محمدحسین حدادی

One of the challenges in translating literary texts is the cultural elements, and this is especially important in the translation of dramatic literature due to the use of drama, i.e., performance on stage. Among the approaches to translation that take into account the purpose of translation and the function of the text in the target language, and give a special place to the audience's understanding in the translation of dramatic texts, is the Skopos theory. This research aims to extract the cultural elements in the play „The Man Outside“ based on the division of cultural elements into two categories of tangible cultural elements and intangible cultural elements, and according to them, evaluate the performance of the translator from the perspective of Skopos theory. The result of this research shows that although Golshiri's translation has been used in theatrical performances, his transfer of tangible cultural elements is not in line with the goal of the play, which is performance on stage.

A new chapter of literary movements in Germany has started due to the development of pop literature. Pop literature is the outcome of the rebellious feelings of a younger generation towards the prior social and political values. Christian Kracht is one of the contemporary writers in the German literature scene who was from early on considered as one of the main figures of German’s pop literature due to his unconventional style in describing the concerns of newer generations in his first novel Faserland. However, the main reason that makes Faserland one of the highlights of the contemporary German pop literature world is its psychological aspects demonstrated in the escapisms of its protagonist. This study tries not only to demonstrate pop literature’s vast potentials in manifesting deeper psychological concerns of a society, but also how it is possible to read Faserland’s protagonist as an example of an adolescent, living in mid-90s Germany, who isn’t able to cope with the history and society of the country he’s living in.

The inclusion of foreign literature in one's own literature could be established in the idea of World Literature, experiencing broad dimensions with comparative literary studies. This point of view can play a major role in the cultural interaction of nations. Even if world wars in the 20th century, and the ominous phenomenon of "Trumpism" are related to overzealous nationalism and have marked dark sides in human history, the importance of the realization of the utopia by "Cultural Interaction of Nations" has never decreased for thinkers and writers of the world.The emergence of the overzealous nationalist movements at the beginning of the 21st century and "Trumpism" in this day and age led to a huge crisis in today's world. These phenomena have once again demonstrated the important role of the idea of World Literature and comparative literary studies. The present contribution aims to answer the question of how one can achieve cultural interaction with the medium of "literature", expanding this element to the political, and social areas in today's world.

When it comes to the concern of transfer of form and content in lyrical literature translation, the first step would be the question that “does basically the essential capacity to transfer the form exist in the target language and literature?” Friedrich Rueckert's innovative and creative solution to this problem is that at the first step, he has entered the poetic form from persian language and literature in German prior to translating poems of Hafez, making use of Persian language capacities in German language and literature. The consolidation of lyrical form of ġazal in German, gave him the opportunity and possibility to move across richness of german language, culture and literature and reminds a new way of thinking about how to transfer form source language to target language. This thought played an important role in realizing his motto "World Poetry is Global Reconciliation" and was in line with the idea of world literature.

In educating German as a foreign language, teaching and learning the grammar has always been considered as one of the most important and difficult parts, and therefore, finding a suitable teaching method can play an important role in better achievements of language learners. For many years, teaching German language to non-Germans has been studied from different perspectives. One of the approaches in evaluating the different methods of teaching German language is to consider the centrality of educator or student. This survey concerns a comparative study of two methods of teaching German grammar, namely teacher-centered and student-centered methods, and seeks to answer the question of, whether using one of the two teaching methods can alone result in a better learning of the linguistic structures, or integrating and combining them would lead to better achievements for the German language learners. A survey of the results of different studies and the analysis of statistical outcomes of the polls obtained from a number of German language learners shows that due to weak and strong points in both the methods, the best outcome in teaching grammar would be reached when the instructor would utilize both the teacher-centered and the student-centered methods, parallel to each other.

The lexicon of a language, together with its grammar, constitute the foundation of that language. Meanwhile, the pronunciation and the particular accent to each language also play a significant role in shaping their unique structure. Pronunciation and accent are usually the first indicator of whether a speaker belongs to the native speaker community of the language. Frequent incorrect pronunciations or unusual accents can obstruct the conveyance of what is intended and extremely impact the success of the communication. The interfering effect of pronunciation patterns that are common to one’s mother tongue is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of pronunciation of a foreign language. Acquiring the correct pronunciation thus requires familiarity with the phonetics and phonology of one’s mother tongue as well as that of the foreign language particularly in contrast to each other, so that the situations which cause interference in the phonetic structure of the foreign language are understood better and consciously considered when pronouncing the phones and words of the foreign language.

