فهرست مطالب محمدرضا ثروتی

Neglecting coastal erosion can lead to environmental hazards that are among the main factors affecting human communities and facilities. Paleontology researches demonstrate tens of meters fluctuation in water level of the Caspian Sea. The shores of the Caspian Sea have variable topography and land use including lowlands (estuaries of rivers, gulfs and progradation) and sandy uplands. In this study, spatiotemporal analysis was used to analyze the changes in sandy coasts in relation to land use changes and the adaptation of the coastal line in the study area within the framework of coastal cells. Land use data for the years 1975 and 2020 were extracted using SAGA and ENVI software, and land use changes were analyzed using IDRISI software. The results showed that 68 kilometers of the coast have been unstable, with the majority of these areas experiencing erosion due to human activities (land use changes), including cells 10 and 3. Also, the erosion of unstable cells 5, 6, and 1 is of natural erosion type (sea level changes), and the erosion of unstable cells 9 and 2 is of natural-human erosion type. The remaining 24 kilometers of the studied coastline have been stable coasts, with the majority of coastal areas experiencing natural erosion (sea level changes), including cells 7 and 8. Cell 4 has had sustainable coasts with erosion of a natural-human type.

Neglecting coastal erosion and its changes can lead to environmental hazards, which are among the main factors affecting human communities and facilities. Paleontological research demonstrates tens of meters of fluctuation in the water level of the Caspian Sea. The shores of the Caspian Sea have variable topography and land use, including lowlands (estuaries of rivers, gulfs, and progradation) and sandy uplands. In lowlands, there is a slight slope that causes flooding of lands when the sea level rises, as well as an increased piezometric level of coastal aquifers. This study investigates changes in the coastal line from Talesh to Anzali over a period of 45 years using spatiotemporal analysis in the form of coastal cells. For this purpose, ArcGIS software was used to extract the coastal lines of 1975, 1997, and 2020. Then, using DSAS software, the amount of changes in the coastline was determined. The research results showed that changes in the coastal line in the study area were entirely influenced by the fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level, with 77% of the coastal line experiencing more than 30 meters of retreat. Human activities have somewhat prevented the instability of the coastline due to changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea.

The shores of the Caspian Sea have different topography and land use, including lowlands associated with the mouths of rivers, bays, or seawater advances on land and relatively higher sandy and sandy beaches. There is a very low slope in the lands behind the beach. Paleontological research shows the rise and fall of the water level of the Caspian Sea in the form of figures of several tens of meters. the purpose of this research is to analyze the degree of vulnerability of 93.4 km of coastlines in three cities of Talesh, Rezvanshahr and Anzali in Gilan province. In this research, four variables were used in the form of 12 subcategories, using the hierarchical analysis method, to achieve the vulnerability index of the coastal area of ​​Talesh to Anzali cities. According to the mentioned references and the purpose of the study, the desired variables include sea level changes, land topography, geomorphology and land use. Landsat satellite images, topographic maps 1:25000 and digital model of 12.5 meters height of the research area as well as SAGA, IDRISI, ENVI, DSAS and Arc GIS software were used for analysis. The results showed that the beaches with low vulnerability belong to the areas around PareSar breakwater, as well as areas strengthened by onshore currents. Therefore, 56.2 km (60%) of the studied coast needs special attention in order to determine management approaches to protect the coast, prevent coastal erosion and strengthen and nourish the beach.

The destructive effects of wind erosion on the environment and human activities have led to the identification and quantification of sources of wind sediments as an important issue for planners. Due to the importance of the subject, in this study, the origin of wind sediments in Jalali sands has been investigated. To achieve this, after mapping the geomorphological facies of the study area using field visits and Google Earth images in ArcMap software, 43 samples of area sediments were collected in different geomorphological facies. Then, using geochemical and XRF experiments, the volume of elements in each sediment sample was determined. Normalization and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed in SPSS software. After determining the geochemical tracers using the Solver plugin in Excel software, the sediment fingerprinting equation was applied to the tracer elements in the study area in order to determine the relative contribution of geomorphological facies in the formation of wind sediments. According to the results, the largest share of sediment sources was related to the lemon clay facies, so that 60% of the sediments were related to this facies, which cover 2.2% of the area. After lemon clay facies, the largest share was related to puffy facies. Puffy facies with 36.8% of the area, 36% of the sediment sources. According to the mentioned, areas with dense vegetation had the lowest share in the production of aeolian sediments and lemon clay facies that had no vegetation and had fine-grained elements, had the highest share of sediment production, so Necessary measures need to be taken to stabilize these domains.

