محمود تعجبی

Synergistic leadership style plays an important role in the implementation of quality standards in schools. The aim of the current research was to construct and standardize the complementary leadership questionnaire in the managers of technical and professional conservatories.  

The quantitative research method was correlation studies. The research community was the teachers of technical and vocational schools in Tehran province in the academic year of 2020-2021. A sample size of 364 teachers was selected by stratified random sampling based on gender and social classes and based on Cochran's formula. In order to collect data, the 20-item complementary leadership tool created by the researcher and Jansen's (2006) Organizational Ambivalence Tool were used. In order to check the factorial structure and construct validity of the questionnaire, the techniques of content validity ratio, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent and divergent validity were used, and to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method and composite reliability were used by SPSS25 and LISREL10.30 software.  

Based on the findings, 4 factors and 20 items were designed and built to measure the complementary leadership of educational managers of technical and professional conservatories. The content validity of the tool (0.7585) was confirmed based on the opinion of experts. In the exploratory factor analysis, four factors of organizational structure, extra-organizational factors, leadership behavior and attitudes, beliefs and values with a special value higher than one were observed, which were able to explain 71% of the variance of complementary leadership. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit indices of the questionnaire are suitable and desirable and the questionnaire has a good validity. Also, based on the optimal explained variance percentage of 63% in the second-order confirmatory factor analysis, the power of the questionnaire in explaining the variance of complementary leadership was confirmed. Convergent validity (0.6304) and divergent validity (0.794), Cronbach's alpha (0.936) and composite reliability (0.95) of the questionnaire also indicated the appropriate validity and reliability of the complementary leadership tool.  

Researchers can use the questionnaire designed to measure synergistic leadership and improve leadership skills in the educational managers of technical and vocational schools as a standard tool.

