فهرست مطالب محمود ضیایی

Tourism, in most countries, is the main, if not the only, way of development. Therefore, it is important to make sure that tourism is developing in a way that its share in sustainable development become optimised. The current research aims to develop a localized model for tourism sustainable development in Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method used in this research is granded theory analysis and the sample is comprised of experts of tourism industry selected by snowball sampling method. They were interviewed using semi-structured interview. The main result of this research is to develop an integrated of sustainable tourism development model and a network of causal factors (environmental concerns, importance of tourism effects and Iran’s geopolitic aspect), core factors (sustainability of tourism resources, foresight in tourism resources conservation and equity in utilizing the tourism resources), contextual factors (unity and involvement of tourism stakeholders, tourism cultivation, and tourism research and education), structural factors (tourism sense of place, tourism financial management, security and safety in tourism, new science and technologies in tourism and good governance in tourism), administrative factors (tourism planning and policy making, tourism marketing, national environmental resource management, tourism resource management, tourism total quality management and sustainable tourism appraisal and monitoring) and consequencial factors (cultural enrichment of Islamic Iran, tourism resource conservation, tourists’ satisfaction and quality and wellbeing of life).

The Syrian crisis, involving armed conflicts by quasi-military groups and terrorist activities by organizations like ISIS, began in 2011, inflicting countless damages to the national resources and capital. According to the United Nations, over 5,440,000 Syrians were registered as refugees in various countries by December 2017. Considering the population of 21 million at the onset of the crisis in 2011, a considerable portion of the population migrated. Additionally, significant casualties and injuries have been inflicted on the human resources. Syria witnessed 1,949 terrorist incidents from 1970 to 2016, with approximately 1,800 occurring from 2001 to 2016, constituting 92% of all incidents. From 2011 to 2016, 95% of the casualties occurred from terrorist incidents in Syria. Damage to the national infrastructure (physical and economic) is another aspect of the harm inflicted, with an estimated $41 billion in damages to infrastructure in six major cities , according to the World Bank. Economists forecast a 6.3% growth in the tourism sector in 2018 compared to the gross domestic product growth. Given these factors, Syria needs reconstruction of its infrastructure and compensation for the damages caused by the domestic crisis. Therefore, comprehensive planning and the selection of tourism development strategies are considered a strategy for development and compensation for damages caused by years of war and a top priority for reviving the social and economic sectors of Syria. In this regard, the role of Damascus as the national capital, the center of political, economic, and legal decisions, is particularly important. Furthermore, government attention and protection during the crisis have minimized damage to the infrastructure of this city. Consequently, the higher security of this city compared to other regions causes a higher priority and cost for the presentation of the tourism development model with an emphasis on Damascus. The success of Damascus in promoting tourism development goals can serve as a model for other regions of Syria. In general, this research aims to identify concepts and principles to clarify the rapid and cost-effective development of Syria's tourism engine.

This research has an applied methodology and is among the qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews are used for data collection. The statistical population consists of two groups, experts (economic activists and managers in the tourism management sector in Syria) and researchers (professors and students in the tourism field in Syria with a track record of publishing articles and books about tourism). A total of 30 in-depth interviews were conducted. Furthermore, MAXQDA 2020 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the interview data. Grounded theory serves as the theoretical framework for the research.

The tourism functions are at the primary level of the identified themes. These functions include 10 cases. The role of tourism in the national economy (pre-war), tourism and peace, expanding restaurant-dining functions, and the effects of tourism development on the economy are the most important factors. The second theme includes barriers to tourism development, including sub-codes such as infrastructural factors, human resources, political-security barriers, economic barriers, and neglect of tourism branding and marketing. Each code related to barriers to tourism development comprises multiple factors highlighted at various levels. The third theme includes the requirements for tourism development based on interviews. This theme includes three sub-codes: Comprehensive and coordinated tourism development planning, health expansion, pandemic control, infrastructure reconstruction by the government sector, international tourism, domestic tourism, focus on tourist hubs in Damascus, security expansion, tourism expansion, trust as the main premise of tourism development, capital provision through taxation, and tourism marketing and branding. The frequency of repetition of items for the codes is presented in the table below. The fourth theme of the interviews includes target markets. This theme consists of sub-codes such as Arab and Persian Gulf countries, Iranian-Shiite pilgrims, and traditional historical attractions preferred by Europeans. The scores of the first and second sub-codes are presented in the following table. The fifth theme of the interviews covers the types of tourism. These types include sub-codes such as the potential for ecotourism development, urban tourism, dark tourism, and spiritual-religious tourism. The following table describes these items and the number of repetitions for each item.