The coastline is one of the most rapidly changing landforms of coastal areas. It changes constantly because of the rising sea level due to natural conditions and the influence of human activities. The position of coastline usually changes following the tides. Therefore, quick and accurate measurements of dynamic coastline changes are of great significance to coastal management, sea level change research, environmental protection, and sustainable coastal development. The main purpose of this study is monitoring Caspian Sea coastline changes under the influence of sea level fluctuations during the period 1977-2017. In this regard, the Landsat satellite imageries collection, Google Earth, topographic maps and fieldworks has been used in an analytical-descriptive manner. Then, making the necessary corrections on images, combining and merging the bands with each other, the best and most appropriate band composition was selected to extraction the coastline. Then, according to the rate of changes in the region's shores, 7 littoral cells were defined in the region. In the next step, the coastline position was extracted by tracking the location of the high watermark through visual and spectral separation methods and entered the database as digital layers. The coastline changes are monitored in two time periods, from 1977-1996 and 1996-2017. The results show that during the first period, erosion was the dominant process in the region. The lowest erosion rate was about 2.46 km2 in the LC2 and the highest was about 168.80 km2 in the LC5 and only about 0.0159 km2 sedimentation occurred in the LC1. But during the second period, the predominant process in the region was sedimentation. The minimum and maximum sedimentation rates were about 1.40 km2 in the LC2 and about 72.55 km2 in the LC5, respectively. During this period, only about 0.68 square kilometers of erosion occurred in the LC1.

Today, the dust problem has become a regional and global crisis. Dust and sandstorms can be considered as funding sources for the formation of sand dunes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the movement of dust production sources and their role in the formation of sand dunes in the Jalali sandy area located in the east of Qom province. The research data includes library information, sampled points as well as information obtained from meteorological stations in Qom province and using the HYSPLIT model. The tools used in the research include climatic data from ArcGIS, WRPLOT, Google earth, Excel and NOAA satellite data. During the years (1987-2019), 89% of dust occurrence occurred in the warm half of the year and 11% in the cold half of the year. The drawn flowers of the three stations of Kuh-e-Sefid, Qom and Kushk-e-Nusrat show the superiority of the east, southeast, west and southwest directions towards Qom city. Dust also emphasizes dominance in the east in hot seasons. Routing and movement of dust in the sampled points at altitudes up to 1000 m and 1000 to 1500 m in reverse using the HYSPLIT model showed the external origin, deserts of Saudi Arabia, Syria and Iraq and the internal origin of the salt lake and plain Abandoned agricultural lands and lands have a more prominent role in the production of dust sources and the formation of glorious sand dunes.Keywords: Dust, Rose, HYSPLIT, WRPLOT, Jalali Sands.

Tectonic geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes involved in shaping the present landscape. In recent years, tectonic geomorphology has been remarkably one of the major and effective tools in detecting active tectonic shapes and seismic hazard maps as well as understanding and understanding the history of the present Earth's surface measurements. Today, tectonics has proven to be an effective application in geomorphological knowledge. Quantitative measurement of landforms allows geomorphologists to investigate the role of active tectonics in landscape deformation. Tectonic geomorphology studies the landforms created by tectonic activity. Quantitative investigation of tectonically active landforms is a very useful tool in reconstructing tectonic history and understanding the evolution of landforms. To study the gradual effects of tectonics over thousands of years, one has to examine the morphological effects that have preserved them. One of the effects that responds to tectonic changes is salt diapir whose form of quantitative features can be influenced by active tectonics. The aim of this study was to identify salt diapir in Fars province and evaluate their activity using different indices. Then, using radar images and radar interferometry, the magnitude of the diapir was increased. Calculate salt and compare it with the results of tectonic indices.

This research is based on descriptive-analytical methods. The research data included 1:50000 topographic maps, 1: 100000 geological maps, 30 meters DEM SRTM , Sentinel satellite radar images, and salt diapir morphometric information through field surveys and Google imagery. Research tools include GMT software to map area displacement, ARCGIS to map, Google Inheritance to assess area status, as well as 9 indicators to evaluate salt diapir activity status. The method used in this study is to first use 9 indices Circularity (C), Elevation Index (Bh), Elongation Index (Bs), Hypsometric Integral Index (Hi) and Area Under Hypsometric Curve (y), Branch Ratio Index (BR), Average Class 1 Waterway Index (LN1), Drainage density index (Dd) and waterway frequency index (Fs) The activity status of the salt diapir is investigated and then calculated using the SBAS method of vertical displacement. After calculating different indices to evaluate the activity status of salt diapir and also preparing the vertical displacement rate map, in this step, the relationship between indices and the displacement rate map of the region is discussed.