Stefan Zweig and Bozorg Alavi, as two well-known authors of the contemporary German and Persian literature and representatives of the school of realism tended to the creation of realistic works, depicting a completely authentic atmosphere due to the social and political state of their time. Bozorg Alavi tended to this writing style by studying and living in Germany and by getting to know the poetic works of the german authors. So he became one of the pioneers of the realistic narrative in Iran. The realistic perspective in Her Eyes, Bozorg Alavi’s work bears a great resemblance to the realistic perspective of Stefan Zweig in Schachnovelle. The following article is an attempt to match the realistic aspects of the above mentioned works against each other. The comparative study of these two works will determine, based on an investigation into the realistic factors, that Alavi and Zweig bare similarities in terms of their writing styles and these similarities indicate the influence of Zweig on Alavi in creating the Roman Her Eyes.

Today it would be impossible to imagine the world without extensive intercultural communication and having the necessary competence for communication between different cultures plays an indispensable role in the success or failure of such interactions. A communication that in case of failure would lead to pessimism and misjudgment amongst members of different cultures.
Present-day scholars have reiterated on the importance of teaching intercultural competence in foreign language teaching classes as the main place to transfer such skills. A number of Iranian researchers have also highlighted the significance of training the intercultural competence to the students of German Language at the University of Tehran.
Adopting a critical approach, this article seeks to examine the theories of intercultural communication in order to shed light on the issue and to introduce a relevant educational plan based on those theories. We intend to present a practical strategy in order to design a new course for German language department at Tehran University to make a contribution to the field.

Many of the poems in Bertolt Brecht's plays serve the narrative theater and give as one of the key elements of the alienation technique an especial effect to his narrative narratives. However, Brecht, in line with his intellectual transformation regarding to his political and social positions, has also written independent poems, in which he has taken up positions on the political, social and economic issues of the day. These poems, in line with his ideology and following the transformation in his political and social ideas, are distant from his earlier poems regarding the form and content. Brecht does not have much in common with the concept of love in his artistic life due to his political views of the day, however the present essay seeks to show with a view to his lyrical poems that love has a role - although not a very strong one - in his artistic life.

Although Bertolt Brecht's dramas with the non-Aristotelian characteristics represented him mainly as a pioneer playwright rather than a romantic poet in German and world literature, his poems also content richness and such a literacy that need a precise attention and more consideration. Brecht's poems as like as his dramas are reflections of the political, social, and economical issues of the time which can be regarded as a proof of his political aspects of view that make readers challenge with political, economic and social circumstances of the specific era. Instead of phantasy elements represent Brecht’s poems social and political issues of the day with a rude, more and less aggressive and even obscene ton. Analyzing Bertolt Brecht's poems reflects the way and method of his thinking which express his early poems are criticizing vigorously the chaotic, political and social conditions of early years after the First World War and revolts against the ruling bourgeoisie system.

Acquiring and promoting competency in literary translation has got evident importance in teaching literary translation and its aim is to make the students competent to translate content, linguistic style and function of literary texts equally into destined language. To reach this goal, it is possible to help acquiring and promoting literary translation skills in students by considering different theoretical and practical prospects in teaching literary translation, as well as, various methods. The purpose of the present article is to strengthen the competence through evaluation and contention of hedges and difficulties, problems and errors in literary translation and to propose translation strategies and didactic suggestions with retrospective method for translation products and following to that, to suggest didactic solutions that cause teaching literary translation, as a skill, takes place with more influence in academic ambient and at the same time, leads to improvement in students translations.This article is concerned with the importance of language style and function of literary translation in the target language regarding Heinrich Kleists translation of anecdote Mutterliebe.

One could see, considering German and Iranian Literatures, that Story in Story, as an oriental Technique, which penetrated from Iran to European literature, has been applied in different ways in Iran and Europe. The Mode of application of Technique created a new Genre in Fiction in Europe and especially Germany, which firstly has been assigned as Characteristics of Novel. Some Scholars saw  Falkentheorie  (as Symbol of turning point or reversal in the Story) in the Novel as essential, but others did not take it seriously. Main Objective of Iranian Authors, using Story in Story, was to psychotherapy of psychotic people. But European Authors applied the Technique in different Manner. Obviously, one sees the Difference in various literary Epochs. The Paper is concentrated on Description of these Differences; furthermore, using some Examples from oriental and occidental literatures, the Paper analyses Features of Story in Story.

