فهرست مطالب محمدحسن بیگلوئی

In order to study the effect of plot-to-plot irrigation method on soil chemical characteristics and rice yield, a randomized block experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of University of Guilan. This research was done in three repetitions and each repetition included six plots which were named plot by plot in a vertical row from 1 to 6. The quality characteristics of the soil were evaluated at two depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm, as well as grain yield. The results showed that the highest salinity (3.8 mmhos/cm), total soluble solids (2316.6 mg/l), nitrate (6.3 mg/l), sodium (407.5 mg/l), calcium (410.8 mg/L), and sodium absorption ratio (5.6 me/L) were observed at the depth of 0 to 15 cm in the sixth plot. But, the highest grain yield with 9035.54 kg/ha was related to the fourth plot. Despite the same agricultural operations in the plots, the amounts of nutrients, soil soluble salts and grain yield were different in them, which could be due to the difference in the amount of nutrients in the plots. Therefore, in order to prevent their amount from changing from one plot to another, the necessary opportunity for the absorption of water nutrients and soil solution by the plant in the plots should be created to affect the final yield. In general, due to the reduction of only 5.92 and 4.33 percent of paddy yield in the sixth plot compared to the fourth and first plots, respectively, it seems that due to the limited water resources in the north of the country, the use of plot-to-plot irrigation for planting Rice needs more and more detailed investigation in order to achieve the highest growth and yield in the region.

Many agricultural lands in Guilan province of Iran, especially paddy fields, remain uncultivated in the second half of the year due to various reasons including heavy rainfall, low soil permeability (stickiness of soil particles) and inefficiency of the existing drains. Mole drainage as a low-cost drainage method, proportion for rice cultivation conditions and easier to implement than pipe drainage, can be a suitable solution in the development of second cropping. Due to the oil content of 40% of the seed, the rapeseed plant is one of the valuable oil plants and has the ability to be cultivated as a second crop in paddy fields. Nitrogen plays a key role in the performance of plants and its deficiency causes limitations in plant production. Equipping paddy fields with mole drains along with the application of appropriate level of nitrogen fertilizer can increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed as a second crop and contribute to the food security of the country. Therefore, the development of the cultivated area of rapeseed in paddy fields after rice harvesting in Rasht region, the study of the combined effect of mole drainage and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components were the aims of this project.

In order to investigate the effects of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of rapeseed as a second crop in Rasht rice fields, a factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Guilan University was implemented in the crop year of 2022-2023. The factors included mole drainage at three levels (without drainage, without gravel and with gravel) as D0, D1 and D2 respectively, and nitrogen fertilizer as urea source at two levels (180 and 240 kg ha-1) as N1 and N2 respectively. Rapeseed plant (Brassica napus) of Delgan cultivar was selected as the second crop after rice harvest. To carry out the experiment, at first the desired land was blocked and divided into plots, then the underground drains of mole were created without gravel and with gravel with a special blade in the desired plots. To drain the drainage from the mole drains, the polyca pipe was installed at the end of each mole tunnel, then the other side of polyca pipe was connected to the sub-pipe collection and finally led to the main surface drain. This experiment was conducted in 18 plots and each one was 9 × 6 meters. The distance between plots was 1.5 m, between replications was two meters, and the distance between plants was 15 and between rows was 25 cm. To avoid the effectiveness of drainage treatments from undrained treatments, undrained plots were considered at the end of the field. Before cultivation, basic chemical fertilizers, 200 kgha-1 of potassium from potassium sulfate source and 200 kgha-1  of phosphorus from ammonium phosphate source were applied. Nitrogen fertilizer from urea source was applied at the level of 180 and 240 kgha-1  in equal amount at three stages. Just before the harvest stage, to determine the traits of the number of seed in the pods of sub-branches, the number of seed per pod, the weight of seed in sub-branches, the weight of seed in the main branch and the weight of seed per plant, ten plants were randomly selected and harvested manually from the crown area. Also, to determine the seed yield, one square meter was randomly selected from each plot, taking into account the borders, and the bushes were manually harvested from the crown area. After the moisture content of the seeds reached the desired level, the seeds were separated from the pods and weighed using a laboratory scale with an accuracy of one thousandth of a gram, and the seed yield was calculated in kgha-1. SOXTEC SYSTEM HT 1043 Extraction Unit set was used to determine oil percentage and Kjeldahl set was used to determine seed protein. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SAS software (version 9.4) and comparison of means was done using the minimum significant difference test at 5% probability level. Excel software was used to draw the graphs.

The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the interaction effects of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer on the traits of seed weight in the main branches, seed weight in the plant and seed yield was significant at 5% probability level, so that the highest seed weight in the main branch with 0.733 seeds in the mole drainage with gravel with a nitrogen fertilizer level of 180 kgha-1 (D2×N1) treatment was obtained and the highest seed weight in the plant with 1.443 g in the mole drainage without gravel with a nitrogen fertilizer level of 240 kgha-1 (D1×N2) treatment was obtained. Also, the highest seed yield was obtained under 3579.48 kgha-1 in the treatment of mole drainage without gravel using 240 kgha-1 of fertilizer (D1×N2) which is compared to the treatment of without drainage and drainage with gravel with the same level of fertilizer 13.63 and 2.31 percentage was higher, respectively. In addition, rapeseed plant is more important in terms of oil percentage, no significant difference was observed between drainage and nitrogen fertilizer treatments in terms of average oil percentage. Therefore, the mole drainage treatment without gravel with a fertilizer level of 240 kgha-1 (D1×N2) is the most suitable option for rapeseed cultivation as the second crop after rice harvesting.