In this study, tectonic status of salt diapir was evaluated using different indices. Since the tectonic status of each diapir was different for different indices, salt diapir were rated for each index in order to evaluate the overall diapir for all indices, In fact, scoring has been relative, and given that the diapir has been evaluated in this study, each diapir has a score of 1 to 11 in terms of tectonic status. Evaluation results show that Chalal Salt diapir with average of 7.11, Benako with 6.55 and Aliabad with 6.44 of each index have the highest score and are considered as the most active diapir Salt diapir of Pyramid with average of 5 depleted with 5.22and Nina with 5.44 points are considered as diapir with low tectonic activity. After calculating the indices, the vertical displacement rate of the region was estimated using SBAS time series method. The results indicate that the range of studies over the 2-year period has shifted from -153 to 93 mm. This indicates that the area had a maximum subsidence of 153 mm during the period studied and a maximum of 93 mm uplift.

According to the results obtained by calculating the indices, among the salt diapir, the salt pomegranate has the lowest activity and, as a result of the SBAS method, it is in the area without uplift and subsidence, Corresponds to the results of the indices. But some salt diapir, such as the Chehal Diapir, are considered to be the most active in terms of indicators, While the map shows the extent of displacement in areas without uplift and even subsidence, this indicates the impact of various factors such as groundwater loss, erosion, and etc. In view of the above, it can be said that the study area is affected by salt formations, and in some areas it has been up to 93 mm over the course of 2 years, But due to various factors such as groundwater loss in the southern part of the range, the area has been subdued, so it can be said that the vertical displacement of the area in addition to the salt formations that caused the uplift, groundwater loss and tectonic factors Caused the collapse of the region. Keywords: Salt diapir, Tectonic indices, SBAS, Larestan

Geotourism is one of the new concepts in geography and tourism literature that emphasizes the determination of special tourist sites from the point of view of geology and geomorphology. The focus of studies in this scientific branch is to determine the special tourist sites and to combine them with cultural, historical and ecological resources in order to achieve sustainable tourism development. In the meantime, the geospatial creation of the geoparks by the UNESCO Organization for the protection of Geological Heritage was presented with its special scientific management plans. Therefore, it can be argued that a sustainable and systematic development approach is one of the essential requirements for the effective management of the present era for the development of tourism industry globally. In this regard, the main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of the development of geotourism and the creation of geopark on sustainable tourism indicators. The research method was correlation and sampling method in this study was a holistic judgment sampling method and the sample size included 66 senior experts from the Office of the Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism in Guilan province. After collecting data with standard questionnaires, structural equation modeling technique with partial least squares approach was used to evaluate the relationships between variables and in general, all data analysis was performed using SPSS and PLS softwares. The results of the research hypotheses indicate the impact of geotourism and geopark on sustainable tourism indices in different dimensions (economic, social, cultural, political, technological, and ecological).

During the past two decades, extracting geomorphic indices using digital elevation models in the GIS environment has been addressed as a quick and accurate method to analyze landforms, so that these indices have been used to quickly evaluate the recent tectonic activity in a particular area. The present study aimed to evaluate the active tectonic of salt diapirs located on south-eastern Zagros in Lar region of Fars province, by measuring the hypsometric integral (Hi), basin height (Bh) circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), drainage density (Dd), bifurcation ratio (Rb), mean length of first-order streams (LN1), stream frequency (Fs), alluvial fan’s width to length ratio (W/L), and the sweep angle (S). First, the study area was extracted using digital elevation model. After calculating the indices in salt diapirs, the results reveal that the best correlation is between the hypsometric parameter and the diapirs area, indicating that the hypsometric integral is a good indicator for classifying age of diapirs. In addition, the mean length of the first-order stream is a good indicator for dividing the diapirs from age viewpoint (youth and old). It was found that the drainage density index, bifurcation ratio, drainage frequency, the indices of the alluvial fans around the diapirs  such as the sweep angle, width to length ratio, and slope have no significant relationship with the hypsometric integral and the age of the diapirs. The lack of a significant relationship was due to the complex structure of the salt diapirs and their movements, which disrupted the morphometry of draiange systems of the study area.

