محمود قاسمی

Water scarcity is one of the most critical challenges facing Iranian society in recent decades. This issue has impacted most regions across Iran. The water scarcity crisis has also spread to areas that were previously unaffected. Semirom is one of these regions, which, due to its favorable geographical and climatic conditions on the one hand, and the social management of water resources on the other hand, has been less susceptible to water scarcity in the past. Utilization of indigenous knowledge and collective conceptualization of water as a shared resource has enabled the management of water resources through community-driven cooperation. In essence, there exists a form of social governance of water rooted in principles of collective coexistence. However, for various reasons explored in this research, the water shortage crisis has now become a fundamental challenge in Semirom. The origins of this problem can be traced back to the disruption of collective coexistence and its underlying processes. This research sought to analyze and understand the dynamics of collective coexistence and social governance of water among the citizens of Semirom. To achieve this goal, the study investigated the semantic frameworks employed by Semirom's citizens in relation to water scarcity, factors influencing these frameworks, strategies adopted to address the challenge, and consequences of realizing or failing to realize these strategies.

This study employed the grounded theory method (systematic approach) to achieve its objectives. The research participants comprised citizens and water experts from Semirom. The sampling method was purposive based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 30 individuals from the local community and the water sector. The interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, which was characterized by the absence of new emergent topics and development of sufficiently robust and nuanced categories and relationships. The systematic 3-step coding method of grounded theory (open, axial, and selective coding) was utilized to analyze the interview data.

The results revealed that collective coexistence and social governance of water resources were fundamental to water management in the past. However, these principles had been weakened by various factors. Nevertheless, the current situation showed signs of renewed collective efforts to address the water scarcity challenge in Semirom, which could serve as a turning point for water resources management in the region if strengthened. The study identified a paradigm model depicting the factors affecting collective coexistence and social governance of water. The causal conditions included environmental-natural factors (climatic changes and shifts in harvest and cultivation patterns), socio-cultural factors (inefficient water management, unsustainable consumption patterns, and demographic changes), and political-economic factors (demand-supply imbalances and corruption in water management). The strategies for effectively addressing water scarcity involved socio-cultural reconstruction (strengthening cooperation, promoting responsible water use, revitalizing collective traditions, environmental literacy, and sustainable consumption practices), managerial reconstruction (institutional coordination, systematic monitoring, and improved efficiency), and economic reconstruction (water-based economy, targeted credit, and alternative industrialization). The contexts facilitating or hindering the implementation of these strategies included the region's single-product economy and water storage policies. The intervening conditions included water commercialization, research gaps, and insufficient financing. If the proposed strategies were successfully realized, they would catalyze a form of 'biological rebirth' in Semirom, encompassing economic, social, environmental, and public health regeneration. The core category emerging from the study was "collective coexistence as the social governance of water", underscoring its centrality to sustainable water management in the region.