The main goal of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the quality of virtual education, which can play an effective role in the academic progress of students, as well as, the growth and development of the country. Considering this importance, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of electronic management of human resources on the quality of virtual education in schools with the mediation role of teachers' professional teaching ethics. One of the most important, effective and broadest social organizations that is responsible for selecting and transferring cultural and scientific elements to the new generation of society is the education organization in each country. In order to fulfill its role in the society, like other organizations, education has to utilize electronic technology. Electronic technologies as a phenomenon of the present era have been able to provide valuable services to humans and affect all aspects of life. The use of this technology in all organizations, including education, has been able to accelerate activities and increase employee productivity (Heydari & Marzooqi, 2017). On the other hand, the corona epidemic in 2020 spread all over the world and affected individuals regardless of their nationality, education, income, gender, social, economic and political status and put pressure on governments to prevent the spread of the disease. Education was not an exception to this rule, and the basic question was how to continue education? (Callaway et al. , 2020). Schleicher, (2020) stated that we can reduce the impact of the corona pandemic on students, parents and teachers by changing the shape of education and curricula through online education, digital learning platforms and e-learning. Virtual education is a kind of education in which learning and teaching process is not done physically and is done through computer platforms, software and hardware (Anas, 2020). Orhan, & Beyhan (2020) state that to increase the quality of virtual education, the following should be taken into consideration: the goals and content of educational programs, educational strategies, learners' responsibilities during the learning process, appropriate technology to provide knowledge and programs strategic questions, as well as, answers to these strategic questions: "To whom, what, why and when should provide the content?" This requires cooperation and coordination between teachers, students and administrators of educational institutions. Human resource management plays a vital role in the organizational improvement and economic development of countries (Shakeel et al, 2020). The closure of educational centers due to covid-19 and online education caused problems in the organization and management of human resources working in educational organization. Recruitment of human resources, teacher training, teacher evaluation, compensation system and in general human resource management was no longer possible in the traditional and face-to-face manner. The solution to this problem was the use of electronic human resources management. Electronic human resource management is a type of organizational strategy to help employee behavior alignment with strategic choices and using flexible and integrated technologies (Iqbal et al, 2018). The advantages of electronic human resource management for the organization include reducing the work of human resource management, improving efficiency, standardizing human resources, saving the number of employees in large companies (Parry, 2011). It reduces the possibility of more efficient management of information errors, and also improves the tracking and control of human resource actions (Bondarouk, 2009), and finally improves the standardization of the management process (Parry & Tyson, 2011). Due to the fact that the individuals trained in the educational centers of the society become the education custodians of the next generations (Kekha & Imanipour, 2020), in recent decades, the emphasis on moral aspects in education and moral accountability has increased. E-learning has many advantages, but at the same time, it has increased the chance of unethical behavior in teaching-learning models and has faced new challenges to ethics (Talib & Mahasneh, 2020). The free flow of communication in virtual education and the emergence of unethical behaviors require a very urgent action to adopt ethical behaviors (Alikhani et al, 2021). Professional or organizational ethics include patterns that guide the behavior of employees and show the ethical characteristics of any organization (Saeidi 7 et al. 2021). Ethics in teaching is a branch of ethics in education that specifies the professional responsibilities of a teacher in teaching and learning. In fact, teaching, as a strong and important part of the education process, requires skill in implementing appropriate methods and specific ethical considerations of the teaching profession (Moradi Doliskani & Mohammadi Mehr, 2020). According to the theoretical foundations of the research literature, it seems that the electronic management of human resources and the professional ethics of teaching are effective factors on the quality of virtual education in schools. Considering this importance, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role of electronic management of human resources on the quality of virtual education through the mediating role of professional teaching ethics. The research method is a quantitative type of correlation studies and a covariance-oriented structural equation modeling approach. The research community is all secondary school teachers in Hamadan province. A sample of 316 teachers was selected from this population by stratified random sampling based on the three regions of education (Low, Middle and High Income). In order to collect data, the questionnaires of electronic management of human resources, professional ethics of teaching and the researcher-made questionnaire of virtual education quality of schools were used. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used through Lisrel 10.30 software. The results of the research showed that the electronic management of human resources of schools has a direct, positive and significant effect on the quality of virtual education and the professional ethics of teaching at the level of 0.05. The electronic management of human resources of schools has an indirect, positive and significant effect on the quality of virtual education of schools through the professional teaching ethics of teachers. Therefore, in order to increase the quality of virtual education and teaching, serious attention should be paid to the use of electronic management of human resources in education and the professional ethics of teachers.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the level of political participation of the youth of Hamadan province and the factors affecting it. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a descriptive-survey method was used. The statistical population studied in this research was all the youths aged 18 to 34 in Hamadan province, whose total number is 543,486 according to the statistics announced by the Iranian Statistics Center. A stratified-proportional random sampling method was used to select the research sample. The sample size of the research was estimated to be 384 people by using the sample estimation table from the Karajesi Morgan community, but with the aim of increasing reliability and reducing errors, 506 questionnaires were distributed, of which 475 questionnaires were collected. The information was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. In general, the level of political participation of 232 people (48.4%) from the studied sample is very low, 84 people (17.7%) are low, 98 people (20.6%) are moderate, 35 people (7.4%) are high. And 28 people (5.9%) is too much. The results showed that education does not have much effect on the level of political participation of the youth, and no significant relationship was found between the level of education of the youth, the education of parents and the political participation of the sample. Also, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the religious attitude of the studied sample and their political participation. No significant relationship was observed between the level of political awareness and the level of political participation of the sample. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the political participation of young people and the amount of use of social networks; However, there is a positive relationship between the political participation of young people and their use of mass media and the use of television and newspapers, and there is a negative relationship with the use of satellite and internet. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the economic status of families and the economic status of the studied sample (youths) with political participation.

Innovation has been the basis of the development and sustainability of social systems, and achieving innovation requires innovative behavior. Among the different types of leadership and decision-making styles, their relative and different effects in creating innovative behavior, shared leadership and strategic decision-making also play a key role in the occurrence of such behaviors. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of share leadership on innovative behavior with the mediating role of strategic decision making. Descriptive-correlation research method was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all the primary school teachers of two districts of Kermanshah in the number of 1150 people, using stratified random sampling method, 291 teachers were selected for the study. Standard questionnaires of shared leadership, strategic decision-making and innovative behavior were used to collect research data. Cronbach's alpha tests and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. Research data after collection were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation model in Lisrel and SPSS statistical software. The obtained results showed that shared leadership does not have a direct and meaningful effect on innovative behavior(0/48), but shared leadership has a direct and meaningful effect on strategic decision-making(0/73), and strategic decision-making has a direct and meaningful effect on innovative behavior(0/57), and finally, shared leadership has a mediating role in strategic decision-making. It has an indirect, positive and significant effect on innovative behavior.