  Alluvial fans have a great importance in terms of their high efficiency to create natural aquifer and groundwater storage. Increasing the rate of water demand and relying on groundwater has caused a remarkable decline in groundwater resource and aquifer level. On the other hand, flood spreading is known as an applicable and an effective method for artificial aquifers recharging in arid and semiarid regions. Sabzab and Gotvand plains (fig. 1), in Khuzestan Province, have experienced vivid decline in groundwater-level due to over pumping of aquifer resources, since last decades. Therefore, these plains have been selected to implement methods of artificial recharging of groundwater, especially flood spreading. The research methodology included comprehensive methods of field observations, application of ArcGIS, 10.3 tools, and modeling. Accordingly, a geographical information system was used for the zoning of the suitable areas to implement artificial recharging by a flood spreading method based on the fuzzy logic model. Imported data for zoning included Landsat ETM+ satellite images (2010, 28.5 m resolution), topographic maps of Gotvand and Sarbishe regions (1:25000 scale), geological map of Dezfol region (1:100000 scale), precipitation data, soil permeability data, and the measurement of the electrical conductivity of floods region. The zoning procedures provided 6 GIS-ready map layers including quaternary deposits of the region, slope, infiltration, electrical conductivity, thickness of alluvium, transmissivity, and drainage density. In the second step, the effective factors were formulated in a fuzzy manner and GIS-Ready layers were overlapped using Sum, and, OR, Product, and Gamma operators. Finally, the zones with high suitability for flood spreading were overlaid over the alluvial fans outcrops. Several thematic maps were produced on the basis of the fuzzy method. The suitability zoning as the main objectives of the research was obtained in four classes ranged (fig. 5) from high suitable to unsuitable (table 1). The results showed that high-suitable areas were often at the bottom of the Bakhtiari conglomerate formations and alluvial fans (Fig. 7). In addition, alluvial fans which had mainly composed of coarse size sediments had close genetic relationship with Bakhtiari conglomerate formation and represented the remarkable matching with two high-suitable and suitable classes. The mean rate of 83 % of the different fuzzy operators showed the most comparability with high suitable and suitable areas. The research hypotheses were successfully confirmed by the resultant data. The present research indicates the importance of geomorphological landforms in terms of artificial groundwater recharge and it should be protected as a source of water. Therefore, incorrect changes to this lands form should be avoided. Furthermore, the fuzzy method has represented a useful manner to find suitable zones for flood spreading. The research method is also recommended to be used in other similar geological conditions in Khuzestan Province.

The goal of this study was to study the geomorphologic response- type models of the coastline of Miankaleh Barrier to the rapid fluctuations of the Caspian Sea. In this regard, Landsat satellite imageries (the sensor: 4, 5, 7 and 8 series), historical maps, topography maps and multiple field works have been used. Based on quantitative documentation of historical changes in shoreline position in response to natural and human variables, eight geomorphic response-types were identified for classifying barrier coasts: (1) lateral movement, (2) advance, (3) dynamic equilibrium, (4) retreat, (5) in-place narrowing, (6) landward rollover, (7) breakup, and (8) rotational instability. Long-term (decades to centuries) monitoring of shoreline position over a spatial scale of 10 to 100 km provides a scientific basis for documenting process-response relationships that shape regional coastal morphodynamics. The results show that there are the six morphological-type models in the Miankaleh barrier region based on the eight geomorphologic-type models of McBride et al, 1995; such as lateral movement, advance, retreat, in-place narrowing, breakup and rotational instability. The results indicate that the advance and retreat morphological-type models are formed in the region during the rise and fall sea levels, respectively. In-place narrowing and breakup morphological-type models appear simultaneously with the rise in sea level, and the rotational instability model also appears when the sea level is reduced in the region. The lateral movement type model has also been developed during the sea level rise and fall periods. Also, the results show that the sea level during the period of 1214-1396 has experienced six Progradation-Retrogradation stages. The assessment of the satellite imageries and statistical data on sea level fluctuations indicate that the sea level has fallen back to 1374 and has dropped by about 1.5 meters. The rate of recession and the reduction of the level of surface between 1374 until 1396 were estimated at 6.8 cm per year. Despite the fact that on a large scale, the increase in the relative sea level water along the shore of the Miankaleh barrier is one of the most important factors controlling the occurrence of various geomorphic reactions; however, the sediment supply also has a significant impact on reactions shoreline.