A musculoskeletal disorder is any disorder or injury affecting various parts of the body, including muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and the spinal cord (1). Many health problems result from these risk factors, with one of the most significant being work-related musculoskeletal disorders, which are highly prevalent in both industrialized and developing countries. Statistics indicate that 150 million people are affected by these disorders (2). According to the World Health Organizationreport in 2022, the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems is increasing (3).This disease has imposed a growing burden on both developed and developing countries. There seems to be a direct relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and the resulting pain and inability to perform physical activities, leading to immobility, weakness, and a decreased sense of well-being (4). Physical and psycho-social stressors can cause musculoskeletal disorders. These factors include: working in inappropriate and static positions, handling objects manually, repetitive movements, high forces, and vibration, as well as psycho-social risk factors, such as anxiety, depression, high tensions, inadequate social support, ambiguity, role conflict, and low occupation security (4, 5).Given that a majority of individuals work in environments where both risk factors are likely to coexist, it becomes logical to address both factors concurrently and implement corresponding control measures for each. Consequently, interventions that concentrate on the simultaneous control or reduction of these risk factors are expected to be more effective in curtailing the proliferation of musculoskeletal issues compared to interventions targeting only one of these risk factors (6).These disorders are among industrialized and developing countries' biggest occupational health problems. Health centers are one of the work environments where people are at risk of occupational disease (7).In research conducted on employees of healthcare centers in the cities of Babol, Aqalari et al reported that the highest prevalence of disorders in the past year was observed in the lower back area (9.58%) followed by the neck area (1.54%). In the past 7 days, the highest prevalence was also reported in the lower back area (9.46%) and the neck area (9.44%). Furthermore, 25.7% and 15.5% of employees required medical and physiotherapy services, respectively, due to the presence of disorders in the past year. A significant correlation was observed between sitting at a desk for long hours and experiencing pain in the neck area (p=0.002) and pain in the knee area (p=0.049) (8). According to the information recorded by the United States Statistics Organization in 2014, about 32% of all  diseases were related to musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders account for 7% of all illnesses in society, 14% of doctor's visits, and 19% of hospitalizations (9).According to the World Health Organization, quality of life is a comprehensive concept that includes physical health, psychological well-being, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and the individual's relationship with the environmental aspects they are in. Quality of life is the result of the interaction between the individual and the sustainable conditions, as well as situational events, changes, and unexpected occurrences in the person's living environment (10). Occupational health and mental health are promoted by establishing indicators of quality of life, and attention to this issue is essential in all organizations to prevent fatigue and low productivity. Nowadays, organizations consider their human resources valuable and strategically focus more than ever on improving employees' quality of life (11).Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in health workers, whose causes are related to the non-observance of health-oriented behaviors in various physical and psycho-social dimensions; the purpose of this study was to determine how education can affect their perception of pain and quality of life in order to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

This study constitutes a quasi-experimental intervention conducted to assess the impact of an educational intervention on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among health center employees in Varamin. The study involved both intervention and control groups and was carried out from March to December 2022. The study population was the employees of the Varamin health center, and the study samples were selected from among them. Varamin health center comprises nine comprehensive health centers, 19 health bases, and 24 health houses. Participants in the study were selected from a total of 371 force members of this center. The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: 1) employment at the Varamin health center, 2) willingness to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were: 1) unwillingness to engage in subsequent interventions and follow-ups, 2) presence of debilitating conditions such as chronic pain, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, and others, and 3) pregnancy.The study subjects were chosen and enrolled in the research using a simple random sampling technique. This involved creating a list of employees and selecting desired individuals using a table of random numbers. Based on this list of names, individuals were then assigned randomly to either the control or intervention groups.The following formula was used to calculate the sample size of the intervention study, according to the study that Zahra et al. (13) had done in Saudi Arabia. The sample size of the study was 55 people.The data collection tool at this stage was the quality of life questionnaire and the Nordic questionnaire. The quality of life questionnaire had been translated into many countries, such as Iran (13). The questionnaire had eight subscales as follows: 1. Physical performance 2. Role performance limitation due to physical problems 3. Physical pain 4. General health 5. Vitality and cheerfulness 6. Social performance 7. Role performance limitation due to emotional problems and 8. mental health. The Nordic questionnaire had 11 variables that can be completed by self-report method or through an interview, which is the way to answer yes-no questions, which are nine areas of the body (3 areas for the upper limbs, three areas for the spine, three areas of the lower limb) are included.Upon receiving approval for the proposal and obtaining permission from the Research Vice-Chancellor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, as well as introducing the study to the Varamin city health center, the health center employees were systematically divided into two groups: an intervention group and a control group. This division was executed through a random process.In preparation for the study, a standardized questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and quality of life was distributed to participating employees in person as a pre-test measure. Separate invitations were extended to the participants of each group, prompting them to convene in the health center conference room on distinct days. In the presence of the researcher, the employees completed the questionnaires during these sessions. In the second phase, educational intervention is carried out in accordance with the educational program and is based on the chapters on ergonomic principles, the performance of daily activities, required changes in the working environment, and activities in accordance with ergonomic principles approved by the Iranian Ministry of Health (14).  Also the educational program was prepared with the help of professional health experts from the health center and conducted personally for the intervention group. Six months after the intervention, two intervention and control groups were re-evaluated. Employees eligible to enter the study were randomly assigned to two groups. In the second stage, the intervention was designed according to the educational program and was conducted in person. The educational content was prepared by studying related texts and books approved by the World Health Organization. The educational content of this intervention was taught to the participants face-to-face in 4 sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. The researcher implemented the educational program, and the methods of lectures, questions and answers, and group discussions were used following the behavioral goals of each session. In addition, educational media such as video projectors, educational CDs, and booklets were used to implement the program. At the end of the educational intervention, the control group received the educational content in compliance with ethical principles.Data analysis using SPSS-22 software and descriptive statistical tests (including frequency, percentage of frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential in order to compare the difference between baseline values and six months after the intervention in each group from the Independent t-test was used to calculate the mean between two groups, paired sample t-test was used.

