محمد علی مظاهری

Non Suicidal Self Injury (NSSI), which is identified as intentional injury to the body, is influenced by both proximal and dismal factors. The multiplicity of factors during their developmental period causes their main impact to the predecessor of these people. This study aimed to investigate the proximal risk factors of NSSI, using a qualitative method and thematic analysis. Research data has been collected from semi-structured interviews with 21 young people aged 17 to 29 and analyzed using of MAXQDA software. In order to achieve the goals of the research by using the theme analysis method, the basic themes were extracted from the text of the interviews, then from the combination of these basic themes, 3 overshadowing themes with the titles "Abondened  Self Self" was extracted and at the end “Disgusted self” was extracted from the combination of the above organizing themes with the severely damaged predecessor as an overarching theme. In order to validate the data, the methods of peer review and participant review were used. Based on the findings, the negative view of oneself and in fact the self-image is of particular importance in the occurrence of self-mutilation disorder without suicidal intent.

Infidelity is one of the most impactful events in the life of couples. Thus, the purpose of this study is identifying the predictors of infidelity among women who were unfaithful themselves or were victims of infidelity. This research was qualitative and used foundational data and its statistical population included married women who had experienced emotional and/or sexual infidelity. The sampling was purposeful and to achieve this, places such as counseling centers, family courts, and radio and television were used. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews to the point of saturation and were analyzed using Strauss selective coding method and in an open and axial manner. Thus, 15 victims and 12 perpetrators were interviewed. The results indicated the existence of individual, relational and contextual factors. Victims considered the unmet needs of their husbands, life problems and the existence of underlying conditions to be effective. Among perpetrators, a sense of being seen and the existence of underlying conditions were identified as two main categories in the occurrence of infidelity. Given the consequences of infidelity, it seems paramount to take the necessary measures to prevent its occurrence, by studying the underlying factors.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of teaching sensory processing styles based on Dunn's model to mothers in reducing the anxiety problems of their preschool children. The methodology was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test designs with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the research was the mothers of anxious children in Karaj kindergartens. The sample included mothers of 40 children suffering from preschool anxiety, who were selected with Convenience Sampling. The research tools included preschool children's anxiety scale (PAS) and child form sensory processing questionnaire (CSP). The experimental group was intervened using the educational package of sensory processing styles based on Dunn's model. The research data was analyzed using the statistical method of multivariate analysis of covariance. Data analysis showed that there is a significant difference(p>0.05) between the mean scores of the subscales of separation anxiety, fear of physical injury, social anxiety and generalized anxiety in the post-test and follow-up, between the two experimental and control groups (p = 0.001, 21.26, 32 F=11/14, 24/56, 33/5) According to the results and considering the significant reduction of children's anxiety, the role of teaching sensory processing styles can be considered effective in reducing the anxiety symptoms of children with anxiety.

The majority of experts agree on what forgiveness is not. Nonetheless, there are numerous diverse definitions of forgiveness. This research consisted of two studies: 1) a qualitative analysis of forgiveness of marital infidelity from the perspective of lived experience persons who have been betrayed, and 2) a qualitative investigation of the infidelity from the perspective of couples therapy experts. In both studies, the current research approach was thematic analysis from the category of qualitative research methods. Six major themes, including the definition of forgiveness, were identified in the first study: "passing on," "letting go," "not seeking revenge," "emotional healing," "personal explanation of forgiveness," and "desire to forgive." In the second study, the meaning of forgiveness was examined from the perspective of specialists based on their theoretical and clinical expertise, as well as their individual views and attitudes as experts. This study identified three major themes entitled emotional healing, cognitive revision of emotion, and the decision to forgive. In summarizing the two research presented in this article, it should be noted that the themes collected from both investigations can be categorized differently.

 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most frequent and pervasive anxiety disorders characterized by persistent and excessive worrying or anxiety about some events or activities. These people's difficulties in controlling worry cause many personal and social problems that need to be addressed. GAD's Information processing models show how anxious individuals process threatening information as a causal role in developing and preserving worry. Substantial evidence exists in which individuals with GAD and high worry and anxiety levels demonstrate attentional bias to threatening information. Based on the literature, it is possible to rehabilitate attentional biases in these people through potential attention training programs. Training attention may decrease attention biases to threatening information, cause reduced anxiety and worry levels in individuals with GAD, and improve their personal and social functions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation of attentional bias to reduce the attentional bias on conscious and unconscious levels in Iraqi adolescents with GAD.