In order to investigate the effects of tillage systems and plant densities in two plant pattern, on kernel yield and its component on corn (Zea mays L.cv.sc704), an experimental design, randomized complete block in a strip factorial was used, treatments arrangement with four replications in north of Iran in 2010-2011. Main plot was subjected to tillage systems in three levels: 1. Rotary system (RS). 2. Disk system (DS) - 3. Plow and Disck system (PDS). Other factors were plant density in three levels (60000, 70000 and 80000 plant/ha) and plant pattern were conventional row (linear) and new two rows (zigzag). The results indicated that all traits, were not affected by tillage systems, while the grain yield and 1000 seeds weight, which were affected by plant density showed significant difference. With the increase of density from 60000 to 80000 plants/ha, grain yield and 1000 seeds weight increased, an amount of from 9.09 to 11.14 t/ha and 332.35 to319.52 gr respectively. Grain yield and 1000 seeds weight were not affected by plant pattern.

Maize hybrid KSC 703 (K47/3 x MO17) produced grain yield 12.034 t/ha over seven locations in 2010, compared to KSC 704 with 12.034 t/ha, as check. During two years evealuation ( 2011-2012) over 12 locations, this hybrid revealed grain yield 11.291 t/ha, comparing to KSC 704 with 9.506 t/ha, showing 1.785 t/ha (18.8%) yield increase. On farm experimants carried out in Islam Abad, Ravansar, Mahtabi, in 2013, revealed 14.400 t/ha with 20.5% moisture, compared to KSC 704 by 11 t/ha with 23.1% moisture contenet in Islam Abad, Kermanshah province (3.667 t/ha yield increase and 2.6% less moisture content). In Ravansar (Kermanshah province), this hybrid showe average grain yied 16.233 t/ha with 20.5% moisture content, comparing to KSC 704, with 11.500 t/ha, with 23% moisture contenet, meaning 4.733 t/ha yield increase and 2.5% lower moisture content . In Mahtabi (Jiroft region), this hybrid yielded 2.815 t/ha more grain than KSC 704 (23%), and 3.815% less grain moisture at harvesting time.

Translation includes delicate points that if being ignored, it will damage the text and its meaning. One of these main points is the social dialect which should be considered in translation, just like geographical dialects. The social dialects that sometimes create the main body of a story introduce characters and contain important information concerning the speakers. The following article is concerned with the importance and function of social dialects in the literary works regarding to the translation of Heinrich Mann’s social novel “Fereshte Abi [original title: Professor Unrat oder das Ende eines Tyrannen]”. Mahmoud Haddadi translated this book from German and it was published in 2004 by Avishan Publication Company. The present article aims to analyze the techniques used by the translator to convey the social dialect of the three main characters, as well as investigating which elements should be considered when translating the social dialects.

The German translation of the Qur''an is one of the ways of understanding this Holy Book in German-speaking countries. But because there are deficiencies in the Translation of the Quran، the reader is unable to reach this goal. The main purpose of this study is to identify deficiency factors in the German translation from the beginning until now to reduce vulnerability by providing the necessary solutions. Results of this study show four major problematic factors of the German translation: 1. Structural damage (morphological، syntactic، grammatical، etc.); 2. Damage of Fiqh (jurisprudence failure to inform the translator of his inability to understand the verses of Ahkam); 3. Lexical Damage (vocabulary and maintain homogeneity and the detection of systematic translation); 4. Damaging the theological and doctrinal beliefs and assumptions (para-lingual factors). He present essay accurately reviews the problematic factors in the German translations of the Quran and provides some suggestions for solving these problems.

