prophet, and one of these reasons is the argument to the reports of meeting with him. In the present article, examples of the reports of the meeting with that Prophet during the era of Nayban Khas and the period after that have been mentioned. Then, their implication on the existence of Imam al-Zaman (a.s.) is explained, and the forms of conflict between the evidence that indicates the lie of the person who claims to have seen him and the reports of meeting him have been answered

Muhazzab Al-Din Basri was one of the well-known thinkers of Imami theology in the 11th century AH and has left several works in the field of doctrinal and theological issues. He has used a non-philosophical rational method in explaining and strengthening doctrinal issues. His use of the different functions of intellect in post-revelatory beliefs, and the belief in the necessity of interpreting God's narrated attributes, indicate his rational method, and the lack of use of specific philosophical concepts and issues and the critique of some philosophers' opinions confirm his non-philosophical rational method. The orientation of studies, his special method of compilation and his mastery of the beliefs of other Islamic sects, along with his exclusive style of organizing and presenting topics, has given a unique look to his theological works.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important pathogens in immunocompromised patients, those who need regular blood transfusion, and renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. The aim of this investigation was to study the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus in hemodialysis patients in Sari, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was performed in 180 hemodialysis patients attending two referral centers in Sari, 2017-2018. To include the patients we considered sociodemographic characteristics, blood transfusion history and period, and duration and frequency/week of hemodialysis. Blood samples were collected from all patients and after centrifuge, serum samples were examined for CMV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical tests including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis, and descriptive analysis including proportion for qualitative data and median (quartile range 25-75) for quantitative data were used.

The participants were 180 patients, including 93 (51.7%) females and 87 (48.3%) males (mean age: 61.5±14.4). All patients (100%) were positive for anti-CMV IgG antibody. There were no significant relationships between antibody titer and sex, age, dialysis period, dialysis duration, dialysis frequency per week, transfusion, transplantation, or HBV and HCV status (P >0.05).

Our findings showed high frequency of CMV-IgG positive in hemodialysis patients. Due to the possibility of CMV infection progression in immunocompromised patients, especially those who undergo hemodialysis, screening programs should be performed to prevent adverse consequences.

The main objective of this study is to propose a systematic way to develop and validate a model of competency and to provide an instrument for measuring the competencies of state-owned bank managers at basic, intermediate, and senior levels. To achieve this goal, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used. Questionnaires and deep interviews were administered to 100 managers of these banks. Findings show that to evaluate the competencies of the managers, we need to apply 111 indexes, each bearing a different multiplier, compiled in 5 dimensions including individual-personality, individual-mental (cognitive), interpersonal (social), organizational, and managerial. Moreover, we need 16 factors including sticking to values and ethics, personality credibility, action orientation, thinking and analyzing ability, ability to learn, mega capability, effective communication, ability to negotiate, ability to work with teams, general knowledge and skills, specialty knowledge, marketing and customer orientation, strategic leadership, managing an organizational unit, managing people, and basic managerial skills. This research also provides some managerial and research recommendations based on which, one can introduce competency management in the Iranian state-owned banks.

Destination managers would like to have a better understaning of the factors affecting destination choice by tourists. In the conventional demand side models, factors such as the income level in tourist origin countries, the price level in the destination and the exchange rate have been introduced as the core effective factors. Here some important theoretical bases such as Lancaster’s theory of demand for multi dimensional products are ignored or not prefered because of the difficulties in practice. The following article would first focus on the theoretical basis of tourists’ destination choice and then will study the destination choice factors for tourists who visits Isfahan as a cultural historical destination. The sample volume was determined according to Morgan’s schedule for infinite societies, and the sufficiency of sample was checked by KMO statistics. The questionnaire’s face was confirmed by research team advisors and the reliability of questionnaire has been tested by Cronbach's Alpha test.Using factor analysis for a data set of 384 cultural heritage tourists, we found that: price level at the destination, authenticity and uniqueness of attractions, safety and security, attitude of local people and authorities toward the tourists, and level of tourism services at the destination are the most important factors in choosing cultural-historical destinations. The results indicate that 57.414 percent of all affecting factors on destination choice have been explained by the introduced factors in this paper. Key Words:

Global Satellite Navigation Systems are widely used for geodetic and geodynamics purposes. However the meteorological applications, such as Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) estimation, are increased with GNSS permanent stations deployments all over the world. The continuity of GNSS observations and the spatial resolution of the permanent GNSS stations are some of the potentials of GNSS remote sensing using permanent arrays. In this study we are demonstrated one of the real-time meteorological applications of GNSS networks.
The spatial distribution of PWV was investigated during extreme rainfall. The PWV data from the SuomiNet network stations in the Texas state was implemented. Using linear interpolation, the PWV were determined for area within the stations.
It was observed that the estimated water vapor from the GNSS observations progresses gradually towards the precipitation site and then, with accumulation in the area of ​​precipitation, the rainfall begins, and then the PWV decreases. Therefore, using a network of uniformly distributed GNSS stations, GNSS observations can be used to measure the accumulation of atmospheric precipitation in a region and to investigate the probability of rainfall occurring. These predictions will be effective if the network is sufficiently dense and the perceptible water vapor is estimated with a short latency.
The estimation of zenith path delay from GNSS is possible using relative or absolute method. Furthermore the slant delay estimation is one of the possibility in the dense GNSS networks. Tropospheric tomography will aid the scientists in the future applications of GNSS. In this paper the precision of real time PWV estimation via GNSS data is investigated. French RGP GNSS networks data are used for PPP processing. The processing is performed by ultra-rapid IGS orbit and clock products and then it repeated using final IGS products. The precision of Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) of final ephemeris is about 3 mm. The Real time estimation of ZTD using ultra rapid data is compared by final solution and the RMSE for different stations are from 3 to 7 mm approximately that is sufficient for real time estimation of PWV and real time precipitations prediction. Investigation of raining occurrence and the PWV changes is performed in this paper.
In the investigation of PWV it may be possible to follow a pattern or patterns for a region prior to intense rainfall, spatial variations and spatial distribution of PWV, which can predict extreme rainfall. Therefore, it is suggested that by studying the PWV behavior accurately, the probability of such patterns is examined. Also, in order to determine the accuracy of the PWV obtained from GNSS observations by the PPP method with the ultra-rapid orbit and clock products, it is possible to compare the PWV obtained from the above-mentioned method with those obtained from the measurement of radiosondes as a reliable source. Also the results of the ultra-rapid products are compared with the final IGS products the consistency is about 3-7 millimeters for the estimated ZTD values.
It is also possible to predict the rainfall by the permanent GNSS stations in Iran. There are several permanent arrays which may provide the GNSS observation files instantaneously. The national geodynamic network, the Tehran's Instantaneous Network, The national cadastre RTK network and the Isfahan municipality RTK network, could be used for PWV estimation with high spatial and temporal resolution and instantaneous meteorological application of a unified network is possible.