 The present study was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design and a three–month follow–up in a group of Iraqi adolescents with GAD. The statistical population was all the Iraqi adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 living in Najaf City, suffering from GAD. The sample included 17 adolescents (7 girls and 10 boys) with GAD selected from the statistical population using the targeted sampling method. Instruments used to screen anxiety disorders and assess attention biases in the sample were the Screen for Child Anxiety–Related Emotional Disorders (SCARD) (Birmaher et al., 1997) and the Dot–Probe test. The Dot–Probe test was used to evaluate unconscious (stimulus presentation time of 200 ms) and conscious (stimulus presentation time of 500 ms) levels of attention bias for the fearful and neutral facial emotion expressions. After screening participants between 15 and 18 for GAD with the SCARED by a certified psychiatrist, those qualified to attend our study completed the Dot–Probe task before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention. The intervention consisted of 12 one–hour sessions of a cognitive rehabilitation program called ABR, which was created by its creator. To analyze the collected data, repeated measures of variance analysis and post hoc test LSD were done using SPSS software. Time levels (pretest, posttest, and follow–up) were used as within–subject factors in repeated measure analyses. Differences in reaction times to congruent and incongruent stimuli were assessed for conscious and unconscious situations.

 The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in reaction time variables to congruent stimuli and attention bias index in the conscious situation from pretest to follow–up (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the reaction time to the incongruent stimulus from the pretest to the follow–up (p=0.250). Also, in the unconscious situation, between the reaction time to the congruent stimulus (p=0.111) and the attention bias index (p=0.061), no significant difference was observed from the pretest to follow–up. However, the reaction time to the incongruent stimulus from the pretest to follow–up showed a significant difference (p=0.018). The results of the post hoc test LSD showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores (p=0.002) and follow–up (p<0.001) in the reaction time variable to the congruent stimulus in the conscious situation, and according to the average values, the posttest and follow–up scores compared to pretest decreased. However, no significant difference was observed between the posttest and follow–up scores, which indicated the persistence of the intervention effect over time (p=0.490). For the index of attention bias in the conscious situation, the follow–up test results indicated a significant difference between the pretest, posttest, and follow–up scores (p=0.004). In other words, the index of attention bias in the posttest and follow–up compared to the pretest was accompanied by a decrease. However, no significant difference was observed between the posttest and follow–up scores in the attention bias index in the conscious situation, indicating the intervention effect's durability over time (p=0.390). In the unconscious situation, the results showed only a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores for reaction time to the incongruent stimulus (p=0.021).

 Based on the findings, the cognitive rehabilitation intervention of correction of attention bias (ABR) can penetrate and be effective at the unconscious level in addition to correcting the attention bias at the conscious level, and can create changes in the attention bias at two levels in people with GAD.

Cooperation is the cornerstone of social life. Lack of cooperation would lead to a wide range of social, moral, cultural and economic disasters. Altruistic punishment is found to be the major strategy to maintain and to encourage people to adhere to cooperation. The aim of the present study was to separate altruistic punishment from other seemingly similar forms of behavior. For the purpose of study, 60 male students of Shahid Beheshti University participated, were recruited. Their performance at both Dictator Game (DG) and Ultimatum Game (UG) where assessed in a computerized setting. Generally, %75 of participants rejected unfair offers in UG; whilst the same number of participants behaved unfairly in DG. Only, %25 of participants rejected unfair offers in the UG and acted fairly in the DG, which is considered an altruistic punishment. About %50 of participants rejected unfair offers in the UG, but they acted unfairly in the DG. This pattern of behavior is defined as spiteful punishment, which is a form of antisocial punishment. Eventually, %25 of participants accepted the unfair offers in the UG and behaved unfairly in the DG. This behavior pattern shows individual profit seeking at the cost of accepting injustice. A pattern that has not been reported in other studies so far. Although rejecting any unfair offer in the UG cannot be interpreted as altruistic punishment. However, the low rate of this behavior pattern in contrast to the high rate of spiteful punishment predicts a growing lack of social cooperation because the minority of people who behave cooperatively, gradually learn that cooperation is not beneficial. Instead, those who behave selfishly, monopolistically and profit-seeking, get a lot of advantages. In this way, individual profit-seeking surpasses cooperation and becomes the dominant paradigm. This situation is the bane of social life.

he purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship of maternal reflective function-ing and internalizing and externalizing problems of children. Participants included 289 mothers and children aged 6 to 12 years who were selected through convenience sampling method from different areas of Karaj. Mothers completed the Parental Reflective Func-tioning Questionnaire (Luyten et al., 2017), Emotion Regulation Checklist (Shields & Cicchetti, 1995), and Child Behavior Check-list (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). Data were analyzed using correlation and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that there were significant correlations between all subscales of reflective functioning and emotion regulation and externaliz-ing problems (P<0.01), and also between the pre-mentalizing mode (PM) and internalizing problems (P<0.01). Furthermore, the results of structural equation modeling indicated that emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between maternal reflective functioning and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. In total, these findings suggested that mothers’ low reflective functioning is associated with emotional and behavioral problems in children.

Trust affects success and stability of a marriage. The aim of this research is to study situations activating trust and mistrust towards the spouse among Iranian married couples. The data was gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire which included open-ended questions. Thematic analysis was used for analyzing the data. 163 married people were chosen using the availability sampling and the questionnaires were filled online. The data were analyzed using Brown and Clark method.  Finally, three main themes, ten themes and fifteen sub-themes were extracted. Each theme is described by a spectrum with two ends indicating trust and mistrust. The main themes are: individual traits of the spouse, relationship traits of the couple, and the relationship of the souse with the outside world. The results of this study offered a comprehensive picture of the factors stabilizing and destroying trust among couples. These findings can be used in preventative interventions for premarital educations and promoting the quality of the couples’ relationships.

High levels of cooperation are formed in societies where people who violate certain norms are punished by the punitive behavior of others. The aim of the present study was to discriminate the types of reactions of individuals to unfair offers and to study their electrophysiological components.

40 male students of Shahid Beheshti University participated in this study through available sampling and their reaction in the modified form of dictator and ultimatum games was measured and evaluated.

Behavioral findings showed most participants did not accept unfair offers and behaved equally unfairly in DG. The results of the hierarchical clustering analysis showed that groups are divided into four groups based on fair-unfair continuity in both games. The behavior of the first group was in the form of pure altruistic punishment and the other groups included a kind of selfishness and behavioral inconsistency. Electrophysiological data showed that in the first group, the FRN and P300 amplitude were lower than in the other groups.

This study deepens our understanding of the foundation of justice as a moral construct by respondents and allows us to assess the processes that exist specifically to evaluate fair and unfair proposals. as far as we know, this study is the first to show the difference between neural data based on event related potential, arising from altruistic punishment, and other forms of punishment, and provide important practical implications for the evolution of collaboration.

This study aimed to investigate the Psychopathological Explanation of Obesity in Adolescents Girls based on Sensory Processing Patterns. The research method was descriptive and used a causal-comparative design and the sample consisted of 15 to 19-year-old girls living in Tehran. Participants in this study consisted of 50 girls whose body mass index was above 95 percentiles for the obese group and 50 girls with BMI between 25 and 75 percentiles for the normal-weight group (according to the World Health Organization’s tables illustrating cut-offs and BMI domains). Adolescents/Adult Sensory Profile (Brown & Dunn, 2002) was chosen as the data collecting instrument. Results from the MANOVA and chi-square test showed that the sensory avoiding pattern was a pattern with the most frequency and higher mean among obese adolescents. The sensory sensitivity style demonstrated a marginally significant difference between the two groups. The sensory seeking style was the dominant pattern in the non-obese group. The low registration style was not dominant in any of the groups. Findings showed that by identifying sensory processing patterns, the threshold of receiving stimuli, and common way of responding, predicting of behavioral patterns, and designing suitable strategies could be attainable.