Six main themes, emphasized by experts and researchers are first identified: The functions of tourism, barriers to tourism development, requirements for tourism development, priorities of target markets, types of tourism, and tourism stakeholders. Each of these themes has been emphasized with various branches. The higher frequency of certain factors indicates their importance. In other words, the barriers to tourism development, with 91 repetitions, have been the most important aspect of Syria's tourism development. Following this theme, the requirements for tourism development with 53 repetitions, types of tourism with 31 repetitions, tourism functions with 19 repetitions, priorities of target markets with 11 repetitions, and tourism stakeholders with 6 repetitions have been highlighted. In general, codes such as "spiritual-religious tourism (not necessarily religious tourism)" with 9 repetitions, "weaknesses in advertising, narration, and branding" with 5 repetitions, "energy constraints in the tourism sector" with 5 repetitions, and "budget shortfall and reduction in government's tax revenue preventing tourism investment" with 4 repetitions have been the most emphasized factors by experts and researchers in the tourism sector in Syria.

Considering the importance of the hotel industry within the tourism sector and the necessity of social responsibilities, this research aims to develop a social responsibility model tailored to Iran’s conditions, as no such model currently exists in the literature. This study employs a mixed-method approach within a survey research framework. In the first phase, interviews were conducted with managers of 4 and 5-star hotels in Tehran to gather insights on influential factors, strategies, and outcomes. These insights were categorized and codified into a model. In the quantitative phase, the model's components were assessed and validated for reliability and validity. The paths identified in the model were statistically examined, modified, and confirmed where necessary. The overall goodness of fit for the model was verified using the SRMR index. According to this model, social responsibility in the hotel industry is influenced by driving factors such as strategic commitment, stakeholder consideration, and moral commitment, which are themselves influenced by contextual conditions. Strategies to achieve social responsibility encompass various fields including human resources, marketing, communication, and green management. These strategies are affected by intervening conditions such as executive and managerial conditions, cultural conditions, media and communication conditions, and government facilitation. The outcomes of implementing social responsibility are seen in economic, social, environmental, and organizational sustainability. The contribution of this research lies in enhancing knowledge through the integration of factors influencing social responsibility, the strategies for its implementation, and the resultant outcomes into a coherent model, which has not been previously studied.

Tourism clusters refer to a collection of tourism business units concentrated in a geographical area and have specialized cooperative relationships Many countries use clustering strategy to overcome existing problems and tourism businesses. The aim of this study was to cluster villages with tourism potential in Tabas city. The research method is descriptive-analytical research and its dominant approach is survey. Library and field methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the study consisted of 36 villages with tourism potential of Tabas city in South Khorasan. In order to cluster the villages, the opinions of 30 experts (cultural heritage, bakhsh and governor's staff, etc.) were investigated. Also, ARRAS model was used to rank the villages and GIS software was used to show the results and clustering of villages. The results show that the villages of Hodar, Jowkhah, Izmighan, Crete, Dastgaran, Nayband, Esfandiar, Zenoghan, Robat Khan, Halvan, Dehno and Arababad have strong potential to attract tourism. And the high-quality villages, Khoroulia, Pikweh, Malvand, Hassan Abad, Kordabad, Nosratabad, Pirhajat, Chirok, Sarand, Mawader have less potential to attract tourists.

