محمدامین امامی

Bike-sharing systems are clean transportation modes that contribute to reducing traffic congestion, air pollution, and improving access to public transportation. The use of clean transportation, especially bike-sharing systems, are considered an effective solution for addressing traffic-related problems, air pollution, and improving the quality of life around the world. Unfortunately, in Iran, this mode of transportation has not been given much attention, and Low share of intra-city trips is made using bike-sharing systems. To adopt effective transportation policies in this regard, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the choice of bike-sharing systems. In this study, the choice of using bike-sharing systems was modeled using a ordered logit model to identify the factors affecting the maximum duration for using bike-sharing systems in Tehran city. Data were collected using a questionnaire, with a total of 418 completed questionnaires, which were reduced to 400 after cleaning the data. According to the results, factors such as providing a safe environment for cycling (constructing dedicated bike lanes), air cleanliness, Road aesthetics, very low environmental gradients on the last trip, resulted in using bike-sharing systems for more than 15 minutes. Factors such as the feeling of social deprivation while riding a bike, physical weakness, lack of interest in bike-sharing systems, commuting for work purposes, resulted in not using or using bike-sharing systems for less than 15 minutes.

In this study, the combination of two types of anionic and zwitterionic surfactants was used. By performing the phase behavior test, the optimal combination of two surfactants was found in such a way that the maximum amount of microemulsion of oil in water is formed. The obtained composition has caused stable nitrogen and CO2 foam in the Persian Gulf Sea water salinity and in contact with oil. Due to the use of zwitterionic surfactant, the stability of CO2 foam is 20.9% higher than that of nitrogen foam. By examining the half-life of CO2 foam by the foam column test, the half-life of foam at the optimal concentration was observed to be 145 minutes. The effect of functionalized carbon nanoparticles on the amount of microemulsion of oil in water and the stability of CO2 foam has been studied, and carbon nanoparticles with amine-carboxyl-hydroxyl functional group have performed best and foam stability has improved by 75%. Also, in order to ensure the performance of foam in dynamic conditions, CO2 foam injection was done in the micromodel, and with CO2 foam injection, 86.4% of the original oil was recovered. The use of carbon nanoparticles with amine-carboxyl-hydroxyl functional group improved the recovery of primary oil by 13.5% and 99.9% of primary oil was recovered.

This study aims to recognize and characterize pottery production at the Hormangan site, a Neolithic settlement in the northeast of Fars province, Iran. An examination and analytical study of the potteries on this site was conducted to determine the manufacturing techniques of the Neolithic potteries, understand the raw materials and inclusions, the level of progress and knowledge of the potters from the final products, and the location of the production site. Excavating this site, ceramics and a heated structure, probably an open kiln, were found, belonging to the Mushki phase (6400-6000 BC). Thirty-six ceramic shreds were selected for thin-section petrography analysis according to their macroscopic features. After that, 18 of them were analysed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction methods. According to the mineralogical studies and the XRD and XRF analyses, while three different clay types were used to produce these Neolithic ceramics, they were all local productions. These vessels were fired in an open and unsophisticated kiln at an uncontrolled temperature, probably not over 800 degrees. Although the combination of these archaeometrical techniques indicates that there are various sub-angular inclusions in each type of clay, most of the pots are vegetally tempered (chaff-tempered). The existence of the heated structure separately from residential construction, a variety of designs and decorations on the ceramics, and various clay sources all determine that the Neolithic community of the Hormangan site has gone beyond a primitive rural society and as semiprofessional individuals had a surplus of more than their demands.

This paper deals with the chlorite stones obtained from the latest archeological researches at the Konar Sandal site, Jiroft in order to determining the chemical and mineralogical composition and identifying their provenance. The chlorite objects are the most distinctive cultural material from the Jiroft civilization (generally dated back to the third millennium BC). These luxury items have been recognized as an indicator of the connections and interactions in southwest Asia during Bronze Age. Scholars of the ancient Near East have long recognized that the Iranian plateau was a source for these valuable materials. Although the soft green chlorite objects have been found in a wide range from the Indian subcontinent to northern Mesopotamia, these finds were produced in the Halil River Basin for local utilization rather than export. In this paper, some fragments of chlorite vessels recovered from the plundered graveyard of Konar Sandal South are chosen for archaeometric analyses. Also, some samples from newly found mines of the Faryab region (south of the Jiroft plain) have been analyzed for the provenance of the ancient objects of Konar Sandal.