Character strengths are one of the important issues in positive youth development. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the special character strengths of Iranian adolescents. The statistical population of the study consisted of child and adolescent’s specialists and adolescents of Tehran city who were entered this study non-randomly and voluntarily. The specialist group (including psychologists, counselors, and teachers) was ten people. Adolescents consisted of two groups of nine-grade students (seven girls, six boys, M age:14/5 years old). Data were analyzed using the content analysis method (concept-driven). Specialists uttered positive traits such as “learning fast”, “loyalty”, and “keeping secrets” as Iranian adolescents’ specific character strengths. In the adolescents' group “purity”, “qeirat/gheirat”, and “chastity” were declared as special strengths of Iranian youths. Characteristics mentioned by specialists can’t be considered as character strengths because they don’t have the ten criteria of the character strength but characteristics mentioned by adolescents such as modesty/inhibition, zeal, and chastity have some of these criteria and the addition of these traits to the 24 character strengths could be offered. These findings were discussed in the context of Iranian culture.

Extramarital relations are among the main problems in the relationships of married couples that can result in psychological disorders, tensions between couples, and even physical problems in the people involved. The risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, is high among the people who have extramarital relations. A large number of studies have addressed this issue, but there is no consistency in the results, and no research has reviewed them systematically. This study aims to depict a comprehensive image of the relationship between extramarital relationships and contracting HIV/AIDS. This systematic review will be conducted using Pubmed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as the grey literature with no restriction regarding the language. All types of studies investigated the relationship between extramarital relations and HIV/AIDS will be included. The population of the study will be considered the people more than 18 years old with extramarital relationships in their lives at the time of research or before. Two independent reviewers will perform the study selection and data extraction. The assessment of the risk of bias will be implemented using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots, Begg’s, and Egger’s tests. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2 statistic and the χ2 test. Also, we will conduct subgroup analyses for the population and all Meta-analyses will be performed using Stata V.13 software. The findings will reveal a comprehensive picture of the relation between extramarital relationships and HIV/AIDS that can improve policy decisions, leading to a reduction and providing improved special services for individuals, couples, and families, and society who faced this problem.

Externalizing problems are associated with numerous unpleasant consequences, i.e., among the most frequent reasons for children’s referral to mental healthcare centers. Various factors were proposed respecting this issue’s etiology, ranging from genetic to environmental and familial features. However, mother-child interactions, and especially the mother-child discourse during preschool can impact the formation or reduction of numerous problems in such children. As per different theories, the components of the mother-child discourse are related to the child’s mental representations of attachment as well as the child’s narrative coherence ability. However, few interventions focusing on children’s behavioral problems have particularly addressed the significance of mother-child discourse. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a formulated intervention based on the mother-child discourse model on reducing externalizing problems by reducing negative mental representations and increasing the narrative coherence of children with externalizing problems.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest-follow-up and a control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of 4- to 6-year-old children with externalizing problems in the kindergartens of the Welfare Organization of Tehran City, Iran, and their mothers in 2018. Twenty-six mother-child couples whose children had externalizing problems were selected using the convenience sampling method. After homogenization based on demographic variables (children’s age & gender, and the educational level & occupation of the mothers), they were randomly divided into two groups; 15 couples were assigned per group. At the end of the study, 3 couples in the experimental group (n=12 couples( and 4 couples in the control group )n=11 couples( were excluded. The inclusion criteria of the research for the mothers included having a diploma and the lack of anxiety disorders and depression based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5); for children, the same was an age range of 4 to 6 years, receiving a score within the range of externalizing problems (65-69) according to the Child Behavior Checklist (CBC; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), and not taking psychiatric drugs. Then, the children were assessed by the CBC concerning externalizing problems. Moreover, the MacArthur Story Stem Battery (Emde et al., 2003) was applied to examine the negative mental representations of attachment and narrative coherence in them. Furthermore, the intervention sessions were entitled "intervention based on mother-child discourse", i.e., a short-term approach to reduce externalizing problems in children. This package was prepared under the supervision of child psychologists; the content validity method was used to validate the package. The study was conducted in seven 2-hour weekly sessions with 4 sessions for mothers and 3 sessions for the mothers and children. Repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni posthoc test were used for data analysis in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The repeated-measures ANOVA data revealed that the main effect of time was significant on externalizing problems (p<0.001), the negative mental representation of attachment to the mother (p<0.001), and the child’s narrative coherence (p=0.020). Moreover, the main effect of intergroup was significant on externalizing problems (p=0.040) and the negative mental representation of attachment to the mother (p<0.001). Accordingly, the mean scores of the experimental and control groups were significantly different; however, children's narrative coherence was not significantly different between the two groups, suggesting that the change over time was the same for both study groups. Besides, the intervention for externalizing problems (F1.22=116.89, p<0.001, Ƞ=0.84), the negative mental representation of attachment to the mother (F1.22=165.00, p<0.001, Ƞ=0.82), and the child’s narrative coherence (F1.22=5.90, p<0.020, Ƞ=0.21) were significant. In terms of externalizing problems, the difference between pretest and posttest stages (p<0.001), and pretest and follow-up steps (p<0.001) was significant; however, there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow-up stages, indicating the persistence of the intervention (p=0.460). Respecting negative mental representation, the difference between pretest and posttest stages (p<0.001) and pretest and follow-up steps (p<0.001) was significant; however, there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow-up stages, reflecting the persistence of the intervention effects (p=0.170). There was a significant difference between pretest and posttest (p=0.010) and pretest and follow-up stages (p=0.040) in narrative coherence; however, there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow-up stages, demonstrating the persistence of the intervention effects (p=0.560).