Tourism regions are among the most important resources for the development of the tourism industry. The status of Tehran province’s tourism regions shows that while twenty-nine tourism regions have been designated in the province, none of them are operationalized. Therefore, considering the significance of investment in such regions, this study sought to identify the factors involved in promoting and/or hindering investments in tourism regions of the province (those located in Shemiranat city). To this end, the required data for this applied survey study were collected via a questionnaire. According to the results of the study, the factors mentioned above could be divided into four categories: “policy and regulations”, “preparatory studies”, “financial support”, and “knowledge promotion and capacity building”. In this regard, the highest mean among the inhibiting factors belonged to the disharmony between executive bodies, lack of regulations regarding the time required for the issuance of relevant permits by the competent authorities and organizations, the risk of inflation, and lack of well-trained managers and employees. As for the success factors, the highest mean was related to factors such as submitting the management of tourism regions to qualified people, the necessity of conducting comprehensive risk studies before deciding to hand over the project, creating support and development funds to provide sustainable resources for granting loans and facilities and fostering cooperation between the local community and investors.

passage tourist destinations are considered as one of the types of tourist destinations that are important due to the communication position between the destinations. these destinations have a small share of tourism benefits. One of the strategies to solve this challenge is to change the spatial position of the destination and turn it into a focal destination. Khalkhal city in Ardabil province is one of the passage destinations. One of the major challenges related to the spatial evolution of a destination is the existence of multiple perspectives and thought patterns. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to identify and explain the thought patterns of spatial evolution of the tourism destination and to present an intellectual model of tourism evolution. Data were collected from library and field studies and from 20 experts in Khalkhal tourism, including entrepreneurs, managers and researchers, and some tourists, and then analyzed through the Q analytical model. Based on the results, 9 thought patterns were identified. The distance and importance of thought patterns do not differ much and are close. The final model of the transformation model was presented with emphasis on alternative programs, the main components of which include branding, training of creative forces, focus on the sphere of influence, communication between tourists and marketers, infrastructure development, attention to traditions and changing rules, tourism routes, Ecotourism and urban tourism is a combination of indigenous and non-indigenous forces and attention to the perspective of the current and future situation between the road and the focus

This research has been achieved at the aim of recognizing the type of dominant rationality on the Vision Plan of Tourism in Iran. Tourism planning has experienced noticeable changes under the influence of transformations in the philosophical and social paradigms in recent decades. The research based on interpretive epistemology and regarding the methodological aspect considered as a qualitative research. Archival studies and thematic analysis with the exploratory purpose were used for data gathering as well as analysis. On the basis of this study findings, Instrumental rationality with 48 themes out of 71 and its correspondent theory that is rational planning has been dominant on the Vision Plan of Tourism in Iran. Also, we observed the slight share of other types of rationality among the themes recognized in the Vision Plan. Analysis and comparison of the share for each type of rationality made it clear that coordinative rationality has been ignored.

Tourism clusters refer to a set of tourism business units which are concentrated in a geographical area and have specialized cooperation relations. Many countries are trying to overcome the existing issues and challenges in tourism businesses by using the clustering strategy. The purpose of the research is to explain the spatiality of tourism clusters in villages with tourism potential in Tabas region. The descriptive-analytical research method is used and its dominant approach is based on survey; meanwhile, literature review and field study methodologies have been used to collect data. The statistical population includes 36 villages with tourism potential in Tabas region in South Khorasan province. The modified Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size in this study. Based on this, out of 3675 rural households in Tabas city, 348 households were selected as samples. In order to cluster the villages, the opinions of 30 experts (employees of cultural heritage, prefectural and governorate, etc.) were included. Also, Aras model was used to rank the studied villages and ARc GIS software was used to calculate the records and cluster the villages. The results of the research indicate a positive and significant relationship between the arrival of tourists and the economic, social and environmental dimensions. The results of the t-test with a confidence level of 95%, the level of most of the indicators among the villagers is higher than the average level. Furthermore, by considering the results of Aras and Gutman's technique, it can be seen that the villages of Hoder, Jokhah, Azmeighan, Kirit, Dastgaran, Naiband, Esfandiar, Zenughan, Rabat Khan, Helwan, Dehnu and Arababad have a strong potential to attract tourism. By contrast, the creation of tourism clusters, and the villages of Khorualiya, Marghoub, Pikoh, Melvand, Hasan Abad, Kordabad, Nusrat Abad, Pirhajat, Chirok, Serand, Mawder have less potential to attract tourists.