The results of this study showed that mole drainage without gravel by improving soil ventilation conditions and preventing waterlogging of paddy fields along with the level of nitrogen fertilizer of 240 kgha-1 increased the yield of rapeseed compared to the condition of without drainage at the same level of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, rapeseed cultivation in vast paddy fields after rice harvesting can be recommended as a basic solution in order to increase the production of oilseeds and provide part of the country's oil consumption.

Cultivation of rapeseed as the second crop requires drainage systems in most of the paddy fields of the Guilan province. Mole drainage, as a low-cost and shallow drainage method that is suitable for rice cultivation conditions and easier to implement than pipe drainage, can be a solution in the development of second-crop cultivation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the drainage of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer management on the quantity and quality of drainage at Guilan University. In this regard, an experiment was conducted under two treatments including drainage and nitrogen fertilizer (i.e. traditional mole drainage and sand-filled mole drainage), and 180 and 240 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare in three replications. After each rainfall during the plant growth period, water samples were taken from the drains, and parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, turbidity, concentrations of ammonium, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were measured. Also, the outflow from the drains and the water table level were measured by piezometers during the rain and after that. The results of the mean comparison of pH and total suspended solids showed that most of them were obtained with 7.49 and 281.25 mg/liter, respectively, in the mole drain filled with sand and the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The highest mean of electrical conductivity and turbidity was observed as 651 micro mohs/cm in the traditional mole drainage and 240 fertilizer treatment and with 67.76 NTU in the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The statistical analysis showed that the effect of drainage treatment on the amounts of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and total phosphorus was not significant. The outflow from the traditional mole drainage was 49% lower than the sand-filled mole drainage. The traditional and sand-filled mole drains were able to drain excess water with average reaction coefficients of 0.8 and 0.83 per day during the growth period, respectively. Considering the speed of water discharge, drain discharge, and the main non-significance of qualitative parameters among drainage treatments, mole drainage filled with sand is recommended for the development of rapeseed cultivation in paddy fields.

A Acer velutinum Boiss. (Persian or velvet maple) is one of the industrial and important species of Hyrcanian (Caspian) forests with wide distribution. This species is rarely seen in the forests of other parts of the world and has only been reported from the forests of the Caucasus. Therefore the information about this species is very limited. This research aims to investigate the response of A. velutinum seedlings to drought stress as one of the consequences of climate change. Seedlings of velvet maple were analyzed in terms of height, basal diameter, leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), biomass, photosynthesis pigments, relative water content RWC), free proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and peroxidase(POD) activities to drought stress. One year old of Potted plants were exposed to four water supply regimes (100, 75, 50, and 25% field capacity (FC); performed as a control, mild, moderate, and severe water stress. The results showed that drought reduced all aspects of growth in the velvet maple. It negatively affected on growth and reduced plant height, stem diameter, biomass, and leaf area, but SLA significantly increased under moderate treatment. Drought stress reduced chlorophyll content, however, no significant difference was found for carotenoids. RWC reduced significantly just under severe drought stress. Proline and MDA content increased significantly when plants were exposed to moderate and severe drought stress. Drought stress induced POD and SOD activity under drought treatments, although the highest activities were measured under mild and moderate treatments. Our data demonstrate that A. velutinum seedlings have relative drought resistance. They used drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms through changes in morpho-physiological characteristics. The results of this research briefly showed the mechanisms of drought tolerance in A. velutinum and will provide essential information for more research in the future.

It is possible to effectively control water in paddy fields, prevent flooding problems, and create optimal conditions for the growth of agricultural products with simultaneous and correct management of irrigation and drainage. Due to the high initial cost of the construction of subsurface drainage, Mole drainage is a suitable and more economical alternative in clay soils. Constructing the mole drain at a critical depth and passing the water through the cracks, improves the soil conditions and removes excess water from the soil surface. Mulqueen (1985), reported that gravel mole drain is a suitable alternative to traditional mole drain. Considering the limited studies in the field of mole drainage, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of low-cost mole drainage for draining excess water from paddy fields and its environmental effects. Therefore, the effect of traditional mole and gravel mole drain on drainage water quality and control of the water table of paddy fields in the mid and end of rice season was investigated.

The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year of 2022-2023 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan (IRAN). The split-plot experiment was implemented in a randomized complete block design in three replications under the main drainage treatment on two levels: (1) Traditional mole drain (without gravel) and (2) Gravel mole drain and the sub-treatment of irrigation method in two levels: (1) Flood irrigation and (2) Alternative irrigation. In the stages of tillering and harvesting, mid and end season drainage were done respectively. During the drainage period, the water table was measured with a piezometer. By sampling the drainage water, its quality parameters including acidity, electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, total suspended and dissolved solids, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and ammonium were measured. The results of the investigated treatments were statistically analyzed using SAS software.

With the start of mid season drainage, after one day, the water table reached the middle of the soil profile and more than half of the root development depth was in anaerobic conditions. Five days after the drainage in the traditional mole drain, the depth of root development was in aerobic conditions. The highest value in average acidity and sodium adsorption ratio was 6.99 and 4.65 meq/l respectively in mid season in gravel mole drain and flood irrigation. The highest concentration of ammonium and nitrate in mid season drainage was 0.20 and 0.21 mg/l, respectively, and the highest average electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids at the end season were 3845 µS/cm and 2475 mg/l, respectively, in traditional mole drain and flood irrigation. In mid and end season drainage, the amount of total suspended solids in the mole drain with gravel was 60% and 88% higher than the traditional mole drain, respectively. The highest concentration of nitrite was obtained in the gravel mole drain and flood irrigation with a value of 6.75 mg/l during mid season drainage. The average concentration of phosphate and sulfate in gravel mole drain compared to the traditional mole in mid and end season decreased by 25 and 30%, respectively, and sulfate by 3 and 5.5%. Also, the average concentration of chloride in the gravel mole drain was lower than the traditional one.