Extended Abstract: Cemetery tourism is a micro niche market of cultural tourism and through location and/or tourist motivation may have overlaps with other forms of tourism such as war¡ genealogy/legacy¡ thanatourism¡ and in certain cases such as Takht-e- Foulad¡ religious and spiritual tourism. Takht-e- Foulad as one of the oldest and most sacred cemeteries and the Islamic World¡ has great potential in the field of tourism; such as spiritual space and the multiplicity of celebrities buried in it¡ historic and ancientness of site¡ a place to find roots¡ place for historical¡ cultural¡ artistic and sociological studies¡ variety of architectural styles of mausoleum and other forms of art¡ such as calligraphy¡ painting¡ carvings and etc.
This main object of the research is to identifying actual and potential visitor of site¡ designing possible scenarios for the development of tourism in Takht-e- Foulad and introducing the best scenario to develop tourism there. Using attributive and field studies such as observation¡ interviews with experts¡ potential and actual visitors and tourists led to the design of the four scenarios at the research process; is as follows:First scenario: continuation of current practices.
Second scenario: the emphasis on the development and improvement of physical infrastructure and human resources.
Third scenario: the emphasis on the development and improvement of marketing programs with emphasis on the selection of target markets and attracting tourists.
Fourth scenario: defining the new activities in order to offer site to tourists.
Finally¡ although the opinions of experts all four scenarios is important¡ but the second scenario¡ as the best scenario chosen and suggested appropriate strategies for the development of tourism in the history¡ cultural and religious cemetery of Takht- e- Foulad.
Cemetery tourism is micro niche market of cultural tourism that starts since early 1990s in Per- Lachaise¡ Paris. The historical cemeteries have so many potentials in tourism¡ such as spiritual space¡ the multiplicity of celebrities buried in it¡ historic and ancientness of site¡ a place to find Genealogy¡ a place for historical¡ cultural¡ artistic and sociological studies¡ variety of architectural styles of mausoleum and other different forms of art (such as calligraphy¡ painting¡ carvings ¡etc).
Iran has many historical cemeteries that can be considered as one of the attractions in tourist destinations. Tanas (2013:22) believes that” Death is a cultural asset commonly found in contemporary cognitive tourism. The changing character of tourism consumption leads to the discovery of new tourism spaces¡ often long familiar¡ but relatively poorly documented and studied”. Therefore¡ death and all things that related to it can be considered as an attraction for tourists. On other hand¡ cemeteries are part of the city context that in addition to the roles and aesthetic¡ environmental¡ historical and educational features; are social role in the life of yesterday and today.
The literature review shows that cemetery tourism is a micro niche tourism of cultural tourism (Powers Douglas 2005:20) ¡ and generally recognized as a subset of dark tourism (Rojek¡ 1993) ¡ that it overlaps with thanatourism by the focusing on the «death». Also¡ cemetery tourism has many similarities with other forms of tourism¡ including genealogy/ legacy tourism (Ray & McCain¡ 2003¡ 2012) ¡ war tourism (winter¡ 2011:463) ¡ and in certain cases; depending on the cemetery of the case study; religious tourism¡ spiritual tourism and historical tourism. For example¡ Cemetery of «Arlington» in the United States¡ Beskid Niski war cemeteries in Poland and other cemeteries that remaining of the world war II¡ after Per- Lachaise are important attractions for tourists.
Dark tourism includes all issues referring to the origins and consequences of tourism connected with death and cruelty¡ involving trips to disaster areas and sites of mass death¡ genocide or murder (Lennon & Foley 2000¡ Stone 2006). Thanatourism (Seaton 1996¡ 2002¡ Dann & Seaton 2001) is treated as a subtype of dark tourism where death is the object of interest and derives from thanatopsis - death contemplation. Thus¡ thanatourism should be considered from the following perspectives:•• the personal qualities and achievements of the dead person or persons;
•• the character¡ history and interpretation of the event or site connected with death;
•• motivations and needs (education¡ homage¡ adventure¡ excitement¡ entertainment) ¡ effects (psychological¡ social¡ economic) (Tanas¡ 2013:23). legacy tourism is one of the emerging form in heritage tourism (Ray & McCain¡ 2001:340). Spiritual tourism providing as a phenomenon in the travel and tourism industry and it is defined a self-improvement project to improve the spirituality (Norman¡ 2012:20). One of the main motivations of visitors to the spiritual space has been in Takht- e- Foulad¡ so it can be one of the most important forms of tourism in Isfahan¡ Iran¡ especially with the motivation of religious tourism and pilgrimage.
Takht- e- Foulad is the greatest and holiest cemetery in Shiism world after “Vadiolsalam” in Najaf that the tomb of many of the famous men¡ jurisprudents¡ philosophers¡ Gnostics¡ martyrs¡ literary men and artists exist there. Takht- e- Foulad has a collection of the most beautiful architectural structures for the tombs¡ mosques¡ cisterns¡ etc. the finest samples of calligraphy¡ stonecutting¡ etc.
This study aimed to introduce the phenomenon of cemetery tourism by review on the literature. In this study¡ 3 questionnaires utilized. Purpose of first questionnaire is to ask tourists and visitors of Isfahan about visiting Takht- e- Foulad.
The goal of the second questionnaire is to identify¡ classify and evaluation of the opinions of the de facto tourists and visitors of Takht- e- Foulad. Finally¡ according to the results of questionnaires and the scenarios and strategies that had been proposed¡ the third questionnaire was designed to assess the views of experts to select the best scenario.
Discussion and Review results shows that 60. 2% visitors and tourists of Isfahan do not know Takht- e- Foulad¡ while about 85 % of tourists can be targeted as the potential market for Takht- e- Foulad.
The second survey results shows that for development of tourism in Takht- e- Foulad¡ requiring the development of tourism infrastructure (such as database for tourists and visitors) ¡ the development of promotional and marketing tools and development of activities which are attract for tourists. So¡ four scenarios were defined for development of tourism in Takht- e- Foulad.
With respect to the views of experts¡ Takht- e- Foulad managers should consider the following in order of importance:Change of Takht- e- Foulad from a tourism source to tourist attraction¡ with emphasis on the improvement and development of human resources and physical infrastructure required for the development of tourism.
Marketing actions and extensive research and right policies to select the appropriate target market by taking a combination of both internal and external tourism market.
Current partially effective measures that should be a stronger and more efficient.
Define new activities for groups with special interests who ordered it