According to the present research results, the intervention based on the mother-child discourse model was useful for reducing externalizing problems, reducing negative mental representations, and increasing the narrative coherence of children with externalizing problems.

The use of humour in couple relationships is one of the constructive methods that help them to regulate their emotion. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of humour communication skills training in changing positive and negative emotions evoked during the conflict in couples with secure-insecure anxious attachment style. The present study is an experimental design with two experimental and control groups in which each group was evaluated four times. The statistical population in this study includes all couples living in Tehran in 1398. The sample size consisted of 20 couples (10 couples with a secure-insecure anxious attachment style for the experimental group and 10 couples with the same attachment style for the control group) who they were purposefully selected based on the including and excluding criteria, to participate in the study and then randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups and evaluated through a positive and negative affect scale and adult attachment questionnaire. 4*2 between-group repeated measure analysis of variance results showed that positive humour training reduces negative emotions (F = 38.97, P <0.05, Ƞ = 0.51) evoked during the conflict in couples with secure-insecure anxious attachment style, It also increases positive emotions (F = 47.95, P <0.05, Ƞ = 0.56). Based on the results of the present study, in order to reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions during the conflict in couples, counsellors and therapists are advised to teach their clients the skills of positive humour and avoidance of negative humour.

Marital infidelity is one of the most common and also destructive phenomena in marital relationship. Individual, relat-ionship, and contextual factors are seen as important predictor of infidelity. The aim of this study was to explore the role of early maladaptive schema in ma-rital infidelity. The data was gathered through 3 focused group of schema thera-pist and analyzed by Braun and Clarke method. Result present there overarching themes, trait schema component, state schema component and further schema. The first theme was about schemas and coping strategy. The analyses show the role of early maladaptive schema in disconnection and rejection, impaired limit and other directedness domains andovercompensation and surrender coping strategy. Vulnerable child mode, impu-lsive child mode, punitive parent mode and detached self-soother coping mode is seen in state related component. At last, individual and contextual factors are reported as further schema component. In sum, early maladaptive schemas as an individual factor can be seen as a predictor factor in marital infidelity.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of existential based spiritual intervention on quality of life and life meaning in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Qualitative single case method with multiple baseline was applied. 5 patients were selected through purposive convenience sampling and were interviewed. Intervention was developed in 12 topics and applied weekly in two one-hour sessions. The process and mechanisms of changes were evaluated using the quality of life and life meaning scales. After obtaining of baseline in pretest stage, the participants were evaluated during six stages treatment process and two stages follow-up. The data were analyzed via visuals inspection, reliable change index (RCI) and improvement percentage strategies.

The percentage of improvement was calculated in two scales and at three stages for five participants. The average improvement rate in the intervention stage was 114.32% for the Meaning-in-Life and 79.4% for Quality of Life, and in the follow-up stage it was obtained 185.5% for the Meaning-in-Life and 123.28% for Quality of Life. Intervention has positive and stable effect on Quality and Meaning of Life, but the subscales changed in different manner.

Existential based spiritual intervention, which had affections on different level in meaning life, enhanced the patients’ quality of life in physical and psychological level. So this psychological intervention will be useful for MS patients.