The comparison of results indicated that the average amounts of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium, ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, and chloride of drainage water in mid and end season were lower in gravel mole drain than the traditional one. The results of statistical analysis showed that the treatment of drainage, irrigation, and time at the level of one and five percent were effective on most of the parameters, while the values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and nitrite of the drainage water showed that their difference was not significant. The traditional mole drain was more successful in controlling the water table. A comparison of the quality parameters of drainage water with the standard of the Iranian Environmental Protection Organization for the discharge of drainage water into surface waters showed that most of the parameters, except for ammonium and total suspended solids, were within the permissible limits.

Water and nitrogen are the most important factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative performance of medicinal plants. Since the performance of the fertilizer level depends on the appropriate amount of irrigation water, it is important to examine the water and nutritional requirements of medicinal plants in order to achieve the desired quantitative and qualitative performance and the physical and economic water productivity indexes of these plants. Celandin (Chelidonium majus L.) plant is one of the very old medicinal plants, and all its parts, especially its sap and root, were used in the treatment of skin disorders, especially leprosy, toothache, and also as a choleretic, and in recent years most of its aerial parts, which are collected during the flowering stage, are used to treat some diseases, especially cancers of the digestive system. Also, all the parts of this plant contain orange sap rich in alkaloids Chelerythrine, Chelidonine, Sangunarin, Berberine, etc., which increases the importance of the production of this plant. There are many reports about the effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizers level in relation to various agricultural, garden and medicinal plants, but there is still no comprehensive and complete information about the effect of these factors and their optimal levels for the cultivation of Celandin medicinal plants. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the yield and indexes of physical and economic productivity of water in Celandin medicinal plant at different levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to investigate the effect of the irrigation interval and ammonium nitrate on the yield and indexes of physical and economic water productivity of Celandin (Chelidonium majus L.) medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of University of Guilan in 2017. The factors include irrigation interval in three levels (4, 8 and 12 days) respectively as I1, I2 and I3 and nitrogen fertilizer based on ammonium nitrate in five levels (0, 45, 60, 75 and 95 kg per hectare) as respectively was N0, N45, N60, N75 and N95. To prepare the planting bed, the top soil of the garden, dune sand, and animal manure were mixed in the ratio (1:1:1) and filled in pots with an average diameter of 20 cm and a height of 18 cm. After preparing the soil sample, some physical properties (soil moisture coefficients of FC and PWP using a pressure plate device, soil texture using the hydrometric method and dry bulk density using the core sampler method) and chemical properties of the soil (calcium, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and ECe) were determined. At the end of the experiment, when the plants flowered (about 225 days after transplanting), to calculate the weight of the roots and aerial parts, the plants were removed from the pot and their roots were separated from the aerial part. After washing the roots, each one was weighed separately with a sensitive digital scale (Sartorius model) with an accuracy of 0.001 grams. Then, with regarding the amount of water consumed in each irrigation treatment, the physical and economic water productivity indexes were determined based on the wet weight of the whole plant, which includes the root and aerial parts of the plant.

The results of variance analysis of data showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and amount of ammonium nitrate on yield and indexes of physical and economic water productivity was significant at the 5% probability level. Thus, the highest plant fresh weight was obtained with 92.92 g/plant in an 8-day irrigation interval with a fertilizer level of 95 kg/ha, and the lowest with 45.36 g/plant in a 12-day irrigation interval with a fertilizer level of 60 kg/ha. Also, the highest indexes of physical and economic water productivity based on benefit per drop and net benefit per drop based on the fresh weight of the total plant with 8.65 kg/m3 and 3463932999 and 17319665 rials/m3 respectively in the 8-day irrigation interval treatment with fertilizer level 95 kg/ha, and the lowest of them was obtained with 2.44 kg/m3, 9774464 and 4887232 rials/m3 respectively in the 4-day irrigation interval treatment with zero fertilizer level. In addition, 50% water consumption was saved in the 8-day irrigation interval treatment compared to the 4-day irrigation interval treatment. Therefore, I2 irrigation interval treatment with N95 ammonium nitrate fertilizer level is the most suitable option in terms of yield and physical and economic water productivity indexes for the production of the medicinal plant Celandin in greenhouse conditions.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding, and regulatory molecules that play an important role in post gene expression regulation in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although Canola (Brassica napus) is a globally important oilseed, little is known about its regulation mechanisms target genes of drought-responsive miRNAs. Then, in this study drought-responsive miRNAs target genes of bna-miR156b, bna-miR156c, bna-miR156g, bna-miR171a, bna-miR171d, bna-miR171e, bna-miR172d, bna-miR399a, bna-miR399b, bna-miR396a, bna-miR395d, bna-miR395e and bna-miR395f in Canola were identified by bioinformatics tools. Molecular function, biological process, cellular component, proteins interaction, and relation of their pathways were investigated. In the present study were identified 225 target genes for miRNAs. Bioinformatics study showed that ribosome, proteasome, and chaperon-related genes of RPP1C, RPL36AA, RPL9D, RPS11, RPT1A, RPT2a, RPT4A, RPN11, HSF1, HSFA1E, HSF4, and HSFB2B are targets of drought-responsive miRNAs of bna-miR172d ،bna-miR156b/c/g، bna-miR860، bna-miR396a and bna-miR395d. Ribosomes, proteasomes, and chaperons are regulated by drought-responsive miRNAs for protein regulation and stress tolerance under drought conditions. Laboratory study of identified genes in this study can be a fundamental step in the production of drought-resistant Canola cultivars in inbreeding and genetic engineering programs.