Introduction The coast is a dynamic environment continually adjusts to the effects of weather, tides, seasons and climate change. The coastal area cannot withstand too much misuse it is inherently unstable and liable to change. Rapid changes in coastlines and morphological aspects an important feature of these areas, particularly around ports and other structures are manmade. Protection of ocean and marine coastal regions is a vital part in any coastal management program for sustainable development. The coastline is the most dynamic aspects of the Earth's surface. Thus, mapping the coastline and the changes it is very necessary for planning and efficient use of the beaches. On the other hand, in our modern world, coastal engineering sciences and assessment of coastal sediments and erosion are considered to be vital elements in management of national coastal areas. A large part of sediments of Caspian Sea coast are subject to erosion as a result of environmental forces (fluctuations in sea level and coastal waves and currents as well as wind). The rate and severity of erosion hazards varies depending on the morphological and geography and hydrodynamic properties of coastal areas. The case study in this research is situated at coordinates of geographical longitude from 53ú, 10ó, and 00ð up to east 53ú, 24ó and 00ð and geographical latitude 36ú, 47ó, and 00ð up to north 36ú, 52ó, and 00ð the southeast coasts of the Caspian Sea on the ports of Amirabad and Neka in the East of Mazandaran Province.
Methodology Change detection helps in ascertaining shoreline trend analysis and its future prediction.The main purpose of this research is assessment of coastline changes in the south east coasts of the Caspian Sea during 1987-2015. Thus, satellite imagery (Landsat 5, 7 and 8, TM sensor for June 1987 with bands 1 to 4, ETM [Landsat 7] for July 2001 with bands 1 to 8 and ETM [Landsat 8] for August 2015 with bands 1 to 11), topographic maps (with scale: 1:50000 and 1:250000) and geographical information system software in Arc GIS 10 and Erdas Imagine 9.1 software, have been used. The use of satellite images is an effective technique for study and assessment the occurred changes in the coastal zone. So, in this study, in order to monitoring changes in the coastline, Landsat satellite images (TM and ETM Sensors) for 1987, 2001 and 2015 have been used. In order to determine the amount of change in the coastline in the study area, the best band combination and one band was chosen to extract the shoreline. Then, the change and move coastline on the images of 1987 and 2001 and 2015 in eight points and was measured by observing the distance of 2000 m. Then, the amount of sedimentation and erosion in the area were also calculated.
Result and Discussion The results indicated who the coastline during the period under review, from 1987 to 2001 and from 2001 to 2015 is progress to the sea in the most parts and only in the eastern ports of Amirabad and Neka eroded. The greatest amount of progress and retreat of the shoreline of the years 2001-1987, respectively, are 450 and 68 m. While these values during 2015-2001, respectively 311 and 112 m has been. Also, the rate of sedimentation and erosion in the area of 1987-2015 respectively has been about 5.69 and 0.53 square kilometers.
Conclusion The results of this research show that most of the changes occurred in the study area in the period 2001-2015. Analyzing satellite images of the study area show that due to the construction and development of the ports of Amir Abad and Sadra drastically changed, so that the coastline in most parts toward of the sea progressed and main phenomenon in the study area has been sedimentation. The interpretation of satellite image data indicates that areas at opposite sides of the Amir Abad and Neka ports had different responses to depositional and erosion processes. Beach modification impacts have aggressively developed at the central part of study area groynes at the Amir Abad port have caused sediment accretion at the west side but erosion processes could develop as the beach retreats on the east side. The maximum progress amount in coastline of the study area is occured in the western part of Amir Abad port during the period 2001-1987, which at 450 meters has been changed. Also, the results show that significant volume of the sedimentation is deposit in west section of the Amir Abad and Neka ports. But, east section of these ports is faced with erosion. Moreover, the most change during the period time studied is related with volume sedimentation in the western section of Amir Abad and Neka ports that it somewhere reaches to 130 hectare. The results of this research can be applied in development plans for engineers and issues in the integrated coastal zone management for study area.