The aim of this research was to formulate a model for predicting innovative behaviors and professional development of teachers based on the transformational leadership components of managers. The study is a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population includes elementary school teachers in Khorramabad city in 2021-2022 (N=1500 including 700 men and 800 women), from among whom, 306 people were selected as a sample using the Krejcie and Morgan table and based on stratified sampling method. To collect data, Bass and Olive's Transformational Management Questionnaire (1997), Kanter's Innovative Behavior Questionnaire (1998) and Nova's Professional Development Questionnaire (2008) were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22, applying descriptive and inferential statistics methods. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behaviors and professional development of teachers and its components. According to the results of the step-by-step regression, among the components of transformational leadership, the two components of personal considerations and ideal influence are suitable predictors for innovative behaviors and, among the components of transformational leadership, the two components of inspirational motivation and mental persuasion are suitable predictors for the professional development of teachers. Consequently, a transformational manager, having the characteristic of individual consideration, and by taking into account the individual differences of teachers, and according to their needs for new experiences and innovation, gives them new responsibilities, can stimulate them and in this way does not deprive them of any kind of guidance and support, and has a friendly relationship with them.

Paying attention to the quality of virtual education in schools is one of the continuous dimensions of the quality of educational processes, for its improvement, the categories of leadership and professional ethics of teachers should be taken into consideration. Understanding this importance, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of peer leadership in the quality of virtual school education through the mediation of teachers' professional teaching ethics.                

The research is a type of correlation studies and a covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population included all the second secondary teachers of Hamedan province in the academic year of 1400-1401 in the number of 1797 people. The sample size was estimated by proportional stratified random sampling and Cochran's formula of 316 teachers. The tools of research data collection were the standard questionnaires of Hamnava leadership, professional ethics of teaching and the researcher-made questionnaire of the quality of virtual education in schools. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were checked with Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural modeling was used in SPSS22 and Lisrel 10.30 software to analyze the data.

The results showed that the consistent leadership of school principals has a positive effect on the quality of virtual school education, the consistent leadership of school principals has an indirect positive effect on the quality of virtual school education through the professional teaching ethics of teachers; The professional teaching ethics of teachers has a positive and meaningful effect on the quality of virtual education in schools; Also, the consistent leadership of school principals and the professional teaching ethics of teachers are able to explain 18% of the variance in the quality of virtual education in schools.

As a result, one of the factors that can affect the quality of virtual education in schools is consistent leadership and professional teaching ethics.

Organizational entrepreneurship can maximize productivity to achieve organizational goals in a way that individuals seem to strive to achieve their individual goals. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of synergistic leadership of school principals in organizational entrepreneurship by mediating the productive behaviors of technical and vocational teachers.

The quantitative research method is correlation studies and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. The research population was all the teachers of technical and vocational schools in Tehran province, and a sample of 364 teachers was selected from this population using proportional stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. In order to collect data from the researcher's questionnaire made of the synergistic leadership; a researcher-made questionnaire of teachers' productive behaviors; and the organizational entrepreneurship questionnaire of Hughes & Morgan (2007) was used. Cronbach's alpha techniques and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the reliability and validity of the organizational entrepreneurship questionnaire, and the reliability and validity of the researcher-made questionnaire of synergistic leadership and the researcher-made questionnaire of productive behaviors were investigated with Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used by Lisrel software.

The results showed that synergistic leadership of managers has a positive and significant direct effect on organizational entrepreneurship at the level of 0.05. Synergistic leadership of school principals has a positive and significant direct effect on teachers' productive behaviors at the 0.05 level. Teachers' productive behaviors have a positive and significant direct effect on organizational entrepreneurship at the 0.05 level. The synergistic leadership of school principals through the productive behaviors of teachers has a positive and significant indirect effect on organizational entrepreneurship at the level of 0.05. Also, the synergistic leadership of school principals and the productive behaviors of technical and vocational teachers are able to explain 0.19 of the variance of organizational entrepreneurship.Discussion and

By using a synergistic leadership style, school principals will promote and promote entrepreneurship and facilitate the emergence of productive behaviors by teachers.