One of the practical issues leading to the success or failure of tourism development plans is the type of rationality that dominates the country’s planning system in each era and the corresponding planning theory. This article has been compiled to analyze the position of rationality in planning as an epistemological framework in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. This research’s conceptual framework of rationality is based on Alexander’s Rationality Model (2000) and the new approaches to tourism planning. The philosophical paradigm of the study is based on interpretive epistemology, and its methodology is based on qualitative research. Archival Studies and Thematic Analysis methods have been used for gathering and analyzing data in this research. The study’s statistical population for the content analysis comprises the qualitative texts of Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. The findings of this research indicate that, for the first time, coordinative rationality has become dominant in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan (Approved in 2020). The components of rationality were recognized, and the share of each type of rationality was outlined by analyzing 85 themes and thematic networks in the strategic plan in this research.

Coastal destinations, as one of the destinations that often face the phenomenon of overtourism , need integrated and dynamic management and planning to maintain and develop it. The current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the dimensions and components of overtourism with the approach of smart tourism in order to achieve a management model for tourist destinations. This research is developmental-applied and in terms of methodology, it is in the category of mixed qualitative and quantitative research. In order to collect qualitative data, two interview tools and a questionnaire were used. In the qualitative part, 21 people and in the quantitative part 271 people from the managers and officials of the organizations in charge of tourism, tourism practitioners and activists, university faculty members (in charge of the subject) have participated in the research.. In this regard, the findings The results of the interview were analyzed using thematic analysis method with the help of MAXQDA20 software, and finally 193 open codes, 18 central codes and 3 selective codes were extracted. The results show that overtourism management includes three dimensions: supply, demand and structural/management, each of which has 6 indicators. Also, in the quantitative part, using the importance-performance matrix, the most important areas for improving management activities were identified. In terms of total effects, the management/structural dimension(0.57) is the most important and tourism demand(64.61) has the highest performance. According to the findings, in order to manage overtourism, the administrative and structural factors and the structures of the government and smart governance(0.25) the environmental and psychological tolerance capacity of the natives,(0.34) and the seasonality of tourism(0.39) under the three dimensions, are in priority to improve the performance.More about this source text Source text required for additional translation informationSend feedbackSide panels

In recent years, the importance of social responsibility in hotel industry has been considered by researchers and activists all over the world and several studies have been conducted on this subject. Although researchers have studied the dimensions and effects of social responsibility in various researches, but the factors originating the industry’s social responsibility have not been demonstrated in a model so far. In this study, we used a systematic review  in order to extract related researches from indexing databases.  Then, we went on to analyze data through open coding applying Maxqda software. In next step we used meta-synthesis approach to identify the causal, intervening and contextual conditions and strategies of implementing social responsibility in hotels, such as improving the level of employee responsibility, green marketing, green management, saving, social participation.. Beside these factors, improving stakeholder satisfaction, improving hotel performance and increasing the level of social welfare, branding and sustainability of the hotel were recognized as the consequences of implementing these strategies.

Considering the increasing development of ecolodges in Iran and also their role in the development of sustainable tourism, it seems that a comprehensive and successful business model for this socio-economic institution has not yet been introduced. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of ecolodges and propose a sustainable business model based on the knowledge of experts and managers of these businesses. The research method of this paper is qualitative and thematic analysis has been used with deductive approach and descriptive-inferential method. The required data has been provided through the analysis of semi-structured experts interviews. The research community has been the managers of successful ecolodges and knowledgeable university professors and experts in the field of entrepreneurship and tourism in the country. Purposeful judgmental sampling method was used to select the research sample and the interviews were continued until theoretical saturation. The research tools were semi-structured in-depth interviews as well as the results based on the themes obtained from the content analysis of scientific texts. The findings show that according to the proposed sustainable business model, ecolodges need to be integrated and important for all three dimensions of economy, community and environment in order to have long-term sustainability and survival. The results of this study show that the sustainability of new businesses and ecolodges depends on adopting a diverse income portfolio and trying to achieve benefits in three dimensions: economic, socio-cultural, environmental, in other words, attention to the benefits, people and land.