According to Martin Buber's dialogical ph -ilosophy, a person’s interaction with a married couple engaged in infidelity can on ly manifest in an I-IT Communication (a monologue Communication) or an "IThou" interaction (a dialogue Communication). In the first Communication, the individual perceives his wife subjectively and experiences a limited part of his existence, based on his past information, with only a limited amount of his existence. The betrayed spouse understands the offender spouse intersubjectively and wholeheartedly in I and thou communication. They will understand their partner's whole essence as an integrated unity in the present time instead of experiencing it; in a 'between' realm and understands them in a Dialogical communication rather than a monologue one. In this paper, the relationship in the realm between the “I and thou” as the true meaning of forgiveness is discussed after criticizing the concept of the forgiveness of the betrayal.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how Iranian experts and adolescents define the 24 character strengths. With this aim in mind, through on purpose method of sampling, semi-structured interviews about definitions of the 24 character strengths were conducted with ten specialists (including psychologists, counselors, and teachers). Furthermore, the opinions of two gender-segregated groups of nine grade students about character strengths’ definitions were discussed in focus groups for girls (N= 7) and for boys (N= 6). Students were selected based on their availability at the time of research and their willingness to take part in discussion groups. Data were analyzed using content analysis and directive approach. Results showed that there was conformity with Peterson and Seligman’s (2004) definitions and Iranian experts-adolescents’ definitions in twelve character strengths and also there were some differences in definitions of other character strengths (e.g., bravery, zest, and honesty). These similarities and differences were discussed. Based on the findings of this research, it can be claimed that there is almost compliance between definitions of the 24 character strengths in Iranian society and the definitions of the character strengths and virtues classification and this classification can be used in research related to this topic.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of educational package for enrichment of marital life based on emotional focused therapy (EFT) on the improvement of couples’ communicational patterns. The research method of the study was pseudo-experimental in which pre-test and post-test for the two control and experimental groups were used. To do so, 30 couples were selected purposefully from the population of couples who referred to the counseling centers in the city of Gorgan, Iran for improving their relationship. They were then randomly assigned to control and experimental goups. The experimental group participated in 8 three-hour sessions of group education, while the control group on the waiting list did not receive any particular intervention. In order to assess the dependent variable, Communication Patterns Questionnaire (Christensen & Sullaway, 1984) was used. The data were analyzed using covariation analysis. The results of the data analysis indicate that education based on EFT was more effective in improvement couples’ communicational patterns for participants in the experimental group, than those with no such intervention in the control group (p<0/01). Furthermore, post-hoc test shows that the effect of education in enrichment of marital life based on EFT was stable and no significant difference was identified between the averages of pre-test and post-hoc test stages (p<0/01). The results approve influence of education about enrichment of marital life based on EFT on improvement of newly married couples’ communicational patterns

The purpose of the present study was investigating the effect of teaching number sense on decreasing mathematics difficulties of first grade students in Tehran. The population of this study included all students with and without math problems in the first grade of primary school located in the children's care centers of Tehran province in the academic year of 2008-2009. The sample consisted of 16 male students with mathematics difficulties who were selected from child care centers through targeted selection and randomly assigned to two groups, experimental and control. The experimental group was thought in 2 or 3 groups for 26 sessions for 45 minutes to 1 hour during 8 weeks and for control group, some sessions were conducted in accordance with components thought for experimental group but through traditional methods. Data was gathered using Key Math Test, The Number Sense Brief Test and Ravin Test and the data were analyzed using covariance analysis (ANOVA) and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA). The results showed that teaching number sense decreases mathematics difficulties. Furthermore, the experimental group's grades in the understanding and operation components were significantly higher than the control group. As a result, understanding the number has increased the student's mathematical scores in understanding and operation. Fostering math teachers at pre-service and in-service courses is one of the examples for functional application of this study.

