محمد قربانیان

Great historical developments are always the background of historiography, and the rise and fall of governments are undoubtedly one of the most important political and social developments of societies, which historians, according to their philosophical views and attitudes, and taking into account the principle of causality and selection in history, They describe and analyze the subject. The attacks of the Mongols in the beginning of the 7th century AH are one of the most important historical developments in the Islamic world, and this article seeks to answer the question of how the fall of the Khwarezm Shah dynasty was evaluated from the point of view of the historians of the Ilkhanate era. The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of its fundamental purpose and in terms of its nature and method, and the method of collecting library information. The final conclusion of this research is based on the content analysis of historical historiographical texts such as Attamalek Jovini, Khawaja Rashiduddin Fazlullah Hamdani, Hamdollah Mostofi, Nesavi and Wasaf. The findings of the research show that historians have a mixed attitude towards the fall of the Khwarazmshahs and consider the role of fate, divine providence and human factors to be the causes of the downfall of the Khwarazmshahs, and also consider internal and external factors to be effective in the downfall of the Khwarazmshahs. And each of the historians, according to their own views, try to highlight the causes based on their own views.

Many of the social and security issues of the Zayandeh-Rud basin are the result of the government becoming the sole agent of governance and the gaps in the command-control governance structure. It is clear that the main issue to achieve participatory governance is the gap in stakeholder relations and the lack of a coherent and flexible agenda to improve these relations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide solutions for improving relationships as a starting point and key to reforming the governance structure. The management and transition framework (MTF) was used to analyze the stakeholders and the relationships between them that showed the concentration of tension in the relationship between Isfahan farmers and the Ministry of Energy (Isfahan Regional Water Company). Also, using the MTF database and the participatory model building (PMB) based on interviews with key Stakeholders, the causes, solutions, consequences, and obstacles to improve these relationships were extracted in the form of causal circles. Finally, by focusing on the solutions, the conceptual model of improving the relations between the Stakeholders and the solutions presented by the interviewees, including holding local elections and convening the Zayandeh-Rud Basin water assembly, mediation with interdisciplinary knowledge approach, participatory management working groups, the formation and strengthening of the economic committee improve the livelihood of farmers, the holding of government meetings with farmers and industries were reviewed.

The present study was conducted to survey water use efficiency in onion production and field evaluation of its improvement strategies. In the first phase, 12 onion farms located in Zanjan plain were selected and studied. The factors related to productivity such as inflow discharge, water consumption, irrigation program, soil nutrition, crop yield, production costs and revenue were determined and then the physical and economic indicators of water productivity were calculated. In the second phase, irrigation management was implemented as a practical solution to improve water use efficiency in the control treatments and compared with the results from actual conditions. Based on the results of field monitoring, the average volume of water consumption in onion farms was obtained about 19626 m3/ha and the average water productivity indices CPD, BPD, and NBPD were calculated 3.14 kg/m3, 68 and 40 thousand Rials/m3, respectively. On average, implementation of proper irrigation program led to a reduction of 58 percent of water consumption and, consequently, an increase of 147 percent of the water use efficiency index in experimental farms. Using the wrong pattern in irrigation programming and lack of control and supervision over the exploitation of water resources were identified as the main reasons for excessive water consumption in onion farms. The results showed that only by correcting the irrigation time, the volume of water consumption can be reduced significantly and the water use efficiency can be improved.

Zayandeh-rud basin can be considered as one of the most challenging basin in terms of water security in Iran, followed by political, social and economic security affected by the water governance crisis in the country. The failures of the hierarchical governance structure in this basin lead us to formulate an appropriate mechanism based on participation in the framework of "Social Water Banking". For this purpose, a qualitative research method based on the analysis of interviews, articles and documents using philosophical theory of “Practice” and “Normative Practice” model was used. The results of in-depth analysis and review of information sources using the tools of normative practice model visualized the structure and objectives of social water banking in Zayandeh-rud basin, including the rules of qualifing, fundational, conditional and regulation. The formation of the Zayandeh-rud River Basin Parleman, the strengthening of multilateral and multi-level committees, information transparency and the formation of information working group including farmers are structural changes that in the form of social banking and by reforming governance structure, water sustainable security can be reached in the basin.

