محمد زنده دل

One of the expressions cited in jurisprudential books for understanding and validity of hadiths is the term “Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa”, based on which the jurists consider some specific hadiths as Unathority for deriving general rulings.  A number of references are made in the works of early jurisconsults that refer to some aspects of this term. The present study, carried out using the descriptive-analytical method and through library research, will first analyze the meaning, application, and implications of “Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa”, and then debunk the errors related to the term. The components of “Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa” include the indication of a ḥadīth regarding the actions of the Maʿṣūm (infallible), the narration of action by the Maʿṣūm (infallible), the lack of intent for legalization and the narration of action, and the inability to reconcile with common understanding. The issuance of Actual Sunnah in response to a narrator’s question, and the narrator mentioning the continuation of Actual Sunnah by the Maʿṣūm (infallible) are some of the indications revealing that the Actual Sunnah was made with the intent of legalizing (Tashrīʿ) and clarifying a legal ruling.

One of the factors involved in the abolishing of property is the principle of Tark-i ʾIstisfṣāl, which helps the generalizing of the verdict beyond the specific matter questioned by the narrator. In some Ḥadīths, the narrator’s question is general and it is possible to logically infer the generality of the verdict based on the generality of the question and by omitting the specifications of the Maʿṣūm (infallible). Some aspects of the principle have been mentioned in the foundational (Usūlī) books of early Juriconsults. In order to determine the scope of Tark-i ʾIstisfṣāl, a proper analysis of the principle is needed. Similarly, the components, channels, methods of inferring used by the general public, and the principle’s scope of application should be analyzed. Pursuing this topic in jurisprudential and foundational (Usūlī) sources by employing the descriptive-analytical method has revealed the following results First, the components of Tark-i ʾIstisfṣāl consist of the antecedence of the narrator’s question, the possibility of generalization for the answer, and the existence of probability in the question. Second, Tark-i ʾIstisfṣāl is more prevalent in ʾIftāyī (precautionary) Ḥadīths, and the independence or lack of independence of the Maʿṣūm (infallible)’s answer does not influence the general application of the principle. Third, the questioner’s intention and the inequality of probabilities plays a determining role in the scope of generality in Tark-i ʾIstisfṣāl. Finally, the generality of Tark-i ʾIstisfṣāl is inferred and weak. The specificity of Maʿṣūm (infallible) is does not necessarily help the exclusiveness or specificity of the verdict.

One of the most widely used rules in the inferring rulings is Al-ʿIbrah bi ʿUmūm al-lafẓ, lā bi khusūs al-sabab, which helps the jurist in identifying the scope of the ruling. Most of the aḥadīth that contain a general ruling have been issued in response to the narrator's specific question, and whether the criterion in such aḥadīth is the generality of the answer of the infallible Imām or the nature of the narrator's question is a matter of debate. The narrator's question, as one of the reasons for the issuance of the ḥadīth, can restrict general answer, but the rule of Al-ʿIbrah emphasizes the inclusion of the answer. This article tries to present a detailed picture of this rule and where the rule is applied to the audience by reflecting on the basic theories and examining the reaction of the jurists to the rule of Al-ʿIbrah using a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research is that the rule of Al-ʿIbrah plays an important role in the development of Sharīʿah rules and is known as a revealing tool. Verbal and practical consensus, the Sīrah of Ahl al-Bayt, and the evidence of authenticity of Ẓavāhir suffice to establish the validity of this rule, and among the essential elements of this rule are: the Infallible's word preceding the question, the independence of Infallible’s answer, and its non-contradiction with Sharīʿah rules.

There are few chapters in narrative sources that do not have at least one case of conflicting hadiths. Therefore, solving the conflict of hadiths has always been the concern of jurists, and efforts have been made for the purpose of conventional combination and preference among hadiths. In the meantime, the role of the narrator’s question in the collection of hadiths and implementation of preferences has been neglected.This article tries to address the narrator’s question in the context of solving the conflict of hadiths by using the descriptive-analytical method. Narrator’s question is a sign of the narrator’s diligence in narrating the hadith and the evidences related to it, and it has the authority to resolve the conflicts caused by the illusion of unity of the subject. The narrator’s question is an uninterrupted indication to the specificity of one hadith over another and the closeness of the content of one hadith to another, and is among the important sources of extracting the narrator’s understanding, the narrator’s conjectures, thoughts and illusions and the sīras existing in the era of the Infallibles and other effective evidences in drawing inferences of the legal injunction.

One of the effective elements in correctly recognizing the meaning of the narration is carefully studying how the narrator understands it. The narrator's understanding has different types and the jurist can extract it in various ways. Also, since playing a great role in jurisprudential inferences, it has long attracted the attention of Shiite jurists and traditionists. However, fundamentalists have not discussed theoretical issues such as its authority at all. Using a descriptive-analytical method, and based on Iftāyī (religious decree) hadiths, this article tries to analyze the narrator's understanding and express the principles of its authority and criticize and prove in some cases that the narrator's understanding is not considered his personal Ijtihad (independent reasoning). Moreover, it examines the conditions regarding the authority of the narrator's understanding as well as its falling outside the scope of the personal Ijtihads. The narrator's customary understanding or perception is part of sensory news and in accordance with rational principles in conversations and has sufficient credibility. Determining the mushārun ʾIlayh (referent) of the Imam's words, interpreting the infallible act, determining the pronoun reference in the Muḍmar hadiths, mentioning examples for the hadith and the perceptions extracted from the narrator's question, are examples of customary understanding. The narrator's personal Ijtihad and conjectural news are not reliable, and if there is any doubt as to whether the narrator's perception is sensory or conjectural, the principle is that the narrator's report is sensory.