The tourism industry is considered the driving force of economic development, but at the same time it is very vulnerable. The purpose of this study is to design a model of risk management in the Iranian hotel industry; the exploratory mixed research method was used in the study. The statistical population ,in the qualitative section consisted of academic and tourism industry experts, and in the quantitative section, staff of four or five star hotels in Tehran. , Yazd, Isfahan and Shiraz povince in the summer of 1400.in the qualitative part of the study judgment and snowballs sampling methods were used . Findings from the interview then were categorized using open, axial, and selective coding. Based on the findings the tourism risk management model in the Iranian hotel industry in two dimensions (external and internal), consisting of 13 components and 62 indicators was designed and compiled and the model was approved.

The prevailing impression is that mass tourism and alternative tourism are polar opposites. Zero-one thinking has led to a complete rejection of mass tourism in favor of the other. We argue that this is just another overly simplistic stance towards the sustainable development of tourism. With focusing on sustainability aspects of mass tourism, we are, realistically, seeing the glass as half full rather than half empty and stressing the need to improve the sustainability of mass tourism. We used the meta-synthesis technique and thematic analysis to identify the philosophical foundations for reinforcement sustainability of mass tourism, trying to answer two fundamental questions, "what is it" and "why it is important". 704 basic codes, 79 basic themes, and 37 organizing themes were classified into 8 global themes. For the "what is sustainable mass tourism” question, five global themes of “sustainability as a continuum”, “sustainability as a comprehensive concept”, "theoretical roots of sustainable mass tourism formation", "small scale tourism development model does not have priority over large scale model and vice versa", "convergence or divergence of mass and alternative tourism" and for the "why it is important" question, three global themes of "increasing growth of tourism simultaneously on supply and demand sides", "reasons for re-considering mass tourism", and "limitations of the alternative tourism model" were identified. We argue that explaining foundations of sustainability in mass tourism, would change the prevailing impression of tourism academics and planners about the relationship between sustainability and mass tourism and reveals its hidden potentials.

This study aims to provide a model for complementarity tourism development in a mixed way. this study consists of two parts: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative section, the findings of the related researches were combined with the meta-combined method and the research model was designed. Based on this, 51 studies were selected and analyzed; the relevant dimensions and codes were extracted. Quantitative part was done using descriptive method to evaluate the desirability of the model, determine the importance of dimensions with the help of Friedman test and structural study of model by structural equations. The statistical population of quantities section was experts and informants in Ardabil, of which 30 people were selected. The results using meta-combination showed that the dimensions of tourism complementarity include policy, cooperation, institutional, cultural and value, dynamic and technical complementarity. The results of one-sample T-test showed that the model has the required quality in terms of seven indicators. According to Friedman test, the cooperation and policy complementarity is the highest and technical and dynamic complementarity is the lowest importance. Finally, the structural review of the model showed that all dimensions' coefficients are more than 1.96 and have been confirmed at a confidence level of 99%.