Field study of factors affecting crop water productivity is one of the most important strategies to achieve sustainable agriculture. In this study, the effect of water resources utilization methods on physical and economic indicators of water use efficiency was investigated. To achieve this goal, 30 olive groves including 16 groves under personal ownership and 14 groves under collective ownership wells were selected in Tarom located in Zanjan province. In order to calculate the water use efficiency indicators, irrigation parameters such as water consumption volume, irrigation schedule, crop yield, as well as production costs and sales revenue were determined. The average of water consumption in groves under the personal and collective ownership wells were obtained at 9800 and 12680 m3/ha, respectively. The average of CPD, BPD and NBPD indices in groves under the personal ownership wells were calculated 0.4 kg/m3, 46.9 and 24.4 thousand Rials/m3 and in groves under the collective ownership wells were 0.3 kg/m3, 36.4 and 15.2 thousand Rials/m3. The results of the independent T-test showed that there is no significant difference between the mentioned indicators in the two types of exploitation methods. Lack of control and supervision on water resources utilization, low knowledge of farmers in irrigation management and the incompatibility of water allowance with the crop water requirement, especially in groves with collective ownership wells were recognized as the most significant reasons for reducing the water use efficiency in some olive groves of study region.

After half a century of the ineffectiveness of the ‘hydraulic mission’ approach in Iran's water resource management, policymakers are looking for ways to get out of the current situation by using people's capabilities. Despite participatory policy-making, the goal has not been achieved. While the "command and control" is dominant, albeit weak, mode of the country's water governance, the water crisis has intensified. In this article,  examine Iran’s policy of participatory water management and history of  the collapse of traditional water management, as well as analyze the latest guidelines of the water participatory policy using "normative practice theory”. after analyzing the content of the mentioned instruction, the existing rules were classified based on the classification of the NPM and the points of friction between these rules were determined. The results show that not only a few of the policies have mutually contradictory directions, but also that the structure of the participatory water management policy is not aligned with its goals. water management has multi-layered and complex dimensions, adding the regulation of a set of participatory policies as a rule to the macrostructure of the policies cannot lead to participatory management.

The main objective of this study was to consider the impact of financing systems on the higher education performance. The present study was a comparative analysis which tracking higher education financing systems. The results showed that among financial resources, family members have the biggest contribution in private section (74% in OECD countries) and share of finance resources by private section for educational institutions increased 3%, while public section share in OECD countries on average decreased.

This study aimed to consider the mediating role of financial reporting quality on the relationship between corporate governance and stock liquidity risk of Tehran Stock Exchange (n=98) from 2011-2016. The study was an applied one objectively and a descriptive one in nature and it was used of systematic removal sampling method to select sample. Therefore, data related to financial statements were gathered using survey and documentation methods TadbirPardaz software, research management sites, development and Islamic studies and securities and exchange organization (Kodal) and were analyzed using descriptive and panel data model. Also, Stata software, version 12, was used to estimate the model. Results showed that corporate governance significantly related to stock liquidity risk. Also, results suggested that financial reporting quality impacted on the relationship between corporate governance and stock liquidity quality.

The formation of the Safavid government can be traced to the five basic elements of the Safavid, Sufi, Shi'ite, Anatolian, and Qizilbashan districts. Each of these elements played an important role in the reign of Shah Ismail I in Tabriz in 907 AH. The formation of the Safavid government in Iran consists of two phases of preparation and the period of the kings, from Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardebili to Sheikh Haidar of the period of preparation, and from King Ismail to the period of the kings, who were the most important political actors in both periods. The first period is consistent with the resource mobilization model and the kings period is also compatible with the political model theory. This study examines the developments in the formation of the Safavid state based on the theory of Charles Tile's collective action. The purpose of this study is fundamental and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive and analytical. The method of data collection is library. The final conclusion of this study is based on an examination of developments in the formation of the Safavid government until the end of Shah Tahmasb I's reign. Research findings show that despite the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Safavid dynasty has succeeded in mobilizing the Ghezelbashan to form a government in Iran, and during the kings, the Ghezelbashan have competed with each other and other elements of power to achieve political and economic goals. They have argued that these developments are in line with