One of the influential elements in jurisprudential inferences is Irtikazat (the points which can be focused on by the jurists, Usul scholars or narrators), which is widely used in subject studies, ruling studies, subject creation, extracting legal sirehs (lifestyles), and strengthening the implications of hadith. The jurists, especially the later ones, have been aware of this fact and have documented their inferences to the irtikazat in some cases. Usul scholars have also pointed out the truth of irtikazat and its effects in some cases. However, so far there has been no study on the sources of extracting irtikazat. This paper, via using a descriptive-analytical method, has tried to examine and find the origins of the documented irtikazat in Islamic jurisprudence, to deal with the role of the narrator's question in extracting irtikazat and the effect of these irtikazat in jurisprudential inferences. The findings of the study suggested that irtikazat are the neglected beliefs that if a person realizes and finds it, it reaches the stage of conscience. The Infallibles' handwriting (documents written by the Fourteen Infallibles) is sufficient for the validity of the questioner's irtikaz. The narrator's question is the most important source of extracting irtikazat. The emergence of Sharia hadiths is under the influence of irtikazat. The causes of the hadith as an irtikaz can be effective in identifying its argument. Sometimes, irtikaz can create subjects. irtikazat have the ability to express the behavior of the society in the age of the Infallibles and the sirehs of the legislators.

One of the important and influential factors in understanding the jurisprudential hadiths is the question of the narrator and it is considered as the strongest analogy in removing the ambiguity of the jurisprudential hadiths. The issuance of narrations by the infallibles is based on the custom of the colloquialists and without considering the question of the narrator, it is either completely incomprehensible or there is doubt in understanding it. Studying the narrators' question helps to dispel such ambiguities. In some cases, the narrator's question has been an obstacle to inference. Shiite jurists have long offered solutions to some ambiguities arising from the narrator's question.This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to carefully study the prominent role of the narrator's question in disambiguation and possibly ambiguity based on the reaction of jurists in the face of the narrator's question.The question of the narrator is the best analogy in removing the ambiguity of the jurisprudential hadiths, so that if the narrations are considered without asking the narrator, most of the hadiths will be excluded from the circle of jurisprudence and jurisprudence. The narrator's question plays an important role in interpreting the sentences, explaining the contents, identifying the gender and type of sentence, and recognizing the restrictions in the religious hadiths. In some cases, the complexity of the question, incomplete quotation or omission of the question has caused the transmission of ambiguity to the words of the innocent. Comparison between similar hadiths, considering the classification of hadith companions and paying attention to the personality and position of the narrator is one of the most important solutions that can be used to resolve the ambiguities arising from the narrator's question.

Blood supply chain management is one of the main challenges in healthcare system. Optimal location of blood donation camps is one of the key factors in optimizing the blood supply chain. Disruption in location of blood donation camps because of disasters will have a negative impact on the entire supply chain. This paper develops a generalized network optimization model for the complex supply chain of human blood، that consists of blood donation camps، collection sites، disposal sites as well as points of demand and a stochastic programming formulation for the location of blood donation camps with unreliable facilities is presented. This model determines the location of blood donation camps and the number of transfused blood units taken under different scenarios between the components of supply chain. A sampling-based algorithm called sample average approximation algorithm is used to approximately solve this model and present the computational results.

There deems to be an interaction among economic, social, cultural phenomenon. Where an improvemnt in one area may lead to an evolutionary growth in the others. This paper attempts to introduce an applied methodology for the evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of the expansion of the communication sector on various sections of Iranian economy. An introductory definintion of the methodology is followed by selection of quantifiable variables and indices. Offical data is employed for testing and application of the hypothesized model. A statistical correlation analysis model is constructed to evaluate the effects of poroposed indices on Economic delevopment index in a time series analysis. Behavioral equations are then utilized in linear prosramming system, in order to optimize the growth capacity of communication sector for the overall socio-economic development. Thus the pursuit of development targets are examined through minimizing the cost of development of the communication sector. grounds; first, it is argued that effective factors in such a function have not been directly derived from utility maximization. Second, the factors in the aggreate import demand, are non-stationary.The objective of this article is to investigate these problems the case of import demand function of the Iranian economy. An intertemporal utility optimization model was used, and an import demand function was obtained. the determinants were the relative prices and an activity index variable "GDP minus export". The results of the analysis indicate that the relative prices do react less in the import demand function of Iran. Findings are identical for the long-run and short-run analysis. Generally, the effects of the income factor-theough the active variable- do react more and are emphasized. Thus, the adjustment of the balance of payments through the elasticites approach deems to be rather uncertain and inappropriate. Since the 196jOs there has been a greater emphasis on money endogeneity, however, specially among Post-Keynesians and RBS economists. According to post-keynesians, as a result of both growth in real economic activities, and cost pressures, there would be greater for bank credits. Bank credits are used to pay for factor costs, wherefactor income itself , is again returned in part to build up bank deposits. Therefore an increase in real economic activity or a rise in prices would result in an increase money supply, thus making money supply endogenus. In this context, our study suggests that cost pressures can significantly explain the money suply changes in Iran