Security has always been a basic necessity in human life. Tourism and security are two categories with different and interactive effects, and no industry is as dependent on security as tourism. Because tourists prioritize security factors when choosing a destination and accommodation. Thus, the management of destinations and ecolodges faces various challenges to achieving sustainable security. This article was designed with a practical purpose and in order to identify the factors affecting the security management of destinations and ecolodges and also to introduce the framework of these factors. Research was implemented by qualitative method. To obtain the required information, the knowledge and experience of managers of ecolodges and the challenges of their guests, snowball were used as sampling method and continued until the theoretical saturation was ensured. Data collection was done through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 14 experts and analysis of conversations was done using thematic analysis and using MAXQDA software and was approved for validation. From the analysis of the interviews, 342 concepts were extracted and during the coding process, a sixfold framework of factors affecting the security management of ecolodges including organization, people, technology, environment, experiences and time was obtained. Managers of sustainable ecolodges need to provide security and safety to satisfy guests through continuous planning, implementation, investigation and analysis of these six factors over time. In order to provide peace and comfort for the stakeholders, to provide economic, socio-cultural benefits and enjoyment of natural and man-made attractions for everyone.

The concept of regional development with a holistic and comprehensive view and with an emphasis on a comprehensive and integrated process emphasizes the promotion of human and material capabilities to meet human needs, without reducing the capabilities of future generations. One of the areas in which it is possible to take advantage of regional capacities and capabilities for balanced, integrated and generally sustainable development is the tourism industry. Policymakers and planners try to take advantage of opportunities by providing and valuing tourist attractions at the regional level (Rosentraub & Joo, 2009). One of the strategies in the framework of regional development is complementarity, which is defined in the sense of geographical concentration of businesses related to an industry and having special internal relationships (Cruz & Teixeira, 2010). Strengthening a complementarity regional view of tourism can improve regional competitiveness and the synergistic and efficient use of resources. However, research in the literature generally considers different ways of affecting a phenomenon separately. However, the interdependence between different approaches to success in different contexts is largely ignored (Al-Sheyadi et al, 2019; Claver et al, 2007). Therefore, according to the issues raised, this study tries to identify the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and examine its role in regional development.

The present research is a mixed research and in terms of purpose, the present research is an applied research and in terms of nature and method in the qualitative part is exploratory and in the quantitative part is descriptive-survey. The research process is such that first by using meta-combination and interviewing experts, the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and regional development achievements were identified and then in a quantitative part using structural equations to validate the model and examine the relationship. Among the concepts with emphasis on Ardabil province is discussed. The tools used to collect data are interviews, archival documents and questionnaires. The statistical population of this research includes internal and external articles related to the subject of research (in the meta-combination section) and academic experts, managers of government organizations and tourism businesses in Ardabil province (in the interview section and quantitative section). The sample size includes 59 internal and external studies, 18 experts are available for targeted interviews and 110 experts are available for quantitative section using sampling method. Finally, for data analysis in the qualitative part, meta-combination with qualitative content analysis technique, content analysis (interview part) and in a small part of structural equations with SMART-PLS software for data analysis have been used.

 The results indicate the existence of two pervasive themes. The first comprehensive theme is complementarity tourism development, which has 6 themes of tourism policy complementarity (including themes of sub-organizer of adaptation, interaction network and structural integration), cooperative complementarity of tourism (with sub-organizers of relations promotion, partnership cooperation and stakeholder conflict management). ), Tourism technical complementarity (with the themes of resource flexibility, process monitoring and product effectiveness), dynamic tourism complementarity (with the themes of knowledge network, innovation, development of complementarity capabilities, education and learning and technological complementarity), complement Cultural orientation of tourism (with the themes of promoting social resources and social capital) and complementarity of tourism sites. The second comprehensive theme is regional development achievements, which has 6 basic themes including balance in regional development, regional competitiveness, diversification of economic activities, regional branding, quality improvement and life satisfaction and regional sustainability. Based on the findings of structural equations, complementarity tourism development with a path coefficient of 0.406 and a t-value of 4.893 has a positive and significant effect on regional development achievements in Ardabil province.