In order to investigate effect of adding fertilizer on crop coefficient root and shoot growth of maize a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three texture treatment including silty clay loam, loam and sandy-loam soil and three fertility treatment was conducted at the experimental farm in Jey and Qahab district of Isfahan was conducted. Reference evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration of maize were measured by evaporation pan method and volumetric soil water balance method using micro lysimeters. The results of this study showed that using fertilizer caused increasing of crop coefficient of maize at all growth stages except for the initial stage of plant growth. Maximum and minimum effect of soil fertility on increasing crop coefficient of maize in the middle stage was equal to 37.8% in the loamy soil and 18.3% in the sandy loam soil with two percent fertilizer. The results also showed that the addition of fertilizer to the soil in each soil type significantly increased shoot yield (fresh and dry weight of shoot dry weight of leaf, stem and ear, plant height and the distance between nodes), but had no significant differences on corn root traits. The highest increase in fresh and dry weight of corn shoots loam soils, respectively 3.46% and 55.2% with the addition of two percent of the fertilizer into the soil, respectively.

Hegemonic and exclusivist presence and activity of foreign banks in Persia, especially British kingdom banks and Russia loan banks continued up to constitutional revolution. The presence of the above mentioned banks in Iran was realized by the continuous and increasing competition of Russia and England in Iran’s economic and political areas. After the victory of constitutional revolution, the first representatives tried to end up the presence of foreign banks in Persia by establishing a Persian bank, but all their attempts failed because of the interventions by Russia and England. By the appearance of Russia revolution in October 1917, the coup in Iran in 1920 and the decrease of foreign pressures on Persian government, new conditions were provided for the establishment of Iranian bank. The establishment of Sepah Bank was a great step that prepared the bases for establishing Iran’s Melli Bank. Since national legislative council had prominent role in the process of establishing the National Bank (Melli Bank), this paper tried to discuss the attempts of national legislative court in the success of establishing Persian National Bank and in this regard, it criticizes and investigates the reaction and performance of national legislative council to foreign banks in Iran by emphasizing on the establishment of National Bank and reliance on the negotiations of national legislative council.

Groundwater qualitative changes trend of Miandoab Plain (in the wet and dry periods) in the period of 1992-2012 was analyzed using the non-parametric modified Mann-Kendall test for lag-1 autocorrelation cofficient. The results showed that among the 25 sampling stations for 14 water qualitative variables، about 58% of the series had significant (P 5%) increasing trend. Also 32% of them showed significant decreasing trends. The remaining 10% of the series exhibited no trend at the 5% significant level. In the case of the wet period 23. 7% of the series exhibited upward significant trend and 6. 3% of the series had significant decreasing trend at the 5% level. About 70% of the series showed no trend (at 10% significant level). In the dry period، 22% of the series had significant increasing trend (at 10% level)، 10% with decreasing trends and 68% of them had no significant trends. The results showed that in the wet period، the steepest increasing trends of groundwater qualitative variables were observed in the west and southern part of the Miandoab Plain. The declination of groundwater level led to increasing trends for water qualitative parameters in the eastern part of the plain. The results of Sen’s slope estimator showed that، the EC and SAR had increasing trends for the both dry and wet periods. For example، the trend line slope of the groundwater EC for the wet period was equal to 20 µS cm-1 year-1.