Petrological and petrographical methods, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used to identify the mineralogical and geochemical structure of chlorites and the possible relationship of these materials with the chlorite mines in the Faryab region. Clustering of the results will be interpreted through statistical methods. Polarizd light microscope has been used inorder to characterize the fabrication and texture of the stones in both plane polarized and cross polarized light. For determining the crystalline phase constituents powder patterns of rocks were measured. The characterization of the crystalline phases of the rocks (QXRD), allows the classification of the samples by the different structures. X-ray flouresence has used for the determination of the bulk chemical composition of the rocks. The major, minor and trace elements measured as oxides, and the correlation between the main oxide constituents tend to allow a good classification of the archaeological samples to the stones from the mines. An ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) systems has used to undertake an analytical technique that can be used to measure elements at trace levels in some archaeological and stones from the mines.

Iconography, production, provenance, exchange and circulation of chlorite vessels have been topic of many researches in the recent decades. Philip Kohl has deeply studied these studies. Philip Kohl has conducted various studies based on physical and chemical analyses on carved and uncarved samples of chlorite from Tepe Yahya and from outcrops or source samples collected in the mountains immediately north and west of the site and from these vessels found on sites stretching from Mesopotamia into south-western Iran (Susa) and across the Iranian plateau. His studies demonstrated that most of the vessels carved in this distinctive style were indeed made of chlorite and not the related soft stone steatite to which they had been mistakenly attributed. Another archaeometric analysis on the resource of chlorite in the Jiroft region was done by Emami and his colleagues (2017) which resulted in identifying some ancient mines in the western mountains of the Jiroft region which were used by the craftsmen of Konar Sandal. The present research on the chlorite mines of the south of Jiroft region, particularly the Faryab region, introduced new mines which could be used by the craftsmen of the Jiroft civilization in the early Bronze Age. Interestingly, similarities in the mineralogical and geochemical composition of chlorites obtained from Konar Sandal South graveyard and Faryab mines introduce the Faryab mineralogical zone in the south of Kerman as one of the provenances this stone. It seems that further geo-archaeological investigations can identify more ancient mines and mineralogical zones of chlorite in the Kerman Province.

Investigated chlorite objects and stones were examined in order to find any relationship between Konar Sandal and rock samples from Sikhoran mine and Nazari mine in central Faryab orogeny (Mehrouiyeh). On the basis of chemical analysis and measurement of trace elements by XRF and ICP methods, as well as petrology and phase studies, it was determined that Faryab mine played a key role for fabrication of these chlorite stones in the third millennium. Analytical results have approved that the amount of major oxides e.g. MgO and FeO, as well as minor elements e.g. Ca, P, Ti, Sr, were to be an essential factor for clustering of the materials and their origin.The distinctive features of the quarried stone from Faryab district assumed in good potential correlation with the analyzed samples from south Konar Sandel Cemetery (especially in the M4 and M3 samples). The result is reliable with the results of XRD analysis and thin section petrography of the samples. XRD phase analysis of the rocks from the mines were assumed that the rocks mostly consist of clinochlore, tephrite, spinel and olivine, which have obviously approved the same phase composition within the samples of south Konar Sandal cemetery. Based on petrography, mineralogical and textural observations, the rocks of the region are mainly composed of magnesium-containing olivines, serpentine peridotites and sometimes opaque particles with spinel chemical composition, e.g., magnetite and chromspinel.The extension of producing and trade of chlorite from southeast to the Punjab valley of Pakistan can be expressed by means of excessive diversity regarding the condition of metamorphism (hydrothermal and proximity) of the chlorite rocks in the southeast of Iranian plateau. In this case, the rock feeding source for the production of chlorite stone artefacts and containers in Halil Rood area is much more diverse than what we know. However, since the Faryab mines are located in an area as cross-cultural bridge between the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia, the importance of influential economic factors, trade and exchange of chlorite is among the most important case studies in the third millennium BC Iran.