Overall, the results of this study showed that education alone does not have much effect on the quality of life of healthcare workers, and it can only have a brief effect on some dimensions of quality of life. Also, the results of this study regarding the existence of pain in different parts of the body of employees showed that ergonomic training could reduce the pain of different parts of the body to some extent. Suppose this training aligns with physical measures, including providing appropriate work tools such as chairs, tables, and footstools. Therefore, the positive effects of these interventions will be more significant. In order to improve the quality of life of employees, in addition to educational interventions, attention should also be paid to other aspects of employees' lives, including their economic, psychological, and social factors.

This research examines the semantic understanding of Semiram farmers regarding water scarcity. The grounded theory research method, a systematic approach, was used to achieve this objective. The research participants consisted of Semiram farmers. The sampling method employed was purposeful, resulting in 25 farmers being interviewed using a semi-structured interview format. The interviews were analyzed using the three-step coding method of grounded theory. The findings revealed that several causal conditions contribute to water scarcity in Semiram, including changing patterns, inefficient governance, and climate changes. To address water scarcity, farmers have proposed three strategies: strengthening traditions of cooperation, fostering an environmental culture, and promoting alternative industrialism. The realization of these strategies is influenced by economic policies and water resources management. Economic individualism and limited financial resources act as hindering factors for coping strategies related to water scarcity. According to the farmers' perspective, the consequences of implementing these strategies include economic life reconstruction, social life reconstruction, and environmental life reconstruction. Furthermore, individual-institutional inefficiency and cooperation emerge as central categories in the farmers' semantic understanding of water scarcity in Semiram. The result showed that water scarcity is under the influence of both individual and institutional categories. Therefore, the strategies to face it are also individual-institutional and the consequences of these strategies are also the same.

Short children face many problems throughout their lives. Consumption of growth hormone and the drugs such as Letrozole, Oxandrolone, and Anastrozole can increase the growth of children and adolescents. There is not an overall estimate of the effects of Letrozole, Oxandrolone, and Anastrozole on the growth of children and adolescents with Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS). There are different estimates of the effect of growth hormone and the drugs Letrozole, Oxandrolone, and Anastrozole on growth in children and adolescents with Idiopathic Short Stature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of growth hormone, Letrozole, Oxandrolone, Anastrozole, and a combination of growth hormone and aromatase inhibitors on height gain in children and adolescents with idiopathic short stature using meta-analysis method.

Search was done in databases such as; Scopus, Web of Science(ISI), and PubMed using keywords: Idiopathic, Short Stature, Body Height, Aromatase Inhibitors, Growth hormone, Letrozole, Oxandrolone, Anastrozole. Randomized clinical trial studies ,that have investigated the efficacy of growth hormone and aromatase inhibitors on height gain in children and adolescents with short stature, were selected. Height standard deviation score (HSDS) before intervention and after treatment has been used to measure the rate of height increase in various studies. This study was written based on the PRISMA checklist and the heterogeneity of this study was evaluated using the Q statistic and I2 index.