The aim of the research was to investigate the role of organizational ambidexterity of schools in organizational entrepreneurship by mediating teachers' productive behaviors. The research community was the teachers of technical and vocational schools in Tehran province. A sample size of 364 teachers was selected using proportional stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. The quantitative research method is correlation studies and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. Collecting data with organizational ambidexterity questionnaire of Jansen, The researcher made questionnaire of teachers' productive behaviors and the organizational entrepreneurship questionnaire of Hughes & Morgan were conducted. The reliability of the questionnaires was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha technique. Reliability of the organizational ambidexterity questionnaire (0.944), The teachers' productive behavior questionnaire (0.944) and the organizational entrepreneurship questionnaire (0.921) were. The validity of the questionnaires was evaluated with the techniques of content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used by Lisrel software.The results showed that the organizational ambidexterity of schools and teachers' productive behavior have a direct and positive effect on organizational entrepreneurship at the level of 0.05; The organizational ambidexterity of schools has a positive indirect effect on organizational entrepreneurship at the level of 0.05 due to teachers' productive behavior; Also, the organizational ambidexterity of schools and teachers' productive behavior are able to explain 0.36 variance of organizational entrepreneurship.

The purpose of the research was to investigate the relationship between systematic innovation of schools in organizational entrepreneurship with the mediation of organizational ambidexterity in schools.

Quantitative research method is correlation studies and structural equation modeling approach based on covariance. The research community was the teachers of technical and vocational schools in Tehran province. A sample of 364 teachers was selected using random sampling and based on Cochran's formula. From the researcher-made questionnaire of systematic innovation; Jansen(2006) organizational ambidexterity questionnaire and Hughes & morgan(2007) organizational entrepreneurship questionnaire were used. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were checked with Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was used by lisrel software to analyze the data.

The findings showed that the systematic innovation of schools and organizational ambidexterity have a direct and positive relationship with organizational entrepreneurship at the level of 0.05; The systematic innovation of schools due to organizational ambidexterity has a positive indirect relationship with organizational entrepreneurship at the level of 0.05; Also, the systematic innovation of schools and organizational ambidexterity are able to explain 0.30 of the variance of organizational entrepreneurship.

systematic innovation can provide the field of entrepreneurship. Also, systematic innovation strengthens organizational duality. Organizational ambidexterity is also one of the factors influencing the promotion of entrepreneurship.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between talent management and organizational socialization with psychological capital.

Descriptive research method is correlation type. The statistical population included all primary school teachers in Saqqez city in the academic year of 2020-21. Using the random cluster sampling method, 278 teachers were randomly selected for the study. To collect research data, three standard questionnaires of talent management (Cunningham, 2007), organizational sociability (Taormina, 1997) and psychological capital (Luthans, Youssef, Avolio, 2007) were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation model were analyzed in Lisrel and SPSS statistical software.

The results showed that the relationship between talent management and psychological capital (0.28) with a T-statistic of 4.29 is positive and significant (P<0.01), as well as the relationship between organizational socialization and psychological capital (0.64) with a t-statistic of 7.36 was positive and significant (P<0.01).

According to the findings of the present research, one of the factors affecting psychological capital can be talent management and organizational socialization.

Today, organizations in various fields are facing huge challenges. The common focus of all of them is the development of knowledge, technology and innovation. To quickly adapt to these challenges and changing needs, organizations need to improve their employees’ innovations and creativities. Educational organizations as the most prominent, most influential, and most extensive organizations are responsible for people’s formal education and training in the society, as well as providing human resources to other organizations. They have an important and extraordinary impact on sustainability, social, economic, and cultural aspects of every country. As the most important members and architects of educational organizations and schools, teachers are considered the main element of competence of any educational system. The importance and unique role of creativity and innovative performance of teachers as a strategic source and designer and implementer of organizational systems and products have now found a far higher position in education than in the past. Since the majority of human resources working in the education system are teachers, addressing the current state of creativity, as well as the factors affecting their innovative performance in schools, is of double importance. Based on the findings of previous researches, leadership styles are one of the factors influencing teachers’ innovative performance. Exploitative leadership as a very self-interested leadership style has many negative effects. It leads to a decrease in job satisfaction and emotional commitment, an increase in the intention to leave the job, job burnout, deviant behaviors in the workplace, hiding knowledge, and reducing the employees’ productivity and innovative performance. Hiding knowledge as another factor affecting innovative performance has destructive effects on organizational effectiveness in the current era. As a negative behavior that includes a conscious refusal to provide knowledge and is requested by another person it can disrupt the relationships between employees, lead to mistrust, and be very harmful to individual and organizational performance. Considering that exploitative leaders play an important role in teachers’ attitudes and behaviors and the exploitative leadership style as one of the new leadership styles has not been investigated and studied in the country so far, we decided to fill this research gap by examining the consequences and results of this leadership style in schools and find out the answer to this question: How do exploitative leaders in schools reduce teachers’ innovative performance by hiding knowledge?