Urban streams have great potential for building a green space network for an entire city. In essence, urban streams have great potential to function as a key part of an urban green infrastructure providing valuable ecosystem services to urban residents. Urban stream organizing has one of the key topics in water management and land use planning in iran, there are still ongoing controversies associated with organizing plan. Vegetation is one of the key components of urban stream restoration to increase its natural and esthetic attributes. However, formulating and maintaining planting/vegetation is not easy because it requires consideration of not only the usual factors for general open space design such as ground-level ecological capacity and residents’ preference, but also plants’ hydrophilic aspects. To be selected for stream basin vegetation, plants and vegetation should not be easily washed away during flooding and have a high survival rate even with extended submergence. One of the situations that of concern to the applied geomorphologist is that in which geomorphologist events have a direct impact on man. The irregular development in Tehran, over the past half-century, addition to the destruction of parts a coherent historical context and cultural assets and historical heritage surviving the cause is of a large part the natural heritage of floodways.
Farahzad stream is one floodways in north of the metropolitan Tehran. Farahzad basin in terms of geological structure is part of Central Alborz and has semi-dry climate. With the organizing floodways, urban landscape, walkways and recreational confines, as well as environmental and urban landscape conservation sustainable development will be realized. In the urban areas sections of society play an important role in the organizing the floodways. Farahzad basin at coordinates of geographical longitude of 51ú 19´, and 00 up to east 51ú ,22´, and 00 and geographical latitude 35ú ,45´, and 00 up to north 35ú,53´, and 00 with an area of 28 square kilometers in north Tehran city (North of Tehran Province) is located. The maximum amount of rainfall in the area is more than 600 mm and its average of 422 mm per year.
This study aims to assessment the organizing appropriateness the Farahzad city-floodways with the geomorphological factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, precipitation, soil, land use and land cover (vegetation), distance from liner features (such as: fault, river, road), and overlying of them, with emphasis on organizing floodways using geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and AHP done. Methods based on analytical - descriptive, library studies using geographical Information system (GIS) software and analytic hierarchy model in Expert choice software over the map of organizing proportion Farahzad city-floodways based on the geomorphological factors have been proposed.
Among layers used in this study, the most weight allocated to elevation. The next layer in order of importance include: slope, aspect, rainfall, vegetation, soil, distance from streams, faults and roads have been. Among the factors and layers used in this paper, the lowest relative weight assigned to the layer distance from the road.
Knowledge of key geomorphological processes is integral to the understanding of the evolution of any landscape. Results of this study show that most organized floodways area of geomorphological factors in considering a very low and low status proportion (44 per cent). Also, 33 per cent of the area has been organizing high and very high to fit the situation with the geomorphological factors. The results show that in environmental management and urban planning have not been paying attention to the morphological parameters.
In this paper, the Farahzad Basin was studied using topography maps with 1:50000 scales and geology maps with 1:100000 scales, Landsat satellite imagery with high resolution and the overlying and weighed methods. The Landsat ETM satellite image analysis during 2005 and 2010 (before and after organizing) and their comparison revealed that the Farahzad floodways vegetation after the organizing than in the previous year’s organizing has grown to 26 per cent. Also, hazards such as landslides, slope instability and even protection of the environment, was affected from landforms and geomorphological parameters.

KARKAS Mountain is the highest peak of the Kashan Natanz regains.On the one hand due to the diversity of geomorphologic. For Example: diversity of heights, tilt of foothills, valleys, types of faults, and time-rock units, types of units, glaciers, and sediment On the other hand, due to geomorphic processes such as tectonics, dry and hot to cold temperate climate, luxuriant vegetation and some areas without vegetation, landslides, rock debris It can be described as a place for research in the earth sciences .The paper studies of the geomorphology of KARKAS Mountain Try to interpret variety of forms and processes by using GIS... Due to the introduction of the gradient of the mountain, evidence of glaciers is currently slopes of the activity of the earth (the dynamics), We conclude that, especially on the northern slopes of the mountains above 1700 meters, is very sensitive to environmental changes morph tectonic exercise and it is happening very rapidly.

Watershed management operations are works in order to optimum using from drainage basin Sourcs or conservation and remediation of natural sources. If operation of this projects elevting from several aspect pf technical and engineering the production result maybe help us to find the reason of advantage and disadvantage of suggestive operation and showing us suitable solutions in the way of obviating them. In this paper to take necessary action of Watershed management activity as introduction of Gabion check-dam and break weir in drainage basin of upside of Berenjestanak dam (Mazandaran province), is something has studied .For researching about the effect of instructed check dams on scale of sediment control and becomes we don’t have information about Hydrometric station in quantitative method we used EPM tentative method .The result showed decrees of sediment after the operation. In addition, check dams can be control about 1.8% from Berenjestanak dam reservoir. After quality evaluation of watershed management model that administrated in zone on observation and complete instance table lists by supervisor, the last point of evaluation of this project is 79.5 that’s best function of this project. So the last result tell us observing problem of specially in introduction of corrected structures in zone decrease natural slope of waterway and changes. That to limited slope,entraps of sediment and decrease useful ago of Berenjestanak dam and also reduces the speed of runoff and finally decrease of erosion.