In some corn fields، in different parts of Iran، the phenomenon of partly grain free ear is observed. This phenomenon can severely decreases corn yield. Although most researchers، mention that this phenomenon is the result of moisture and heat stresses at the time of pollination، but some other researches believed that it is due to the nutritional factors، especially Boron and Zinc nutritional elements. In order to examine the effect of zinc and boron application on corn grain production، an experiment was conducted at Gharakhil Agricultural research station in Ghaemshahr during the 2003-2006. The experiment was factorial and conducted in the field as a Randomized Complete Block Design، with 20 treatments، and 3 replications. The treatments were composed of five level of zinc (O، 8، 16 and 24 kg. ha-1 in soil and foliar application of ZnSO4 with 0. 5 percent concentration) and four levels of Boron (0، 20 and 40 kg. ha-1 of boric acid in soil and foliar application of boric acid with 0. 3 percent concentration)، and finally their means were compared. The result from Mazandaran experiment، showed that application of Zinc caused a significant increased in grain yield (= 5%)، but application of Boron individually or Zinc in combination with Boron، had not significant effect on grain yield. The maximum grain yield (10380 kg. ha-1) was obtained due to application of 120 kg. ha-1 ZnS04 and 40 kg. ha-1 Boric Acid، which produced more yield (1415 kg. ha-1). The application of Zinc individually had only a significant effect on the length of corn ear and plant height، but application of Zn + Born had significant effect on length and diameter of corn ear percent of partly grain free and their effect on other studied parameters were not significant.

Translation is under the influence of para-lingual factors on all lingual levels (lexicon،syntax،sound،etc.). One of these factors is the religious presuppositions that engage the mind in selecting equivalent words in the target language،which leads to the appearance of multiple translations of a single text. Throughout the centuries،some nations and organizations،in order to create a certain effect،have injected their own specific beliefs in translation. This article will study Max Hening''s translation of the Holy Quran،which is one of the most significant translations in the twentieth century،and discuss the role of religious presuppositions in translation. The results of this study indicate that in addition to the general principles of translation،meaning the complete mastery of the source and target languages،mastery of scentific domains (which belongs to the original text)، and fidelity،the influence of theological and doctrinal beliefs and assumptions also play a significant role in the selection and use of cerain words in the process of translation. The results of…

Bertolt Brecht composed poems, focusing on the political, social and economic situations of his time. This fact could also be seen in his plays. With this outlook Brecht challenges the readers of his work with regard to the social problems of their time. Doing so, the reader finds himself in a difficult task that tests his ability and skill to resolve the problems. The initial poems of Brecht show his nihilistic, anarchistic and expressionistic opinion. He also tried to question the Bourgeoisie which can be considerd as an essential characteristic of his early plays. In the middle of the third decade Brecht has shown Marxist tendencies in his plays and has tried to condense Marxist opinions. During his emigration and in order to fight against Fascism, Brecht adopted a new style in composing his poems. He started to compose them ignoring rhythm and rhyme. He felt certain that rhythm and rhyme were an obstacle in expressing social problems. Although Brecht started to compose political poems after the Second World War, the conception of love can be traced in the lyrics of the later period of his artistic activity.

Penetration of culture and literature of orient began at the time of crusades and so the German authors of romanticism became founded in oriental inspiration for literary works. Orient was for Goethe until 1814، when he recived the translation of Divan Hafiz، translated by Hammer- Purgstall، a medium for the release of the time. But after reading this translation he became so enthusiastic that hecomposed poems about Hafiz. Rueckert translations ofculture and literature of orient occurred after Goetheand introduced to the west the culture and literature of orient and enriched the geraman language which is a very good language for expression of thoughts of people in the world.

As the most significant religious resource for Muslims, Quran has always attracted the attention of many Muslim and non-Muslim scholars. So far many translators, with various intentions, have translated this holy book. A group of these translators pretended to be Muslims, while in fact they were strong enemies of Islam, and their real intention was to change the realities of this holy book and represent an ugly picture of it. In this study, by explaining beliefs and purposes of the deviant sect of Qadiyanism (Ahmadiyeh), and investigating one of the German translations of Quran done by this movement under the supervision of Mirza Bashir-al Din Mahmud Ahmad the second Caliph of this sect, focusing on Surah Hamd, we will reveal their intention for translating the Quran and using it for their own purposes with regard to the dominant political status of the time. Study of the translation method and exposing weaknesses and strengths of it may also help other translators, and improve the knowledge for Quran translation as well.

Man is Man is a reflection of Brecht’s attention towards Marxism in the mid twentieth century. In this drama، he tried to convince the audience that to adhere to Marxism، there must be a social change. In Man is Man Brecht tells the story of the transformation of a character who is not able to say ″No″. In the very long run، this character forgets his identity and selects a new one. In this way، Brecht’s inclination was to create a Grotesque of realization in the spectators so that they would launch social and political changes.