Extended Abstract:Tourism is a major sector of the global economy and it is one of the largest industries in the world. One of the most important factors that can lead to the growth and development of international and domestic tourism are resorts and hotels that accommodate of passengers. The use of modern marketing can be extremely helpful to the progress and development of the hotel industry. Sensory marketing is a form of marketing that has a great influence on customer satisfaction because it contributes the success to the emotions and sensory component. This research seeks to determine the impact of sensory marketing and its components in improving satisfaction of the hotel customers. In this article¡ sub-components of the sensory marketing were identified¡ then the customer satisfaction level regarding sensory component is measured by using a questionnaire. Statistical population of this study includes all four and five-star hotel in Isfahan. The sample size is obtained 120 people using Cochrane methodology. Finally¡ in order to analyze the data and test the study hypothesis descriptive statistic and analytical statistic have been used respectively. All statistical analyses are conducted using SPSS20 and Amos20. The findings suggest that the proportion of hotel features and sensory taste of tourists has a direct influence on their satisfaction and behavioral intention.
Tourism is considered as the biggest and the most diverse industry. Many countries have selected this dynamic resource as their main source for income¡ creating jobs¡ growing the private sector and expanding their infrastructures.Tourism has become of special interest for the developing countries.Today¡ hotel management and food supplying industry are considered as dynamic parts of the tourism industry. A potential traveler that travels to any given place requires a bed for sleeping and food. Hotel is a reflection of travelers’ tastes and needs in this market. The way of delivering the services to customers is of a special importance in a hotel. Hotels are among the most influential factors that can cause the satisfaction of foreigners and local tourists. Hotel is one of the main needs of tourism industry in any country. Hotel management is one of the most dynamic sections of tourism industry and includes facilities for resting and sleeping¡ foods and beverages and various types of entertainments. Paying attention to marketing and specially sensory marketing can have a considerable impact on the customers’ satisfaction.
Material and The current research is functional in its aims and regarding the nature and data gathering procedures is a descriptive survey. Using questionnaires for gathering the opinion of the sample is a reason for counting the current research as a survey and it is considered as a statistical research. In addition since the current research studies the existing things¡ it can also be considered descriptive. The library has been used to gather information about the history and the literature of the subject and since the questionnaire is the most common tool for gathering initial data in the surveys and field researches¡ the questionnaire has been used in order to examine the hypotheses and research questions. In the questionnaire used for this purpose¡ close-ended questions are presented in the Likert scale. In analyzing the responses¡ a score between 1 to 5 is dedicated to the Likert scale.
Discussion and With a look at results from tables and equations¡ the positive impact of sensory inputs on customers satisfaction can be observed. The research hypotheses are in line with the studies of researchers including Krishna¡ Elder et al. ¡ Dona¡ Kim & Perdue and Agapito & Valle and many others. All these people have mentioned the the significance of sensory elements in enhancing in customer satisfaction. It can be mentioned that Kim & Perdue have specifically used sensory parameters regarding the hotels. They have come to the conclusion that if sensory parameters of a hotel are in line with the customers’ tastes¡ it will have a positive impact on their satisfaction.
The findings of the current research is in line with the results of the aforementioned study and have considered the direct influence of sensory parameters on satisfaction and behaviors of customers. Although the field of the studies mentioned above are different (e.g using emotional marketing in hot water springs¡ using emotional marketing in the destination¡ etc)¡ they have all reached the same conclusions. This can be also true about the behavioral intentions of the customers and if they are satisfied with the hotel¡ they will return to the hotel in future or they recommend the hotel to their friends.