Farmers have traditionally used their sensory and perceptual systems to diagnose and monitor the health and needs of their crops. However, humans have five basic perceptual systems with varying degrees of accuracy that can vary from person to person and largely depend on stress, experience, health and age. To overcome this problem, in the last decade, with the advent of smart phone technology, new agricultural programs have been developed to achieve better, cost-effective, accurate and reliable detection systems. Conventional smartphones are equipped with several sensors that can be used to support normal and advanced agricultural activities in real time at a very low cost.Thus, the development of agricultural applications based on smartphones has increased exponentially in recent years. However, the great potential offered by smartphone applications has not yet been fully realized. Due to the fact that farm management and irrigation operations usually require a lot of time, therefore, human resources must perform tasks in a specific time. The use of smartphone software increases the quality of management and better use of inputs, as well as reducing time and manpower, and ultimately related costs. Therefore, the present article provides an overview and analysis of the features of several mobile applications for use in smart farming on the market or developed in various studies. This helps farmers to assess the type of available programs, their features and compare them. This article is also a good resource to help researchers and application developers understand the limitations of existing tools and gaps in new work.

In this study, the effect of drought stress on morphological and physiological characteristics of two forest species: Alnus subcordata and Acer velutinum, which are used in natural forest restoration and afforestation, was evaluated. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factors (two species and four levels of drought stress: (25% (severe stress), 50% (moderate stress), 75% (mild stress), and 100% (no stress) percentage of field capacity). The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced the height, basal diameter, Leaf, and root biomass in both species, Whereas A. subcordata showed more stem biomass reduction. Root to shoot ratio showed a noticeable and slight increase in A. subcordata in A. velutinum respectively. Both species experienced a significant decrease in leaf area in drought conditions. Meanwhile, the specific leaf area decreased in A. subcordata as the degree of water stress increased, but it increased under mild and moderate treatment in A. velutinum seedlings. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a decreased in A. subcordata more than A. velutinum. Also, chlorophyll b decrease was similar in both species, while, carotenoids content decreased significantly in A. subcordata and increased insignificantly in A. velutinum. Drought stress showed a significant effect on the relative water content and proline in both species. There were no differences between the two species in proline content. furthermore,  A. velutinum had more relative water content than A. subcordata seedlings under moderate treatment. These findings suggested that the two species did not show similar responses to drought stress. Also, based on the measured characteristics A. velutinum may maintain stronger drought tolerance. The malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzymes activities in both species increased with increasing stress. A. subcordata had a more increase in malondialdehyde content in drought treatment compared to the control treatment. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in both species increased in moderate and mild stress treatment and A. velutinum showed higher enzyme levels. Our results highlighted that the two species did not show similar responses to drought stress and A. velutinum maintained stronger drought tolerance based on the measured parameters. According to these findings and based on more ability of A. velutinum to cope with drought, it is recommended that A. velutinum plantation has more priority compared to A. subcordata in water deficit regions.

Tea is the most popular drink after water in the world and more and more people are consuming it every day. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production of this product per unit area. Since in some months of the year the amount of rainfall does not meet the water requirement of the plant, to produce more product per unit area, Supply of water shortage with proper irrigation method is unavoidable.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation methods and irrigation levels on the yield and water use efficiency of Chinese hybrid cultivar tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.), an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications with three main treatments including permanent sprinkler irrigation (SI), local drip irrigation (DI) and strip drip irrigation (TDI), and three sub-treatments including without irrigation (I0), 50 (I1) and 100 (I2)% of crop water requirement in 1399 in the Research Station of Fashalam tea garden in Fooman region. In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the study area, soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 20, 20 to 40 and 40 to 60 cm and were analyzed in the laboratory. In this experiment, the field capacity, permanent wilting point, bulk density and pH was determined and soil texture was measured by hydrometric method. The meteorological data required to calculate the water requirement of the tea plant were prepared from the Rasht agricultural meteorological station. The amount of rainfall during the irrigation period (May to November) in 2020 was equal to 307.197 mm, which was lower than the average rainfall of the last 30 years in the same irrigation period was 188.2 mm. The water requirement of the tea plant was calculated using the daily data of 30 years of Rasht agricultural meteorological station with penman monteith FAO method by software of CROPWAT 8.0, and then the daily water requirement of the plant by considering the water use efficiency of 80% in sprinkler irrigation system and 95% in the drip irrigation system was determined. Gross amount of irrigation water was determined based on plant water requirement, soil moisture holding capacity and water use efficiency in sprinkler and drip irrigation systems. The net amount of irrigation water in the treatment of the 50% of the plant water requirement was equal to 50% of the amount of the net irrigation water in the treatment 100% of the plant water requirement. The volume of water given to each plot at each irrigation period was measured using a water meter to the nearest tenth of a liter.