Height increase index (HSDS) was obtained with the use of growth hormone combined with one of the aromatase inhibitors (0.38-3.58=95%CI) (SMD=0.98), with the use of growth hormone (0.62-1.14=95%CI) (SMD=0.88), with the use of Letrozole (0.51-16.51=95%CI) (SMD=0.83), with the use of Oxandrolone (0.99-0.99=95%CI) (SMD=0.56), and with the use of Anastrozole (0.00-0.63=95%CI) (SMD=0.31), which shows that all these drugs have a significant effect on height increase. (P<0.05)

Although the effect of growth hormone on height increase was greater than that of aromatase inhibitors, but according to our results, adding an aromatase inhibitor to growth hormone can increase the effectiveness of it.

Illegible handwriting is one of the common problems in preschool children. Handwriting is a complex perceptual-motor skill that depends on the evolution and integration of a number of cognitive-perceptual and motor skills that can develop through training. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of training the perceptual-motor skills on the improvement of handwriting in preschool children.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with control group pretest-posttest design. The population included all the 5 to 6-year old pre-school boys who had been referred to the counseling center of Education Administration in District 2 of Isfahan city in the academic year 2017-2018. They were screened by Handwriting Problems Checklist (Keshavarzi& Shojaee, 2015). A sample of 20 children with handwriting problems was selected by convenience sampling and then randomly placed in the experimental or control group (10 per group). The experimental group received the cognitive-movement skills training program for sixteen 45-min sessions but the control group received no training. Then, both groups completed the posttest. The measurement tool in this research was Handwriting Problems Checklist (Keshavarzi& Shojaee, 2015). For data analysis, uni-variate analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance were used.

Data analysis showed that cognitive-motor skills training program was effective on the improvement of handwriting problems (F = 14.73, P = 0.001) and on the subscales of handwriting errors (F = 12.40, P = 0.002) and body condition error at the time of writing (F = 6.12, P = 0.024) in the 4 to 6-year old pre-school boys.  

Based on the results, it can be concluded that cognitive-motor skills training was effective on the improvement of handwriting skills through strengthening the hand muscles and reinforcing the gross and fine motor skills. As a result, this method can be used as a supplementary treatment along with other therapies available for this problem.

Mashayekh area is located in Charmahal and Bakhtiari province and is structurally located in the high Zagros belt. This region is characterized by two mining districts, namely, the Dehmadan and the Darreh-Yas, approximately two kilometers apart. The most mineralization is associated with organic-bearing carbonate rocks in the Dehmadan deposit. The presence of Do-ab salt dome and Ab-Vanak reverse fault in around of the study area have been resulted in changing the salinity, Eh, pH and movement of ore forming fluids. The geochemical results represent negative Ce and Eu anomalies, Light Rare Earth elements (LREE) enrichment relative to Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) in the Dehmadan deposit that the features are analogous to that of central African Zambian belt sedimentary copper deposits. Darreh-Yas deposit also shows weak negative Ce anomaly and HREE enrichment relative to LREE. In general, the results indicate that metals of old units have been leached by high saline brines with oxic conditions and entered into sedimentary basins. Then, the reaction of ore-forming fluid with organic-bearing carbonate rocks lead to ore deposition in a reduced condition. Finally, the ore has been undergone by late-stage supergene and weathering processes.

The purpose of this research was identification of constituents and factor structure of Positive youth development. The research community includes the professors and practitioners of this field, PhD students and high school students. The sample consists of 15 professors and experts who were chosen in a targeted manner and according to specialty. Also 25 PhD students from different universities participated in a accessible form. Finally, a sample of students includes 1200 students (600 girls and 600 boys) were selected through randomized cluster method. Given the nature of the subject and research objectives; in the first step, the contributing factors of "positive youth development" collected and analyzed based on three sources: studies and theoretical texts, practical plans, and measurements; and with emphasis on qualitative method of categorization. Then, measurement and structural models of positive young development extracted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The final model of research includes four factors; competency factors (11 items), communication (14 items), agency (13 items) and positive thinking (7 items). The presented model has similarities to existing models, but it has its own form of loading.