Deviation from divine religion is ascribed to insightful، environmental، behavioral، and attitudinal factors. The present paper which aims at identifying and studying the detrimental behaviors that cause doctrinal deviations from the Qur''anic point of view، analyzes the behavioral factors of deviation from the religion in the view of the Quran. a descriptive –analytic approach is used in this study. According to the Quran، the behavioral factors of deviation from the religion include: oppression، impiety، crime، jealousy، lying، disobedience، breach of promise، prodigality، not giving donation، idle talk and plutocracy، each of which، as Qur''anic verses state، leads to man’s doctrinal deviation. From the viewpoint of the Quran، oppression causes aberrance. Impiety results in a covering on the heart. Crime leads to separation from God. Disobedience causes denial of prophet’s messengers. Jealousy leads to disbelieving prophets. Lying causes hypocrisy. Breach of promise results in hardheartedness and denial of the Doomsday. Prodigality leads to going astray and companionship of Satan. Plutocracy is the root of insolence and blasphemy. Not giving donation corresponds to polytheism.

Background and The Potential of liquisolid systems for increasing of drug dissolution has been proved in many researches. The recent studies have showen that liquisolid technique is a new and promising method for controlling the dissolution rate of drugs. Ïn this study the effects of Ëudragit RS PÔ and HPMÇ on theophylline release from liquisolid compacts were evaluated. Theophylline was dispersed in PËG 200 as the liquid vehicle. Then a binary mixture of carrier coating materials (Ëudragit or HPMÇ as the carrier and silica as coating material with 2:1 ratio) was added to the liquid medication under continuous mixing in a mortar for 10 minutes. The mixture was compressed using the manual tableting machine. Âfter preparing several formulations the release profiles were evaluated. To evaluate any interaction between theophylline and the other components in liquisolid formulations the differential scanning calorimetery (DSÇ) and FTÏR were used. Theophylline tablets prepared by liquisolid technique and contained Ëudragit RS PÔ showed greater retardation properties in comparison with conventional matrix tablets. This investigation provided evidence that PËG 200 has important role in sustaining the release of drop from liquisolid. The kinetic studies revealed that in liquisolid formulations release kinetic was changed in evaluated formulations which containing several polymer content. DSÇ and FTÏR showed no complexation between drug and polymer and no change in drug polymorphism.Çonclusion: The results showed significant effect of liquisolid technique on the theophylin release rate from related liquisolid systems.