The results of the data variance analysis showed that the effect of irrigation methods, different levels of irrigation and their interaction on the yield of green and dry tea leaves and water use efficiency based on green and dry tea leaves were significant at the level of one percent probability. So that the average of the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 3846.90 and 1044/7 kg/ha, and with 1.23 and 1.33 kg/m3 in DI irrigation method and the highest of them with 7859.70 and 2129.6 kg/ha, and with 2.39 and 0.65 kg/m3 were observed in SI irrigation method which increased by 2.043 and 2.038, and 1.94 and 1.97 times in compared with DI irrigation method, respectively. Also, the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 1050.1 and 299.16 kg/ha, and 0.44 and 0.13 kg/m3 at I0 irrigation level, and the highest of them with 8947.20 and 2418.17 kg/ha, and 2.53 and 0.65 kg/m3 were observed at I2 irrigation level which increased by 8.52 and 8.08, and 5.75 and 5.00 times in compared with I0 irrigation level, respectively. The results of the interaction of irrigation methods at different levels of plant water requirement on green tea leaf yield showed that the highest yield with 13000 kg/ha was obtained in SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level. Therefore, SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level can be considered as optimum method to the tea green leaf production in the Fooman region.

In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat (Triticum asetivum L.) Morvareed cultivar, an experiment has been carried out with three main treatments including surface drip irrigation (TS), subsurface drip irrigation (TSS), and Furrow irrigation (F), as well as three submain treatments containing irrigation levels 50% (I1), 75% (I2), and 100% (I3) of the plant water requirement. It has taken place in the research farm of Ardebil Agricultural Research and Training Center in Moghan region during 2016-2017. The experiment is conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Results show that the highest 1000-grain weight, harvest index and number of tillers per unit area are obtained with 0.05 kg, 42% and 448.56 in I3 and protein content with 9.56% in I1, respectively. Also, the highest grain yield (7122.33 kg ha-1) is obtained from the TS with irrigation level of I3 (no significant difference between I3 and I1). Meanwhile, the highest water productivity based on grain yield with 1.81 kg m-3 is obtained from the treatment of F with I1. The lowest grain yield with 2866.67 kg ha-1 and water productivity based on grain yield with 1.05 kg m-3 belongs to F with irrigation levels of I1 and I3, respectively. Therefore, the surface drip (TS) with 75% (I2) and 100% (I3) of crop water requirement in conditions of water deficiency and no-water-deficiency, respectively, can be considered as optimum methods for wheat production in the Moghan region.

This study was conducted to investigate the combined use of duck in different rice cultivation systems on growth indices, photosynthesis and water productivity of fields.

The experiment was carried out as a split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, in 2017 and 2018 years. Treatments included of three levels of cultivation system; Conventional Cultivation (CC), Improved Cultivation (IC) and SRI (System of Rice Intensification) as the main factor and combined of two levels of duck (control and 750 duck per hectare) and three levels of weed control (control, once and twice weeding) factorials as a sub-factor.

The results showed that the beginning of the growing period, all experiment treatments showed a significant difference in terms of leaf area index and with increasing the length of the growing period; the increase in leaf area index was greater in terms of combine treatments of 750 ducks per hectare and SRI. At the beginning of growth, CGR in SRI system was slower than the others and in the middle to late growth period, CGR rate values were in SRI>IC>CC. In un-use duck conditions,

In general, the combined application of rice-duck in different cultivation systems can be considered suitable for improving the quantitative yield and growth and physiological indicators of rice to achieve sustainable agricultural goals and increase farmers' income per unit area in the plain areas of Guilan.

In this study, the effect of different post-veraison deficit irrigation treatments on yield and berry quality of grape cvs. ‘Keshmeshi’ and ‘Sahebi was evaluated in a split plot experiment with a randomized complete block design. The treatments were control, irrigated at 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and deficit irrigation at 80, 60 and 40% of control during post-veraison till harvesting. Results showed that no significant difference was found between control and 80 deficit irrigation for berry yield, mean berries and cluster weight, but deficit irrigation at 60 and 40 % decreased berry yield up to 22 and 37%,  respectively as compared to control. The deficit irrigation at 40% increased TSS in Keshmeshi, but in Sahebi cultivar, deficit irrigation resulted to decrease TSS. Furthermore, deficit irrigation also decreased TSS to TA ratio. The highest phenolic content, which found in Keshmeshi and Sahebi cultivars at 80% deficit irrigation was 60 and 40% more than control. The antioxidant activity of Keshmeshi and Sahebi cultivars was increased 45 and 34% as compared to control with 80 and 40% deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation at 80% of control could save water up to 20%, without reducing water use efficiency. In general, 80% deficit irrigation might be sufficient to maintain yield potential of Keshmeshi and Sahebi cultivars, without significant loss in grape quality.

Rice-duck cultivation is an integrated farming technology, which could increase rice production, grain quality and ecological sustainability in paddy fields. One of the main strategies in sustainable agriculture is the use of optimal cultivation systems in agricultural systems which could be increased the range of adaptation of rice to flooding depth and degree of moisture control. Rice-duck cultivation could be affective to weed control as well as reducing environmental pollution which caused by herbicides and providing the development of environmentally friendly agriculture. It should be noted that traditional and conventional cultivation systems have been faced with problems such as permanent flooding of paddy fields, soil erosion, resistance to pests and pathogens and weeds to chemical pesticides, and environmental pollution. Moreover, they require a lot of labor and water, and high energy, which has increased the need to pay attention to new approach. Studies have showed that the application of effective methods in water productivity, including SRI due to improved irrigation management in the field in terms decreased drainage water, permeability and the consequences of conventional cultivation and increasing soil fertility (duck) can significantly increase the water productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duck application and weed control in different planting systems on yield and abundance of dominant weeds under field conditions.