The petrographic analysis of ceramics can often answer a wide variety of archaeological questions, especially regarding fabrication, manufacturing processes which were despite focused on the construction and trade of pottery. However, ceramics which were collected from the same site can mostly differ in their chemistry as well as fabrics. As is applied in many cases, essential archaeological survey and documentations in a theoretical framework are key to the proper application of ceramic petrography through the archaeometrical research. This paper deals with the petrographically approach on Kura-Araxes or Early Bronze Age ceramics manufacturing processes of Sonqor Plain. It is of worth-knowing to contribute that the contact and exchange strategies between indigenous communities and several cultural-spheres during Early Bronze Age (beginning of the fourth millennium BC) in this area. Morphological data along with mineralogical composition of ceramics were applied to determine the major elements of the pottery sherds. Based on the result, one can be suggested that all of sherds are in the same group and were demonstrated mightily local productions. The ceramic manufacturing technology indicates same patterns of material interactions during the ETC or Kura-Araxes in all of the investigated sites in Sonqor Plain.

Over a hundred pieces of luster tiles were excavated in Qal’eh Dokhtar, Kerman. This article discusses the characteristic features of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar, and the origins and sources of raw materials of these tiles. The tiles were classified in four groups: “octagonal star tiles”, “crucifix tiles”, “square tiles” and “rectangle tiles”. Then, the relative dating was done based on an inscription on a tile that reads: in 661 AH/1263 CE. The inscriptions of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar also showed that they include poems. Eleven tiles have been chosen for chemical and microscopic analysis by Micro-PIXE, and SEM-EDX. The results indicated that there are different elements in the luster and paste of the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar and other regions of Iran. Magnesium is the element of which was detected only in the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar at high weight percentages and likely its mines exist in Ashin Valley around Jiroft.

During the Islamic periods, the containers characterized by narrow or pear-shaped glass-body with a round bottom and long drainage pipe or tube were known, but rarely have been studied. There are three different hypotheses for applications of such containers. A cupping glass(Shakh-i hajamat) for phlebotomize in medicine, “Alembic” for chemical or alchemical experiments, or containers for pharmaceuticals and the production of cosmetics and perfumes which has been used for making the materials and transfer them through tubes, or perfume containers as particular container for cosmetics. It seems that if the container is placed from the opening on a surface, then its pipe is wholly bent in the opposite direction of the body. Where it is taller than the body, it could be used or applied as a cupping glass for phlebotomize in medicine or as a container for materials in medications, cosmetics and perfumery. If the pipe is entirely straight and perpendicular to the body or slightly curved, it could be used for all three applications mentioned above. In Islamic periods, the Arabic word of KIMIA (elixir) was synonymous with alchemy and chemistry in the viewpoint of technology and therefore, includes a variety of processes, including distillation of herbs and medicinal oils, perfumes and rosewater, and fragrant oils and other substances. Some of tools and equipment used for alchemy have been made of glass like the distiller. There have been many pacts for using these kinds of container in the Islamic literature written by Abu Musa Jaber Ibn Hayyan (Around 721 to 815 AD) and Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (865 to 923 AD) who were known as the greatest scientists in the history of chemistry and chemical technology in the Islamic world. Their scientific and practical works have had a great impact on the scientists and researchers of the next generations, both Muslims and Europeans. Many methods, such as distillation and all kinds of basic related tools, such as Cucurbit (qar’a) and Alembic (al-inbīq) have been attributed to Jabir Ibn Hayyan. However, al-Razi in his book, Kitab al-asrar or Secret of alchemy, among the tools and devices for chemical processing (Tadbir) and distillation (Taqtir), has mentioned to them and studied the Cucurbit and Alembic with an outlet pipe, a distilled liquid container, recipient (qabila) and a blind Alembic (without an outlet pipe) (anbiq alchr('39')aemaa). As a matter of fact, the chemical composition of materials inside such containers discovered in Iran has not yet been studied, while it is a critical issue for the characterization and application of these containers. For the first time, one of such containers with a long and straight tube which was kept in the Glassware and Ceramic Museum of Iran has been analyzed and processed by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The analysis of chemical compounds detected in this container revealed that it had been exposed to essential, and natural oils for a long time. The GC-MS analysis of the washing solution led to the identification of 22 substances, where the main identified compounds were: thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid), and a significant number of substances of the waxes groups. Thymol and carvacrol are the main substances of natural essential oils of Thyme, Savory and Marjoram. Also, the findings of this research have proved the contact of the above-mentioned container with natural essential oils, especially thyme. The ingredients found in this container could be recognizable in many distillates. So, it can suggest that the container has been used as an Alembic for distillation and extraction of vegetable and volatile oil substances in pharmacy, cosmetics and perfumes. More analysis in the future on the contaminated materials within such containers can give more clues and advantages for clarifying the more possible application of these containers.