The development of new opportunities in the tourism industry is an integrated process of physical space and human society, the new forms of which are the result of changes in values ​​and attitudes of human life, advanced technology, information growth and political forces. Tourism research on the region as a Important driving force is focused on connecting different parts of the industry and the possibility of creating destination networks. The concept of complementarity development is in line with the regional view of development, which tries to use all the elements and factors that exist at the regional level and can affect the development of the region, and contribute to the integrated and balanced development of the region. Complementarity tourism development seeks to use the region's tourism potential to reduce inequality and promote the economic and non-economic benefits of tourism at the regional level. Complementarity approach in development and tourism is one of the new approaches of regionalism that very limited studies have been done in this field. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and regional development achievements. Through a combination of previous studies in the field of complementarity and regional development and analysis of experts' views, it was found that the dimensions of tourism complementarity development include policy complementarity, collaborative complementarity, technical complementarity, cultural complementarity, dynamic complementarity and tourism sites complementarity. On the other hand, the results of meta-composition and content analysis showed that the achievements of development in a region by reducing inequality and creating balance, diversifying economic activities, competitiveness of regions, improving the living conditions of the region and ... Is specified. Development can be done effectively in the region and create tangible effects for the region and its inhabitants that bring long-term and sustainable achievements in the region. After identifying the dimensions and components of complementarity tourism development and regional development achievements, in the next stage, the resulting model in Ardabil province was examined. According to the findings, complementarity tourism development in Ardabil province has a positive and significant effect on regional development achievements. In such a way that the development of tourism complementarity can create sustainable effects in the region and the residents of the region can benefit from these effects. Complementarity tourism development causes the region as an integrated complex with cohesive and interconnected components in which tourism components, in addition to their activities, also interact with other tourism sectors and create synergistic effects.

Wrong policies regarding the nomadic community have caused the number of nomadic populations to decrease compared to the past and the nomads are being pushed towards monogamy. Meanwhile, the nomadic community of Iran has high potentials to attract tourists, the income of which can be considered as a complementary livelihood option for nomads. The use of tourism capabilities requires policy-making and knowledge of the factors affecting the development of nomadic tourism. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the development of nomadic tourism as a complement to nomadic livelihood. This research is a qualitative research and has been done using the content analysis of semi-structured interviews with experts. Thematic analysis was used to extract the hidden concepts related to the factors affecting nomadic tourism and were classified into two categories of positive and negative factors. Positive factors that have a positive impact on the development of nomadic tourism include: social capital, government activism, environmental power, cultural and symbolic capital, economic power, facilities and infrastructure, and empowerment of nomadic society. Negative factors in the development of nomadic tourism also included cultural barriers, social barriers, environmental barriers, cognitive-knowledge barriers, and inattention to nomads.

Supply chains have evolved over time from improving supply-side processes to meeting customer needs and value chains. The fact that the tourism industry's customers want to get an integrated product requires an interactive framework for value creation among different stakeholders, the realization of which has always faced some barriers. As the Internet and the development of the tourism's electronic supply chain provide an interactive platform for integration, this study sought to identify the factors involved in the integration of the supply chain and to find out how to create value through the chain. To this end, a framework was proposed based on the categories, sub-categories, and concepts presented in previous studies using the meta-synthesis method. Having reviewed 175 abstracts, t119 items were examined in terms of the Critical Assessment Skills Program checklist, and 35 items were investigated in terms of their content. The study's findings indicated that different types of internal and external drivers and barriers affected the macro environment, chain, and different aspects of internal integration, suppliers (external), and customers. Therefore, it could be argued that the integration of the supply chain and co-creation of value leads to value creation for all stakeholders and that the electronic supply chain provides the interactive grounds for integration, co-creation, and value creation.

Nomadic regions of Iran with their unique cultural and natural attractions are considered as one of the most important options for the development of ecotourism in the country. However, the framework and factors of nomadic tourism development have been less considered in previous studies. Accordingly, the present study aims to provide a model for the development of nomadic tourism by using the structural modeling-interpretation approach. For this purpose, the required data were collected and analyzed from the Shahsavan nomadic areas in northwestern Iran with a qualitative-quantitative research approach. For this purpose, using snowball sampling and through semi-structured interviews with 19 tourism experts consisting of university professors, tourism experts and nomadic community, the dimensions and factors affecting the development of nomadic tourism were identified and categorized. In the next step, using interpretive structural modeling (ISM), the relationships between the dimensions were determined and analyzed in an integrated way, then using MICMAC analysis, independent, dependent, effective and two key aspects in the development of nomadic tourism were identified. The results showed that empowerment of nomadic community as the key two-way variable is one of the most important drivers of nomadic tourism development and its strengthening and development should be a priority in policy and planning for nomadic tourism development. On the other hand, social capital, government activism, structural-institutional factors were identified as strategic variables affecting the development of nomadic tourism.