The Zaraj-Sou bauxite deposit (southwest of Ramsar, Mazandaran Province, northern Iran) was developed as discontinuous stratified layers and/or lenses along the boundary between carbonate rocks of the Elika (Triassic) and shales and sandstones of the Shemshak (Lower Jurassic) formations. Diaspore, kaolinite, hematite, and anatase are the major mineral phases of the ores. Texturally, the bauxite ores have typical textures of clastic, rounded-grain, and nodular which are often accompanied by certain forms of concretions, ooids, and pisoids in restricted quantities. Concentration values of REEs within the ores in the selected profile vary from 149.97-348.10 ppm and the ratios of Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* are within the range of 0.75-1.04 and 0.64-1.28, respectively.  Investigations showed that changes in the values ​​of these parameters are controlled by degree of scavenging hematite. The calculation of mass changes of elements and the study of the trend of variation of elemental ratios in a selected profile across this deposit revealed that the distribution of REE in ores is a function of factors such as changes in pH of ore-making solutions, presence of carbonate bed rock as an active buffer, co-precipitation with metallic oxides, and fixation in neomorph mineral phases. Correlation coefficients among elements suggest that minerals such as hematite and secondary phosphates are the potential hosts for lanthanides in the studied ores.

According to epidemiological studies, environmental surface such as hospital equipment has role in the transmission of the microorganisms. It probably has positive influence on increase in number of ýnosocomial infections. This study aimed to assess the bacterial contamination status of elevator buttons and library ýcomputers in Dr. Mohammad Kermanshahi hospital, Kermanshah City, Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, 71 samples were taken from the elevator buttons, keyboards, mouses, and power buttons of the computers in the library of Dr. Mohammad Kermanshahi hospital. In the laboratory, using standard diagnostic methods of bacteriology, including staining, biochemical tests, and culture in differential, selective, and specific media, Gram-positive and Gram -negative bacteria were isolated.
Findings: All 71 samples were contaminated by bacteria. In the elevator buttons samples, spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli (Bacillus) with a frequency of 48.21 percent and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 3.57 percent had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. 66.66 percent of the computer samples contaminated to coagulase-negative staphylococcus, which 6.66 percent of them were coagulase-positive staphylococcus (aureous) and Micrococcus.
Due to the isolation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria from both groups’ samples, the need for personal hygiene practice, and principles of appropriate and regular disinfection of tools and hospital equipment surfaces are of great importance to reduce bacterial contamination and the incidence of nosocomial infections.

A lot of people every day to do their banking transactions from Automated Teller Machine. In case of contamination Automated Teller Machine keyboard as the center of the action pollution and contamination transferred to future users. This study aimed to investigate bacterial contamination Automated Teller Machine keyboard was conducted in the city of Islamabad gharb.
In this cross-sectional study, 53 Samples of the Automated Teller Machine keyboard of Islamabad Gharb city were taken and moved to the lab. In the laboratory, using standard diagnostic methods of bacteriology, including staining, biochemical tests and culture in differential, selective and specific media were isolated of gram positive and negative bacteria.
Based on the results all 53 samples were contaminated by bacteria. The most frequent bacteria isolated Escherichia coli (37.72 percent) and lowest frequencies of Enterobacter (1.89 percent) and Diphtheroids (1.89 percent). The antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolates, respectively the highest and lowest resistance was to penicillin 92.8 percent and vancomycin 9.44 percent. The number of bacterial genera isolated keyboard appearance and cleanliness there was a significant relationship (p Due to contamination by pathogenic bacteria samples, education of personal hygiene in members, Regular cleaning and disinfection devices and the use of antibacterial materials in the structure of the keyboard in order to control and reduce pollution is effective.

Aims: This study investigated the effect of training forgiveness training on resilience and perceived stress in veterans’ wives. The study took place in 2016. The research was conducted among veteran's wives who have been used from services of Martyr foundation and Veteran's affairs, in Isfahan city.
Method & material: Research is an applied research that used experimental plan with pre-test, post-test and control group. Sample volume was 40 veterans’ wives that selected from available sampling method. To gathering data, we used Connor-Davidson resilience questionnaire and Cohens perceived stress questionnaire.
The result showed that there is a significant difference between the mean score of resiliency in the pre-test and post-test in experimental group (p The results showed that forgiveness teaching caused decreasing perceived stress and increasing resilience of sample group.