Cultural heritage sites are threatened from a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors. Innovative and cost effective tools are needed to protect them via systematic monitoring of landscapes and cultural heritage sites. In this study, the overall risk in the Naqsh-e Rostam area, as a case study, was assessed in a multidisciplinary approach, based on the remote sensing techniques and Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis. Naqsh-e-Rostam is known as an ancient periphery which is located in northwest of Persepolis in Fars (nowadays Shiraz), Iran. The oldest relief at Naqsh-e-Rostam is severely damaged and dates back to 1,200 B.C., while there is a rock relief thought to be Elamite, originally. Four tombs belonging to Achaemenid kings are carved out of the rock face and seven oversized rock reliefs at Naqsh-e-Rostam depict the monarchs of the Sassanid period. In Sasanian epoch, Naqsh-e-Rostam site was very important due to its religious and national role, where Ernst Emil Herzfeld and Heidemarie Koch estimated its ancientness about 4,000 B.C. This historical site, which is one of the most unique ancient monuments in Iran, is suffering from some problems such as erosion and deep cracks, due to mainly the climatic and geological characteristics of the region. Currently, several damages threaten this site, which are also remarkable on the high reliefs and on the ground, vicinity of the reliefs. These monuments are located in orographic mountains which expose overall to interaction with their surrounded environment. Therefore, existing deterioration as well as erosion process is mainly due to the climatic conditions and geo-environmental factors that cause such challenges. The aim of this study was to analyze the unexpected appearance of a deep fracture with unknown reasons in this site during the recent years and to find the basic phenomenon for the appearance and development of these fractures. First, several natural and anthropogenic hazards were mapped using different remote sensing data and methodologies. All data were gathered from satellite images and products. Then, the results from each hazard were imported into a GIS environment in order to examine the overall risk assessment based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. The results showed that the methodology applied was effective enough in the understanding of the current conservation circumstances of the monuments in relation to their environment, as well as in the prediction of the future development of the present hazards. Transverse and main cracking are dominant damages that will result erosion in whole of these works. The focal pressure sources, which produced once drainage and haulage of water stream along the crack systems in the rock surfaces, was studied with Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery, and analyzed with respect to GIS system. Finally, the gullies effect was identified in the back of the rocks.

The ruins of impressive structure made by adobe known as the city of “Belgheis” is located 3 km from Esfarayen in the province of North Khorasan of Iran. The role of soil quality in the occurrence of damages to clay and adobe structures of Belqis area is the purpose of this research. Choosing the right soil is the first step in the preparation of adobe, Therefore, it is necessary to study the role of soil. The collected samples were analyzed by using Physical, chemical and mineralogical studies. The fine-grained soil texture is full of sand, silt with reduction of clay. also, the destructive phases of Muscovite and Calcite are in samples. All of These are in accordance with soil studies of the region. these cases as Physical and Chemical was determined as parameters of soil in process of Damage caused by descending humidity.