The experiment was conducted as a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Guilan University. Treatments included three different cultivation systems (conventional, improved, and SRI) as the main factor, and factorial combination of two duck density (un-use and 750 No ha-1) and three weed control (control (un-weed control), once and twice of weed control) as the sub factor. The experiment had three replications and the length of each plot was 4.5 meters and the width was 4 meters. In order to carry out the experiment, first plowing in the land to a depth of 20 to 25 cm with a rotator and paddling with a tiller was done according to the custom of the farmers of the region. In all plots, 80% of the recommended fertilizer was applied in SRI system after deducting the values of cow.

The results showed that abundance and dry biomass of weeds (Umbrella sedge, Barnyard grass, Knot weed and Arrow leaf) were significant in terms of planting system. In all planting systems, 750 ducks ha-1, once and twice weed control, caused complete loss of ovaries, Umbrella sedge, Barnyard grass, Knot weed, and Arrow leaf due to ducks' non-use conditions. 750 ducks ha-1 compared to un-use duck in conventional, improved and SRI planting systems increased grain yield of 21.61, 20.80 and 30.84%, respectively. Also, the application of 750 ducks ha-1 in compared to the conditions of un-used of duck in the cultivation systems of conventional, improved and SRI, increased by 34.80, 33.01, and 38.69% of water productivity, respectively, while there was no significant difference between different levels of weed control in the 750 ducks ha-1 in terms of water productivity.

In general, duck increased plant growth, improved power of rice and finally increased rice yield by proper weed control in the field with muddy water and beak, as well as adding rubbish to the paddy field. According to the results of this study, probably do once the initial hand weeding to control dominant weeds in SRI rice cultivation system with 750 ducks ha-1 to improve rice production systems and to increase water productivity in fields of Guilan province is appropriate.

In this study, effect of deficit irrigation from olive fruit set to ripening stage was investigated. Treatments were control (100ETc), the first one regulated deficit irrigation (RDI1); 100% ETc from fruit set to beginning of fruit ripening and 50% ETc after that to harvesting, the second one regulated deficit irrigation (RDI2); 100% ETc from fruit set to pit hardening and 50% ETc thereafter to harvest, the third one (RDI3); 100% ETc during fruit set to the pit hardening and the beginning of ripening to harvest and 50% ETc at pit hardening, and no irrigation (rainfed). Fruit and oil yield and oil quality characteristics were evaluated. Results showed that the highest yield of fruit (30.41 kg per tree) and olive oil (5.86 kg in dry weight), the least peroxide value (8.33 meq O2/kg) andK270 (0.164), alsothe highest water use efficiency for fruit and oil production (24.24 and 64.4 kg/m3 , respectively) were in RDI3. The least yield of fruit (8.96 kg per tree) and oil (18.1 kg dry weight) and the highest peroxide value (23 meq O2/kg) was observed in rainfed. Overall, results showed that RDI during fruit pit hardening could increase water use efficiency, whitout reducing fruit yield, quality and oil percentage.

Only one-third of the total land area on earth is free of ice and 42% of land experiences temperatures below −20°C. Plants may or may not establish in extreme cold or hot temperatures, prolonged dry or wet soil conditions. For this reason, there is a growing demand for native plants in the landscape. Factors influencing plant selection include assessments of hardiness and aesthetics, ease of propagation and culture, naturalization potential. There is a high genetic variation in the flora of Iran, about 1810 of 8000 recorded taxons in Iran are native. So there is a great potential for using native plant in regions with harsh climates. The genus Thymus L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, consist of about 215 species of herbaceous perennials and small shrubs in the world. They originated from Mediterranean region. This genus is presented in Iranian flora by 14 species .Overall, cold acclimation results in protection and stabilization of the integrity of cellular membranes, enhancement of the antioxidative mechanisms, increased intercellular sugar levels as well as accumulation of other cryoprotectants including polyamines that protect the intracellular proteins by inducing the genes encoding molecular chaperones. So, the aim of this study was to assess the freezing stress tolerance of some thyme species as ground covering species in landscaping projects Seeds of Theme species were sown in containers filled with sand, manure, field soil mixture and maintained in glasshouse. Then, the plants transferred to outdoor condition until the late May. At 24 hours before the end of the acclimation period, the plants irrigated and transferred in their containers to a freezing chamber with 3°C for subjection to freezing temperatures (-10, -20 and -30oC). The temperature reduced at the rate of 2°C per h, and after 1 hour at exposure to the freezing temperature, the containers with plants immediately transferred to growth chamber at 4oC for 24 hours to reduce the speed of ice melting and then returned to the glass. Survival rates, proline accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzymes activity were used to evaluate the freezing tolerance of species. For field experiment germinated seeds in container maintained in greenhouse until the environmental conditions were not limiting factor. After that, seedling planted in outdoor condition and subjected to Ardabil city freezing weather in 2 years. In early spring survival rate recorded. Moreover physiological and biochemical and physical responses of species were evaluated in 3 different times (June, December, February).  Results showed that freezing stress adversely affects growth of theme species. There were 100% survival in all species under Ardebil outdoor condition (during two years), but under freezing chamber condition plant treated with -10oC and -30oC showed 100% and 0% survival, respectively. While in -20oC the highest survival rate were shown in T. vulgaris and T. sepyllum, but T. daenensis had the lowest. The lowest values of electrolyte leakage were related to T. sepyllum, T. kotschyanus, and T. vulgaris. The highest chlorophyll and proline content achieved in T. vulgaris and T. kotschyanus, respectively. Peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activity in T. kotschyanus and T. sepyllum were higher than other species. While there were no significant differences among the species in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. According to the results, it can be deduced that T. kotschyanus, T. vulgaris, and T. sepyllum are more frost tolerant than others. However, because of high survival percent in Ardabil climate and under -20oC, all species can be used as frost tolerant ground cover in landscapes. According to the results all of the studied thyme species are frost tolerant but T. sepyllum, T. kotschyanus, and T. vulgaris have the ability to withstand the harsh weather condition without a considerable loss in their ornamental potential.