Usual fluctuations of sex hormones during the estrous cycle in female mice affect the hippocampal neurogenesis. The hippocampus also comprises many steroid receptors suggesting the modulatory effects of gonadal hormones on the hippocampal plasticity. Sex differences at the level of structure and function of the hippocampus are mostly due to the fluctuations of steroid hormones during the estrous cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological changes in hippocampal astrocytes and also the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at different phases of the estrous cycle. In this study, different stages of the estrous cycle were determined in 6-8 week NMRI female mice by methylene blue-stained vaginal smears. The morphological changes of astrocytes in the hippocampus were investigated using GFAP immunohistochemistry. In addition to the morphological study, the expression of astrocytic marker was quantitatively evaluated. GFAP immunostaining showed the changes in the morphology of astrocytes and also in the serum level of estrogen during the estrous cycle. The highest concentrations of estrogen and GFAP reactivity were observed in the proestrus stage. Different stages of the estrous cycle in female mice were associated with morphological changes of hippocampal astrocytes and the alternation in the serum level of estrogen.

Determination of crops water requirement in different environmental conditions is essential for preparation of precise and suitable irrigation scheduling. The effect of soil compaction and texture on crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of maize was investigated in this study, which was conducted as a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design in a research farm in Jey and Qahab district in Isfahan. The study included three soil texture treatments of silty clay loam, loam, and sandy loam, and three compaction treatments including natural density of field soils, compaction by dropping 2.5 kg weights 25 and 50 times (based on the standard Proctor test). In order to determine the reference evapotranspiration of maize, evaporation pan method was used, and for actual evapotranspiration, volumetric soil water balance method was adopted by using micro-lysimeters-drains (32 cm diameter and 80 cm height). The results showed that by increasing soil compaction crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of maize were reduced at the different growth stages. The maximum 10-day average evapotranspiration of maize was obtained at 8.76 mm/day in silty clay loam soil with natural bulk density of 1.27 g/cm3. This value was 70 percent higher than the minimum 10-day average evapotranspiration in the fifth decade of growth. Increasing the soil bulk density decreased total crop evapotranspiration 23%, 20.8%, and 12.8% in loam, silty clay loam, and sandy loam soil, respectively. The maximum and minimum impact of soil bulk density on crop coefficient of maize was observed in the middle and initial growth stages, respectively. The maximum and minimum impact of increased soil bulk density on reduction of crop coefficient of maize in the middle growth stage was 40.3% in loam soil and 20.7% in sandy loam soil for the second bulk density treatment.

Many numerical and analytical models have been developed for estimation of soil water distribution in order to increase water use efficiency in drip irrigation. Accurate solution of well-known soil water equation، Richard’s equation، in these models cause more accurate estimation of soil wetting front. The purpose of this study was to evaluate finite difference and finite element methods to numerical solution of Richard’s equation for simulating soil water flow around dripper via comparing HYDRUS-2D and SEEP/W numerical models. Experiments were carried out to collect required data to investigate the advance of moisture front inside a Plexiglas box filled with a silt loam soil in central laboratory of water researches in University of Tehran. Wetting front advance at different time intervals were plotted on the transparent Plexiglas box walls. The wetting front around the emitters، for pressures 1. 5 and 2. 2 meters (equivalent to 4. 5 and 6. 3 liters per hour، respectively)، were measured. Comparison of two simulation models، HYDRUS-2DandSEEP/W، showed that HYDRUS-2D model (finite difference solution method) with higher determination coefficient and lower root mean square error coefficient had better performance to simulate wetted area dimensions for both surface and subsurface drip irrigation.

The Imperial Bank of Iran [Persia] was established with a concession from the government of Iran to Baron Julius de Reuter with the help of Mirza Malkom Khan and Amin’ol Soltan in 1989.The Imperial Bank benefited from the vacuum in the field of Iranian banking and used Iranian stagnant investments for its own benefits. In addition to the usual activities, the bank was acting as a tool to advance political and economic interests of British government. The establishment of the Imperial Bank of Iran must be attributed to both external and internal factors. The development of imperialistic policies of Britain on the one hand and the tendency of Iranian governors in obtaining European civilization to make countrywide reforms on the other hand were effective in the establishment of the Imperial Bank of Iran. In fact, these two complementary theories were effective in the establishment of the Bank. The research methodology adopted is descriptive-analytic. In this regard, the article is intended to examine each factor in terms of existing theories on the basis of library findings and discuss the reasons of its formation.