The study of active tectonic is significant due to assessment of the risk of earthquake in different areas, especially those where relatively high tectonic activity was observed in Holocene and Pleistocene. The objective of present study is to compare the tectonic activity levels in banks of Hable, Jajrood, and Haji Arab rivers through morphometric analyses. The ratios determined in the present study include the proportion of valley floor width to its height, mountain front-side sinuosity, and longitudinal slope of river, drainage basin asymmetry, and ratio of drainage basin shape, ratio of inverse topographic symmetry of the basin, ratio of drainage basin symmetry, and symmetry ratio of the basin all of which represent the tectonic activity of a region in four categories of low, medium, high and very high. For active tectonic estimation, topographic maps (1: 250,000 and 1: 50,000) along with geological maps (1: 20,000 and 1: 25,000) along with 10m DEM of the studied regions were used. For generation of basins on the studied region, ArcGIS Software was used to deal with a database of digital elevation model. Certain phenomena such as fault scarp, multi-generational alluvial fans, and linear valleys are among morphologic evidence that are abundantly found in basins with high and medium tectonic activity. The results suggest that among the examined basins, the Jajrood basin is more influenced by tectonic activities and this is due to the influence of Jajrood Fault on this basin.

Soil erosion is one of the most destructive phenomena which cause significant ecological changes in many areas. Soil conservation and erosion control is essential because of the irreparable damage caused by soil erosion. Soil conservation programs will not achieve until to find adequate methods of combating land degradation and ways to reduce the sediment. Therefore, we need to have enough knowledge of the sediment sources and identify places to be at high risk to soil erosion. In this study we used fingerprinting technique in the Taleghani catchment, Khorram Abad city, Lorestan Province to determine the contributions of sediment sources including agricultural, rangeland, and forest in sediment yield. In view of this, 39 soil were collected from different sources: agriculture, rangeland, forest and channel bank and 19 sediment samples including 11 samples from bed sediment and 8 samples from suspended runoff, respectively. 11 tracers including C, N, P, Na, K, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe and Ca were selected as the primary tracers. The results showed that discriminant function analysis were selected Mg, C, Zn and Ca as the optimum set of tracers that can discriminate 3 sediment sources. Mixing model results showed that the contribution of each sediment source is 53.37, 30.37, and 16.26 percent for agriculture, rangeland, and forest, respectively. These results were consistent with the evaluation results of nitrogen and organic carbon stocks. The results of this study can be used in selecting most appropriate erosion control method the study area and generalized to similar areas.

The geomorphic units of the fluvial system components are in a way that in many cases geomorphic processes are causing environmental hazards such as floods. In this research Torghabeh city and its basin have been studied for the hazard of a river geomorphic processes. Torghabeh town as a regional and international tourism attraction is 20 kilometers far from the metropolitan city of Mashhad. The output of the upstream catchment basin with regard to the geomorphic variables highly affect the flooding possibility of the city.
In order to conduct the present research, a laboratory analytical method to investigate the behavior of the studied basin, the fluvial geomorphic variables and factors in the flood hazard area, including lithology, elevation, slope, land use, precipitation, vegetation, drainage density, distance from the stream, form factor, slope and soil were selected and included in the research. The layers were required to prepare, prioritize and establish the relationships between these variables and the vulnerability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The Expert Choice software was used to help wit the analysis . Critical flood hazard zones are mainly rural area with densities, recreational areas and resorts, tourist and Network Access Account in Mashhad. It is important to notice that, the man-made factors such as residential and utility violated the privacy of rivers and streams, lack of engineering structures such as bridges over rivers of improper aggravating factor are the most significant variables in the flood hazard area. Leveling and terracing of slopes for construction not only disrupts the balance , but also it has increased the weight of the load of flood intensity. The damages caused by the flood of mass movements within the city limits has been exacerbated in Torghabeh.