Acinetobacter baumannii opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infection, many problems in success of treatment failure and mortality in patients because of resistance to antibiotics has created. Tragopogon graminifolius DC plant in traditional medicine in Iran and around of the world by having multiple health effects always have been used. The aim of this study was to invitro investigating of antibacterial effect of Tragopogon graminifolius DC hydroalcoholic extracts on Acinetobacter baumannii.
Material and In this study, plant Tragopogon graminifolius DC collected in the spring season and after confirming it was dried in the shade and away from direct sunlight. Extraction was performed by Maceration method and alcoholic and aqueous extracts obtained with concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg per ml prepared to do the work were stored at 4°C. Standard strains of Acinetobacter baumannii at these concentrations with disc diffusion method was determined susceptibility. inhibition zone diameter was measure and recorded.
The aqueous extract Tragopogon graminifolius DC in the highest concentration (10 mg per ml) caused an inhibition zone with a diameter of 2 mm, but alcoholic extract did not cause any inhibition.
Due to very weak growth inhibitory effect of aqueous extract and ineffective alcoholic extract it can be said, plant Tragopogon graminifolius DC has no antibacterial effect in Acinetobacter baumannii.

Language is the most important communication tool between humans for expression of their mental concepts, and every language has its eloquent method which by choice of words in the sentence structure and Income and disposal in them effects on the soul. . Here the Holy Quran as a literary masterpiece is considered the best pattern of this important. So that, all of the methods used in it have been understood as the sublime sample of the rhetoric and eloquence. On the other hand, the old rhetorical analysis always has been used as a very practical tool for receiving the subjective meaning of speaker. In this research, we analyze the methods of and «precedence and delay» in combinations via using this tool in a completely practical way and with a inductive method. The research has has made Jorjani's theory as a base and compares it with Sakkaki's theories in his well-known book "Miftāh ul-uloum" and Ibn Ashur's in his Tafseer "At-tahreer Wat-Tanweer".
This style has great importance in electing the speaker's concepts. Undoubtedly, this important tool play an undeniable role in explaining the rhetorical expression miracle of the Quran. So, has provided the thoughts and concepts in a sensory way like an art panel to the audience in which there is harmony between methods and current requisites. And finally, the analysis of these methods will help the reader that in addition to understand the beauty, discover the secrets and intended meaning helps the listener to understand the differences. and similarities between the great scholar's thoughts.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the factor structure, reliability and validity of students’ engagement scale. Participants were 450 junior (225 boys and 225 girls) high school students in Karaj, who were selected through random cluster sampling. The results of exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis confirmed three factors (cognitive, emotional and behavioral engagement) in addition to the general factor of students’ engagement. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for its subscale ranged from 0.67 to 0.78. Moreover¡ the results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the structure of the scale had an acceptable fit to the data and all the goodness-of-fit indices confirmed the model. The results of the factor analysis and the reliability and validity coefficients were almost similar to the previous researches conducted in the main culture. Considering its good psychometric properties¡ the scale is a useful tool for determining student's outcome expectancy.

Background and Tobacco use has an increasing trend. This study aimed at comparing the processes of motivation theory in the prediction of tobacco use in male high school students in Noshahr, Iran.
This cross sectional study was carried out in 440 high school students in Noshahr. The subjects were chosen through stratified random sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and 55 items based on the constructs of protection motivation theory. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. Data analysis was done in SPSS applying Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests.
The processes of coping appraisal (β=0.40) and threat appraisal (β=-0.19) could together predict 22.9% of the will for not using tobacco. The prediction rate of tobacco use behavior by these two processes was 25.6% in which the role of coping appraisal (β=-0.33) was more predominant than that of the threat appraisal (β=0.31).
The present study showed that the cognitive intervening process of coping appraisal is more successful in the prediction of the protection motivation and tobacco use behavior. So, enhancing self-efficacy and efficiency of response and reducing the perceived costs for not using tobacco among the students could be used as a principle that aims at reducing tobacco use.