Increasing the probability of getting divorce is one of the most ominous facts and most dangerous things that can really damage the health of each society. Therefore, the present study aims to identify and represent individual indicators affecting the probability of harming divorce, which in a descriptive and qualitative phenomenological method is used. The research sample includes all marriage couples referring to Khorasan Razavi Health Center and all divorce applicants referring to welfare intervention centers. Participants included 15 engaged couples, 20 couples applying for divorce, selected by targeted sampling method. The criteria for entering the study for marriage applicants were: aged 18 to 40 years old, upper secondary education, first marriage and Tend to participation in research, and in divorced applicants, in addition to the above, the duration of marital life was considered to be a maximum of 10 years. In- depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The interviews were collected and recorded in a 6-month period and analyzed using the seven-step strategy that resulted to analysis of 579 primary codes, 25 sub-components and 7 main components affecting the probability of harming divorce including temperament, intellectual and psychological maturity, individual skills, individual beliefs, lifestyle, personality disorders, and characteristics appearance.

The present research aimed at identifying the probability of harming divorce The method of this research is qualitative, which is based on the goal of achieving the lives of marriage applicants and on the basis of divorce applicants, a phenomenological approach has been used. The research field of this study was all marriage applicants referring to the Mashhad Health Center No3 and all divorce applicants referring to the Welfare Center of Mashhad and specialists in the field of family and divorce. The sample consisted of 15 marriage applicants and twenty couples applying for divorce and fifteen specialists in family and divorce sectors selected through by targeted sampling method as criterion type. The interviewing method was deep and semi-structured. Findings: In six months, interviews were collected, recorded, encoded and compiled in the form of 65 sub-themes and 8 main themes in the individual components, paired components, family components, cultural components, social components, economic components, and belief components.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the pattern of Spiritual / Religious in the patients with MS. A phenomenological approach was adopted using a qualitative method and participants were chosen none randomly on the basis of their availability. Deep interviews were carried out with fifteen MS patients and detailed information obtained from these interviews was analyzed using the Colizzi and the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methods. Results indicated that in dealing with the spirituality/ religion issues in the pwMS five major categories were identified, and each of them consisted of several sub-categories. These major categories were labelled as follows: the definition of spirituality and religion, spiritual/ religious behaviors, the place of God in life, spiritual coping strategies, and changing in religious attitudes. On the basis of the defined clusters, five spiritual/ religion patterns were obtained including; “hope, kindness and support”, “power, wisdom and support”, “revenge, fear and anger”, “power, predestination, fear and surrender” and “doubt, feel guilty and avoidance”. Finally, it can be concluded that achieving an integrated spiritual/ religious identity has a significant impact on psychological wellbeing and improve of patients life styles.

The objective of the present research is to study the effectiveness of family drama therapy on reducing parent-adolescent conflict among the adolescents. The research method employed was quasi-experimental study with single subject structure. The sample group was selected through convenience sampling method that included four 12-14-years-old, studying in two Guidance Schools in District 1 of Tehran City during 2014-2015 academic year. The subjects participated in seven family drama therapy sessions and filled the Parent-Adolescent Conflict Measurement Questionnaire (Adolescent Form) three times before the intervention (baseline) as well as during the third, fifth and seventh sessions. Moreover, in order to follow up the trend of changes after the intervention, the results of the research were followed up twice (two weeks and four weeks after the intervention) by the questionnaire. The findings of the research were analyzed through visual analysis graphs, calculate effect sizes and percentage changes The analysis of the findings indicate that family drama therapy was effective in reduction of parent-adolescent conflict in all four subjects. A noteworthy point was considerable reduction of parent-adolescent conflict in the first three sessions. In other words, along with education the positive interactions in the family, improvement of relations, emphasis on the necessity of entertainment in and outside the family and emphasis on the role of father in the family, highest degree of changes in the subject was reported.

his aimed to examine maternal representation and sensitivity changes as key elements of caregiving system during development. Sixty mothers and their children, aged between 18 and 60 months, were assessed using the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), the Working Model of the Child Interview (Zeanah, Benoit, Hirshberg, Barton & Regan, 1994), the Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (Pederson., Moran & Bento, 1999), and the Attachment Q-set (Waters & Deane, 1985) . The results of Chi-Square test indicated significant differences between observed and expected values among the variables in different ages. Mothers of 36-40 month children, in comparison with younger and older children’s mothers, were more likely to show "non-balanced" representation and low sensitivity. This result may be due to emerging negativity and independency during this age period and the mother's difficulty to adjust herself with these behavioral alterations. So caregiver may not be able to maintain her role as a sensitive and secure base as before. These findings suggested the impact of mother-child communication on child attachment security during development and the need to provide mothers with age-appropriate educational interventions.