The current research was based on an applied goal and with a descriptive-correlation method. The research population included all the teachers of two districts of Shiraz (1945 people). The sample size (319 teachers) was determined based on the simple random sampling method and Cochran’s formula. The questionnaires of Schmid and colleagues (2019) for exploitative leadership with 15 items with 5 subscales of showing selfish behaviors (Questions 1 to 3), applying pressure (Questions 4 to 6), undermining employees’ developments (Questions 7 to 9), gaining credibility (Questions 10 to 12), and hypocrisy (Questions 13 to 15), questionnaires Connelly and Zweig (2015) for concealment of knowledge with 12 items and 3 subscales of evasive concealment (Questions 1 to 4), logical concealment (Questions 5 to 8), and dumbing down (Questions 9 to 12), and questionnaires of Huang and Li (2018) for innovative performance with 7 items and 2 subscales of executive innovation (Questions 1 to 4) and technical innovation (Questions 5 to 7) were used in the 5-point Likert scale to collect the data.

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between exploitative leadership and innovative performance through the mediating role of knowledge hiding. The results of the research showed that the leadership variable had a direct, negative, and significant relationship with the teachers’ innovative performance at the level of 0.05; hiding knowledge had a direct, negative, and significant relationship with their innovative performance at the level of 0.05; and exploitative leadership had an indirect, negative, and significant relationship with their innovative performance at the level of 0.05. To improve teachers’ creativities, it is suggested that education officials and school administrators exchange information and knowledge by studying and recognizing the undesirable characteristics of exploitative leadership and the destructive consequences that this leadership style can have on the performance of teachers and schools and thus try to induce creative performance in teachers.

Educational organizations, especially the schools of our country, in today's changing conditions, in order to deal with the many issues and problems they are faced with, urgently need managers and teachers who are creative and up-to-date and show this creativity in their job performance. So, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of successful intelligence on creative performance through the mediating role of teachers' self-efficacy. The research method was quantitative, descriptive and correlational. The research population were all teachers in district total (4) of Shiraz 1890 people, from which a sample of 318 people were selected by simple random sampling method based on Morgan's table. Data were collected using the Successful Intelligence Questionnaire of Grigorenko, Jarvin and Sternberg (2002), Riggs & Knight (1994) self-efficacy, and the creative performance of Oldham and Cummings (1996). To determine the reliability and validity of the instruments, Cronbach's alpha techniques and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results showed optimal reliability and validity of the instruments. Data analysis was performed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential techniques (confirmatory factor analysis and confirmatory path analysis) using SPSS and Lisrel software. The results of the analysis showed that successful intelligence had a direct, positive and significant effect at the 0.05 level on teachers' creative performance and self-efficacy; self-efficacy had a direct, positive and significant effect at the 0.05 level on creative performance. Also, successful intelligence had an indirect, positive and significant effect on teachers' creative performance through the mediating role of self-efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence, organizational optimism and Kant's moral conscientious view on the productivity of first grade high school teachers in Hamadan in the academic year 2018-2019.

The method of this study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes all teachers of the first secondary school of Hamadan city with 965 people (394 males and 571 females). The statistical sample size is 278 subjects (164 female subjects and 114 male subjects) based on Krejcie and Morgan table and using the method. Relative stratified random sampling was estimated. Research tools include four questionnaires: spiritual intelligence, natural optimism, Kant's conscientious view and human productivity. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS statistical software using Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous multiple regression analysis.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and organizational optimism, Kant's conscientious moral view and the productivity of human resources of first grade high school teachers in Hamadan.