The aim of the present study was to design and validate a protection motivation theory based questionnaire in relation with tobacco use among young population of Iran.
The items of the questionnaire were first formulated through the use of qualitative content analysis guided by the male high school students. Then the psychometric features of the questionnaire were tested with the use of face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and stability.
The primary questionnaire was formed including 64 items. After content validity three items were omitted. Also 6 items were removed after face validity and overall the questionnaire was reduced to 55 items. The results of factor analysis showed the existence of nine factors for protection motivation theory including perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, fear, perceived self-efficacy, response cost, efficiency of the perceived response, perceived extrinsic reward, perceived intrinsic reward and protection motivation. These nine factors totally explained 60.17 % of the variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the factors of protection motivation theory. The values of Cronbach’s alpha for the constructs of the questionnaire varied from 0.77-0.95 to 0.85-0.93.
The designed questionnaire had good validity and can be used for measuring the predictors of tobacco use among the youth population of Iran.

Rabies One of the most common diseases among humans and animals, which can be transmitted through animal bites. The disease is a major public health and economic priorities. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of epidemiology of animal bite in Kermanshah city during 2011 to 2015 years in was conducted in patients referred to health centers.
Material and This study was a descriptive study and included records of animal bites in the city of Kermanshah had during 2011-2015 years. Data was analyzed according to demographic, epidemiological and clinical information through descriptive statistics using SPSS V. 16.
During the 5-year period studied a total of 5031 cases of animal bites occurred in the city of Kermanshah, of which 3961 were men (78.7%) and 1070 women (21.3%). The mean age of 31.52 and standard deviation was 18.36. Animal bites are the most common 1284 cases (25.4 percent) in the age category 29-20 years. The number of cases has increased to the extent that from 976 cases (19.4%) in 2011until 1071 cases (21.3%) increased in 2015. Dogs accounted 3873 (77%) of the cases of bites respective.
Due to the rising cases of animal bites in the city for more attention to training and general care to reduce the frequency of animal bites are recommended.

Tobacco use is one of the most important risk factors that increases the burden of diseases worldwide. Based on the increasing speed of tobacco use¡ the aim of the present study was to explain the experiences of high school students about the determiners of use and non-use of tobacco (cigarettes and hookah) based on the theory of protection motivation.
The present study is a qualitative study based on content analysis that has been carried out for five months from 22¡ November of 2014 to 20¡ April of 2015 on male high schools in Noshahr. Data were collected in the form of semi-structured interviews from 21 male high school students of whom 7 smoked cigarettes¡ 7 used hookah and 7 of them did not use any type of tobacco. Data analysis was carried out through the use of directed qualitative content analysis.
Data analysis led to the extraction of 99 primary codes that were categorized into 9 predetermined levels of protection motivation theory including perceived sensitivity¡ perceived intensity¡ fear¡ perceived self-efficacy¡ response expense¡ efficiency of the perceived answer¡ external perceived reward¡ internal perceived reward¡ protection motivation. The findings of the study showed that the most important predictors for the use of tobacco were the structures of response expense and high perceived rewards and the most important predictors for non-use of tobacco were perceived sensitivity¡ perceived intensity and high self-efficacy of students.
the findings of the present study showed that the pressure from peers¡ being present in a group using tobacco and the absence of alternative recreational activities are among the most important factors of using tobacco. So¡ it is suggested that planners of the health department take the comprehensive interventions to improve effective individual and environmental factors of using tobacco so that they could reduce smoking cigarettes and hookah.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the end result of metabolic disorders. It is caused by severe insulin hormone deficiency or effects of insulin. This study aimed at evaluating the association between ketoacidosis and vitamin D3 levels in children with type 1 diabetes. This was a case-control study. Study population consisted of children with type 1 diabetes referring to Mohammad Kermanshahi Hospital in 2013.The patients were assigned to control and intervention groups. Intervention group had type 1 diabetes with DKA, and control group had type I diabetes without DKA. In both groups five milliliters of blood was taken from every patient to determine 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3serum levels. Also, ABG test was performed to evaluate serum bicarbonate and PH level. Using SPSS version 21, data were analyzed by statistical tests. There was a significant difference between age and vitamin D3 levels in both groups (with DKA and without DKA)(P<0.05). In children with severe acidosis, 20 (95.2%) had vitamin D3 deficiency and one (4.8%) patient had insufficient level of vitamin D3. Consequently, we found a significant relationship between the level of vitamin D3 and ketoacidosis in the children with type I diabetes (P<0.05). Children with severe ketoacidosis were more prone to develop vitamin D3 deficiency. Therefore, timely administration of vitamin D3 can reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes.