The city development is an unavoidable process which is due to different effects and ingredients and its result is the city development at different points and directions. To avoid results and problems resulted from city development, the city development and spread has to be done in a controlled way and based on scientific Principe and rules. Unscientific Cities growth have undesired effects and results as too much crowd in some areas of the city like, traffic increase, loss of resources and agricultural capacity around the city, damage to the environment, urban services and facilities reduction for some areas and etc. To reduce problems resulted from urban development and involve various factors in the development of the city as ecological factors such as geology and climate land use, slope, slope direction, height and etc an approach should be used which is able to interfere factors that are involved in urban development in urban development project based on their importance and regard natural development capacity and benefit from geographic information systems that are powerful tools. In this paper using ArcGIS for appropriate areas of development identification, prioritizing identified areas and hierarchical analyse for areas with development potential has been done. For this purpose, first, effective factors in skeletal urban development identified based on environment capacities and then effective factors converted to effective data in database in ArcGIS and next to choose the best area and prioritizing development areas, effective factors in urban development using hierarchical analyse (AHP) based on importance of effective factors are compared together and then using spatial analysis functions in ArcGIS appropriate areas for development determined based on priority.

Territories glacier Rig site in the south province Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari was studied with the aim tracing evidence of glacier activity, determining boundaries snow the, reconstruction of conditions past humidity and temperature, determining balance line of water and ice of late Quaternary and reviews link between scattering cirques with aspects inequalities. with aspects. From method Interpolated in reconstructing of climatic and hydrological data and also study method Porter Cirque floor and Wright method was used to determine the past boundary of the snow. The results from Porter's method, altitude 2812 and also of the method Wright, altitude 2836 meters shows as past boundary snow. Also water and ice balance line obtained has been in the altitude 2109 meters. The results represents the shaping are about 89/32 % of the Cirque at the slopes of to pole and the 66/25 % other in the slopes to the the equator.

Geomorphological risks are One of the major landslide. Identification of risk areas susceptible to landslides is one of fundamental steps in the management of natural resources and reduction of the risks .Kashtr with an area 26 square kilometers south-west of Kurdistan Province is located on the eastern edge of the mountains Shahoo. To zoning first sliding zones was examined with field visit، that about 28 sliding zones were identified and after processing in GIS application came as a layer. With underlying landslides distribution map landslide weighting parameters took place، including geology، slope and direction of the slope، elevation، soil texture، land use، soil erosion، distance from fault، waterways density، and distance from road. Logistic regression model was run in SPSS and the results showed that the influencing factors on landslides occurrence in the region are distance from the fault، geology، soil erosion، direction of the slope، etc. Finally study area in terms of Sensitivity to the risk of landslides was classified into 5 classes، based on that: 2/6 has a very high risk، 6/4 high risk، 3/19 average risk، 7.9 low risk، and finally 5/6 has very low risk.

The emergence and establishment of cities is subjected to environmental and natural phenomena more than any other factor. The reason is that natural phenomena have certain effect on location finding, dispersion, penetration and prevalence area, physical development and urban morphology. Following economic and social evolution in the last decades, the trend of urbanization in Iran has led to ungovernable development of cities. This development, improper and incongruence with capacities and natural facilities, has created unsightly consequences in bio-skeletal space of cities. Considering the points mentioned, the purpose of this study is to examine geomorphological limitations for physical development of Kermanshah and its proper location in future development. To achieve this purpose of a topographic map, geology, landslide, land use, erosion, meteorological data, and field research using library resources is taken. Using DEM 1:25000 from Iran Mapping Organization, the information related to slope, the aspect and altitude height of the area have been obtained, then based on fuzzy GIS ARC, the earth has been zoned for physical development of Kermanshah based on two factors including natural factors (altitude height, slope, aspect, geology, fault, flood, landslide, land use, erosion and quadruplet protecting areas) and human factors(highway, power transmission lines, army areas). The final result of fuzzy multiplying of final map has been obtained from the location tree. Improper area which is 51617 hectare, average area which is 1372 hectare and proper area which is 1126 hectare were recognized. The major proper area is located in areas higher than Ghareh So River which ends up to Kermanshah- Sanandaj road in western part and it continues linear to the eastern part. Another area has been located in south western in Javanrood- Kermanshah road and a polygon has been located in south part of Kermanshah near Islam Abad road. The major part of improper area has been found to be located in north, south and south eastern and in the central part, on Ghare So River due to flooding and fault.