The results indicate that the components of existential critical thinking, production of personal meaning, awareness and development of awareness and optimism, moral components of self-respect, others, a certain class of people, professional power Manpower productivity nose is in the hands of junior high school teachers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological contract fulfillment in the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior and creative performance. The study population was all 735 employees of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan, from which a sample of 252 people was selected by simple random sampling method based on Cochran's formula. The research method was quantitative, descriptive and of correlation studies and structural equation modeling. For data collection from ethical leadership questionnaires, psychological contract fulfillment and creative performance, and for data analysis from descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential techniques (confirmatory factor analysis and confirmatory path analysis) It was used using Spss and Lisrel software. The results showed that ethical leadership has a direct, positive and significant relationship with organizational citizenship behavior, psychological contract fulfillment and creative performance. It was also found that psychological contract fulfillment plays a mediating role in the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior and performance creatively

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ethical leadership in organizational citizenship behavior by mediating organizational justice and organizational commitment. The study population was all teachers in Kazeroon city, who were selected by simple random sampling and based on Cochran formula with a sample size of 537 people. The research method is quantitative, descriptive and correlational studies and especially structural equation modeling. From the Kalshun et al. Ethical Leadership Questionnaire (2011); Niehoff & Moorman's Organizational Justice (1993); Allen & Meyer's Organizational Commitment (1990) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire of Podaskev, Mackenzie-Moren & Fitter (1990) were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and reliability through Cronbach's alpha for ethical leadership 0.93, organizational justice 0.91, organizational commitment 0.90, organizational citizenship behavior 0.95, respectively. Descriptive (center and dispersion indices) and inferential (confirmatory factor analysis and confirmatory path analysis) techniques were used for data analysis using lisrel software. The results showed that the variables of ethical leadership, organizational justice and organizational commitment had a direct, positive and significant effect at the level of 0.05 on organizational citizenship behavior; Ethical leadership mediated by justice and organizational commitment has an indirect, positive, and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior. The variables of ethical leadership, organizational justice and organizational commitment were able to explain 33% of the variance of organizational citizenship behavior variable, which according to T value (6/11), the explained variance is significant at the level of 0.05.

Job involvement as an attitude is an important factor that contributes to the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. Job involvement is based on the staff’s perception toward working environment and their jobs. It is based also on the integration of job and personal life. The low level of job involvement among staff leads to reducing performance at various levels of organization. Understanding this necessity, the present study aimed at investigating the role of perceived organizational justice on job involvement by mediating organizational identification among the faculty members of the state universities in Hamedan (N= 756). The research method was descriptive and correlational. Using the stratified random sampling commensurate with the size of each class, 255 subjects were selected. The research data were gathered by standard questionnaire and then analyzed by Lisrel and SPSS. The results showed that perceived organizational justice and the organizational identity had positive and significant relationship with job involvement. But, the relationship among the perceived organizational justice, the job involvement and the mediating organizational identification was not significant. Hence, one of the effective factors on job involvement among faculty members is to take the organizational justice and their organizational identity into consideration.

Violence in the workplace is a risk factor threatening the health of workers. Health care workers - especially nurses and health care workers are at risk from other threats, physical violence and verbal are. In this study, all nurses working in the emergency departments of hospitals selected by the University of Medical Sciences (n=52) in 1391 studied groups. Means of collecting standardized questionnaire concerning violence in the workplace in units of health, including Section 4 (data demographics, threats of physical violence and verbal) that was completed by nurses. Results of statistical analysis and analytical tests (x 2 and Fisher’s exact test) were used in the software SPSS v.16. Nineteen and six percent of nurses had been violated during the course of their work. Violence against male nurses than female nurses was. The highest cause of violence against nurses, violence, and verbal violence is the most common cause of hypo nursing station was overcrowded. This study demonstrates the high level of violence against nurses and most of the violence against nurses, violence is verbal. Therefore to minimize violence in the hospital environment should be responsible for demulcent strategies, performance management; Protective measures should be considered and appropriate public education.