Solving social problems requires understanding that problem. Moreover presentation of any kinds of strategy to figure out the issue of poverty necessitates recognition. Due to this argument, researchers in this article try, first of all, to study the trend of poverty in Iran so as to attain a general understanding of the trend. To do so, the main approach of this study is library research in which accessible documents on situation of poverty in Iran were studied. Then researchers tried to study the documents so that the amount of changes in poverty can be recognized. Furthermore while there is an attempt to provide the newest theories suggested for poverty eradication, authors evaluates the effectiveness of the plans designed to eradicate the poverty in Iran and found the limitation of these plans. Findings show that most of texts indicate a great growth of poverty. Also because of lack of understanding poverty by itself, the proposed plans for eradicating it have not been successful in Iran.

In order to investigation of planting dates and irrigation regimes on physiological traits of two spring sufflower cultivars a field experiment was conducted in 2002.The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replications. Treatments were planting dates as main plots, irrigation regimes as sub-plots and safflower cultivars (Arak-2811, Esfahan Local) as sub-sub plots. The result showed that late planting and low irrigation decrease the physiological traits such as LAI, CGR, and LAR. NAR and LWR were not shown any significant differences between two considered cultivars, because those had similar growth period. Maximum LAI in first planting date and better irrigation was 4.75 and maximum LAI in third planting date and low irrigation was 3.89, which needed 1340 GDD. Highest CGR obtained between 1400-1500 GDD when LAI started to decline.Relative growth rate (RGR) showed net assimilation rate (NAR) also declining trend. NAR also decreased with time. LAR and LWR also showed a declining trend.

The writers of this article have compared the satisfaction level of international tourists who traveled to Isfahan for the first time and those who have repeatedly traveled to this city. One hundred and sixty tourists were selected randomly in 2002 and the data gathered through filling questionnaires. The result is surprising and indicates that the satisfaction level for those who have repeatedly traveled to Isfahan is lower than those who traveled to this city for the first time. The researchers have finally concluded that with the implication of “Expectancy disconfirmation Theory” the result was not unexpected.

Tourism attractions of a destination are not limited to natural and historical sites, and art centers. Indeed every event could be an important source of attracting tourists, especially in cases that. destinations have less well known physical attraction. Tourism events have vast variety with respect to their types: from rehearsal of songs by residents in the city of Can in France, to Oscar Film Festival, from horse racing in Turkoman Sahara, to Athena Olympic games. and from a religious ceremony in Saint Tattoos church in Azerbaijan. to hajj pilgrim, all of them provide religious. business, recreation. and shopping motives for people from all over the world to travel. Now a day it seems that schedules for holding such events have increasing trend. and destinations from all over the world are competing to prepare new and attractive tourism events. Since tourism development is a national policy in Iran economy. therefore designing and planning for new tourism events could provide a great opportunity to us. But it is obvious that the first step in this development is to acquire the require knowledge about the types and their management. In this article the types and key points in tourism event planning and management have been demonstrated.

This article is going to survey the relationship between culture and efficiency in Insurance Companies including Asia, Iran, Alborz and Dana as well as their branches. In order to measure the efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been used. In a way that the amount of efficiency in respect to input and output of branches has been computed, then by using the amounts, the weighted average of the efficiency in the companies level has been obtained. Questionnaire was used for measuring of organizational culture. After calculating the average and variance of the organizational culture variables for each branch, weighted average and variance at company level were obtained. In order to analyse the data, result of correlation coefficients between average and variance of organizational culture variables and efficiency branches and also Companies, study of stepwise regression at the level of branches and the comparison of normalized quantities of these variables at companies level were used. The result show that the difference in efficiency of Insurance companies can be explained only by one indicator’s of adaptability; that is, the level of red tape. The article will be ended with suggestions for the future researches, and the implications for Insurance Companies will be provided.