Different techniques have been suggested for the repair of bone defects at the injured sites. Use of biomembranes, or application of plasma rich in growth factor (PRGF) at the site of proliferation of osteoblasts are among the suggested techniques. The current study aimed to compare the biocompatibility of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLF) cultured on Hypro-Sorb F, Pericardium and Tutodent resorbable membranes coated with PRGF. This experimental study was conducted on four resorbable membranes namely Hypro-Sorb F, Pericardium, Tutodent and Vicryl. Fibroblast cells isolated from the periodontal ligament of premolar tooth were passaged three times and 105 cells/cm2 were cultured on membranes coated with PRGF. After 72 hours, the cells were evaluated in terms of biocompatibility and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA. PRGF increased cell adhesion and Tutodent membrane coated with PRGF showed the highest cell adhesion compared with Hypro-Sorb F and Pericardium membranes (P=0.005). PRGF increases cell viability and ALP activity of cells on biomembranes. PRGF treatment increases the adhesion of fibroblast cells to these membranes.

Several techniques have been used to assess the efficacy and substantivity of mouthwashes. Considering the variability of available mouth rinses, this study aimed to assess the substantivity of several mouthwashes and their effect on microbial plaque using an epifluorescence microscope. This crossover double blind clinical trial evaluated 0.2%, and 0.12% (from 2 different brands) chlorhexidine (CHX), Persica and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) mouth washes as well as normal saline as the negative control. Non-stimulated saliva samples were obtained from 16 candidates at baseline, 30s, 1, 3, 5 and 7h after one time use of mouthwashes. Epifluorescence technique was used to assess the viability of bacteria. For clinical examination following prophylaxis, subjects were asked not to use any oral hygiene measure except for the provided mouthwashes (twice a day) for 4 days. A 10-day washout period was allowed between the use of mouthwashes. Repeated measures ANOVA and Scheffe's test were applied for the comparison of viable bacterial count between the groups and Kruskal Wallis test was used for the assessment of microbial plaque. Persica and 0.12% CHX maintained their substantivity for 3 and 5h, respectively. A significant reduction in bacterial count was observed up to 7h after the use of 0.2% CHX only (P<0.001). On clinical examination, 0.2% and 0.12% CHX mouthwashes had significant differences with the others but had no significant difference with one another (P<0.02). Persica and CPC had similar efficacy (P<0.02). Efficacy of mouthwashes strongly depends on their substantivity. Daily application frequency of other mouth rinses should be increased in order to achieve an efficacy equal to that of CHX.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is recognized as the most effective agent in plaque control. Some of these mouth rinses contain alcohol، making them impractical for many patients due to oral mucosal hypersensitivity. Although fewer side effects may be seen in alcohol free mouth rinses، they may turn out to be less efficient in terms of anti-plaque activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 0. 12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse with and without alcohol compared to 0. 2% alcohol containing CHX. Sixteen volunteers participated in this randomized clinical، single blind، cross over study to assess the anti-plaque efficacy of 0-2%CHX mouth rinse containing alcohol compared to two 0. 12% CHX mouth rinses with and without alcohol and normal saline (negative control). After oral prophylaxis، subjects were asked to abstain from all forms of oral hygiene measures and wash their mouth only with allocated mouthrinses twice a day for four days. Between each period of mouthrinsing a 10-day washout period was scheduled.. Data was collected and analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Fischer exact tests. All three mouthrinses demonstrated statistically significant reduction in plaque score compared to normal saline (P<0. 001). However، no significant difference was found in efficacy of alcohol-free and alcohol containing mouth rinses (P< 0. 02) It seems using 0. 12% CHX without alcohol has similar anti-plaque effects compared to alcohol containing CHX and may be prescribed in hypersensitive patients.