The possibility of using six thyme species (Thymus sepyllum, T. kotschyanus, T. vulgaris, T. daenensis, T. pubescence and T. fedtschenkoi) as a ground cover plant in landscape were evaluated in a two year period. Results showed that in aesthetics point of view during vegetative and reproductive stages, Thymus sepyllum, T. kotschyanus, and T. fedtschenkoi had the highest ranks, while T. pubescence and T. daenensis has got the lowest ranks. Because of early flowering under favorable weather conditions in spring T. kotschyanus had the longest flowering period in comparison to other late flowering species, i.e. T. sepyllum, and T. vulgaris. The highest area coverage, inflorescence number and flower number per inflorescence were also recorded in T. sepyllum and T. kotschyanus. In comparison to other species, T. sepyllum and T. vulgaris had the longest inflorescence, but flower size of these species was smaller than the others, whereas the largest inflorescence diameter and flower size were shown in T. daenensis and T. pubescence. In general, results showed that all studied species have valuable ornamental potential, but T. kotschyanus and T. sepyllum are the most suitable species as a ground cover plant in landscape

To evaluate the effects of using various levels of superabsorbent and irrigation regimes on yields of Capparis spinosa plant an experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Field of Emamzadeh Jaafar Gachsaran in 2015. The main factor consisted of three irrigation regimes (once in a month, once every two months, and no irrigation) and a sub-factor at four levels of superabsorbent by Tarawat A200 applications (no superabsorbent, 75, 150, and 225 g/plant). Results revealed that the highest number of branches, collar diameter, height, and chlorophyll belonged to the plants irrigated every two months with 150 g superabsorbent and the highest value of carotenoids was observed in control plants. The highest plant survival rate was observed in 225 g/plant superabsorbent treatment alone. Irrigation levels had positive effects on the morphological characteristics of the plant so that the irrigation level of once every two months had more yield than the other levels. Findings suggest that the application of superabsorbent material in dry land condition could increase the yield by mitigating the effects of the drought stress.

In order to evaluate three species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus clarum, Glomus fasiculatum and Glomus mosseae) and drought stress (80, 55 and 30 percent of field capacity) on characteristics of grass genera, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis, Festuca aurandiancea and Agropyron elongatum, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out in the greenhouse using a cylindrical pots. According to the results, Lolium showed the highest root colonization with G. mosseae while Poa showed the lowest colonization with G. clarum. Drought stress reduced the root colonization of Festuca and Lolium in all mycorrhizal treatments, but increased the root colonization of Agropyron and Poa with G. clarum and G. fasiculatum. At highest level of stress, G. fasiculatum and G. mosseae increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of grass genera, more than 38 percent. Grasses symbiotic with G. mosseae showed the highest relative water content and lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content compared to grasses symbiotic with other species of mycorrhizae. In general, mycorrhizal fungi could reduce the adverse effects of drought stress on grass characteristics, but the tendency to symbiosis and that’s influence on the grass genera under stress, were different.

In order to calibrate and validate the PILOTE model for rice in a humid climate, this study was carried in a randomized complete block design with three replications on a popular local variety, Hashemi, during 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006 and 2007 crop seasons. This research was done at the Rice Research Institute of Rasht, Iran. Evaluation of simulated and measured grain yield and dry matter values was done using Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (EF), Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) and normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) indices. The results revealed that RMSE for validation and calibration were 0.69 and 0.72 Mg.ha-1, respectively. NRMSE for calibration was 9.5 % and for validation was 14.1 %. NRMSE for grain yield and dry matter were 8.74 and 13.37 %, respectively. EF values were between 0.84 and 0.98. The results showed that the PILOTE model can be used to manage properly rice irrigation in different regimes. Scenario analysis showed that the best irrigation regime was intermittent irrigation with 8-day interval.

Water shortages, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas have been threatening food security for millions of people. Considering that Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid zone, crop production is not possible without irrigation management. In areas where crops are irrigated, management and proper planning is necessary for optimal use of water.
Response to the lack of water and plant species, length and duration of stress, age and developmental stage of the plant, and cells and plant and components of under cell depends on its structure (Bray., 1997).
Salinity is one of the main stresses on the cultivation of plants. Salinity stress is an important limiting factor in agricultural systems, which causes difficulties in the process of growth and development of plants (Taiz and Zeiger., 1998). Deficit irrigation is an optimum solution to produce in water deficit (English. et al., 1990). Salinity has a significant effect on morphological, phonological, and physiological traits in most plants (Wang et al., 2003). The most obvious and clearest effect of salinity is the delay in plant growth. The objective of this research is to study combined effects of deficit stress and salinity stress on yield quantity and quality of maize (single cross 260) in the climatic conditions of Shahrood, which can be effective in the optimal use of saline and brackish water in the event of water constraints for corn production.