Policy agenda setting significantly affects tourism policies, describing which tourism issues make onto public policy agenda. Given the considerable gap in studying this stage, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda between 2013 and 2019 focusing on different types of tourism issues. Conducting an archival study, data related to agenda indicators drawn from three institutional venues in Iran including legislative-led, executive-led and budget indicators. The results of qualitative content analysis of official documents showed that relatively a few numbers of the issues reached the agenda including those related to tourism management, developing tourism product, and enacting relevant rules and regulations. However, tourism marketing and tourism information management issues were less considered in the agenda setting process. It is argued that failure in getting different types of the issues on to the agenda could result in gaps in subsequent tourism policies, affecting tourism development.

The recent crisis of the Covid-19 virus has severely affected all of the world's tourism destinations, including Iran,Therefore, the present study aims to develop and explain the Murphy three-stage model (before the crisis, during the crisis, and after the crisis) in order to manage the crisis in Iran s tourism industry. Accordingly, this research has been done by using a qualitative approach and using the content analysis method (theme), and using the opinions and views of 24 experts in various fields of tourism. The findings of the interviews are categorized into three levels of open source, axial, and selective by MaxQDA software. As a result a strategic model that explains the management of the tourism crisis in three stages based on the objectives, strategies, and specific actions. Based on the findings of this study, appropriate goals and strategies in the three stages of this research, respectively: pre-crisis stage, prevention goal and its strategies of preparation and empowerment; The crisis phase, the purpose of managing its effects and strategies, action/reaction strategies and damage reduction; And in the post-crisis phase, the goal of revitalization and promotion and its appropriate strategies is to review marketing, financial management / operational efficiency and business resilience.

attention to the country's economic issues. Naming consecutive years with economic issues and focusing on resistance economics shows the high importance of this issue. Among these, the bank and the banking system, which has a main and fundamental role in the veins of the society's economy. The purpose of this study is to design a model of resistance economy in the banking system. This study is an objective study in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey study in terms of data collection. The research community includes all present banking experts who are familiar with the concepts of resistance economics and have properly understood its role in the banking system. Qualitative method (theme analysis) has been used to analyze the data in the model design section and confirmatory factor analysis (TFLPS) has been used to validate the conceptual model. The model designed in this study includes four dimensions, which are: jahadi model in the banking system, integration and cohesion of the banking system, reform and improvement of the banking system and strengthening the bank name.

To participate in tourism activities as a cultural right and an opportunity for their social integration, people with disabilities face various environmental barriers which affect their tendency to participate in tourism activities. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to identify and investigate the environmental barriers and limitations (micro and macro environment) faced by these people for participating in tourism activities. This study is carried out using mixed-method in two stages of qualitative (identifying the environmental indicators and factors of accessible tourism development for people with physical disabilities through in-depth, semi-structured interview with scientific and executive experts) and quantitative (Designing the questionnaires by researchers based on indicators obtained from the qualitative stage and distributing them among 150 tourists with disabilities in Tehran). Making use of open and central coding with Maxqda software, the content analysis of the first stage interviews was carried out and 2 main categories, 12 main concepts and 45 sub-concepts were identified. The quantitative stage was carried out using the partial least squares method and SmartPLS3 software. Consequently, planning and policy-making, transportation, tourism places, tourism products and services, human resources, information, technology and equipment, were identified as micro-environmental factors (tourism industry). Also planning and policy-making, economic, physical, cultural, and social factors were identified as the macro-environment factors of accessible tourism development for people with physical disabilities.