Turfgrasses are the most important ground covers with high dining leg strength that rarely replacement can be found for them in landscape. Limitation of water resources especially in arid and semi-arid regions is one of the main challenges in turf management. Mycorrhizae symbiosis with plants is one of the ways to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress.
In order to investigate the effects of three species of mycorrhizae fungi (G. clarum, G. fasiculatum, G. mosseae and Non fungi) and drought stress (80, 55 and 30 percent of field capacity) on the biochemical characteristics of turfgrass species, Poa pratensis and Agropyron elongatum, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan in 2015. Following the establishment of turfgrass that lasted about 60 days, drought stress was applied. The traits of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde, proline, total protein of leaves and root colonization percent were studied.
According to the results Agropyron showed the highest root colonization with G. mosseae while Poa showed the lowest colonization with G. clarum. Drought stress reduced the root colonization of Agropyron and poa with G. mosseae but increased the root colonization of them with G. clarum and G. fasiculatum. Drought stress increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, malondialdehyde and total protein in the leaves of studied grasses. Mycorrhizal fungi, especially under drought stress increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and proline content, but decreased the malondialdehyde content. There were significant differences between fungi species and grass species in terms of impact on the above mentioned traits. So that Agropyron with G. mosseae but Poa with G. clarum showed the highest leaf APX activity. In the highest level of stress grasses symbiotic with G. mosseae had the highest POD activity while under mild stress condition highest enzyme activity was observed in leaves of grasses symbiotic with G. fasiculatum. Grass response to mycorrhizal fungi species at different levels of drought stress on CAT activity was different. In moderate stress conditions Agropyron symbiotic with G. mosseae had a highest CAT activity, while in the highest level of stress Agropyron symbiotic with G. fasiculatum had a highest enzyme activity but in Poa in both moderate and severe stress the highest enzyme activity was related to grasses that had not been inoculated with mycorrhizae fungi. G. mosseae caused the proline content of grass leaves at the highest level of drought stress more than 130 percent compared to without mycorrhizae situation increased, but malondialdehyde more than 32 percent decreased. In moderate stress this rate was respectively 70 percent increase and 25 percent decrease.
The effect of mycorrhizal fungi species on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of studied turfgrasses under drought stress was different However, in general, mycorrhiza symbiosis with increases of antioxidant activity and proline could reduce the amount of lipid peroxidation in leaves of studied turfgrasses. In this regards the G. mosseae was more effective.

Nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture are a source of environmental and water resources pollution and using simulation model to recognize its cycle could be important role to control and reduce environmental pollution. In paddy fields¡ nitrogen has complex cycle due to irrigation management and submerged condition. In this study¡ HYDRUS model was used to simulate and study nitrogen cycle under different fertilizer management treatments including 24¡ 48 and 72 hours remaining duration of fertilizer and releasing it by runoff. Micro lysimeters were used for simulating the nitrogen cycle in paddy field. The soil texture of this experiment soil was silty clay loam and after applying the urea fertilizer and treatments of the research¡ ammonium¡ nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured for 4 months (June to September) at depths of 15 and 30 cm. Changes rate of ammonium to nitrite¡ nitrification and denitrification was obtained more at depth of 15 cm than depth of 30. Model could be simulated ammonium and nitrate more accurately than nitrite so that correlation coefficient of simulation were 0.79¡ 0.70 and 0.60¡ respectively. At a depth of 30 cm changes rate of ammonium to nitrite did not affect by fertilizer management treatment.

Today, use of drip irrigation systems for row crops is widespread. One of these systems is subsurface drip irrigation. Knowing the dimensions of the wetting pattern is essential for drip irrigation system design. To design a proper system, as field experiments are time consuming and expensive, using computer models is recommended. In this regard, the present study examined the performance of three models including empirical Kandelous et al. model, analytical WetUp, and numerical HYDRUS-2D models in subsurface tape irrigation. Treatments included three volumes of water i.e. 10, 15, and 20 liters per meter length of tape and three installation depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm, in three replications. Comparison between the measured and simulated wetting dimensions were made by using four statistical indices i.e. RMSE, nRMSE, CRM, and MAE. RMSE values of horizontal wetting extension for Kandelous et al and HYDRUS-2D models were 0.051 and 0.066 m, respectively, while for vertical wetting extension, the values of RMSE were 0.052 and 0.078 m, respectively. nRMSE values of horizontal wetting extension for Kandelous et al. and HYDRUS-2D models were 15.46% and 19.71 %, respectively, being in class ‘good’. nRMSE values of vertical wetting extension for Kandelous et al and HYDRUS-2D models were 15.99 and 23.74 %, respectively, considered as ‘good’ and ‘fair’, respectively. Statistical indices calculated for WetUp model was not in acceptable range. For horizontal and vertical wetting dimensions, CRM and MAE indices for Kandelous et al model were the lowest values. Overall, the Kandelous et al model had the best estimation.

Subsurface drip irrigation with an efficiency of over than 90 percent is one of the method for row crops that can be used for cereals and trees. In this regard¡ the present study was done to investigate the distribution of moisture and capillary rise of water in a silty clay soil with subsurface tape drip irrigation in the city of Rasht in the summer of 2012. The experiment was carried out with three irrigation volumes of 10¡ 15 and 20 liters and three tape installing depths of 10¡ 20 and 30 cm with three replications¡ in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Capillary rise of wetting front in tape installing depths of 10 and 20 cm for all volumes of irrigation water from zero to 10 cm layer of soil moisture reached to field capacity moisture level and covered the all optimal planting depth of seed. With 30 cm depth installation and 10 liters of irrigation volume¡ wetting front capillary rise was not reached to zero to 10 cm soil layer and in volumes of 15 and 20 liters of irrigation volume¡ capillary rise of wetting front reached to 6 to 7 cm beneath the soil surface. Best tape installing depths was 10 and 20 cm¡ but because of interruptions to tillage¡ tape installation depth of 30 cm with an appropriate irrigation volume or with light irrigation for germination in the case of dry springs¡ is recommended.