مرتضی مولایی

Climate change and lowering of the water level of Lake Urmia by having a negative impact on agriculture and livelihoods of rural households in the Urmia Lake Basin can cause changes in the livelihood resilience level of rural households. Considering that geographical factors are an important factor in livelihood resilience, the present study has compared the livelihood resilience of rural households in the Urmia Lake Basin in terms of location of villages. To investigate the status of resilience, the indexing method has been used, which in the present study has three sub-indices: buffer capacity, self-organization and learning capacity. The research tool for data collection was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the opinions of faculty members of Zanjan University and Urmia University. Alpha Cronbach's coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was rural households in Urmia Lake basin in two provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. The results showed that the average resilience was 0.44, which indicated moderate resilience. The mean values of self-organization, learning capacity and buffer capacity were 0.55, 0.37 and 0.46, respectively. The results of mean comparison tests showed that the mean resilience in the two provinces of East and West Azerbaijan had a significant difference (t=2/50, p=0/013) and East Azerbaijan province was more resilient. Also, the average indicators and components of buffer capacity (t=3/86, p=0/000), natural, economic and social capital were significantly different and were higher in West Azerbaijan. The mean components of self-organization (t=2/98, p=0/003), learning capacity (t=4/12, p=0/000), debt trust, job exchange, commitment to learning, planning, experimentation, participation in access to information and feedback mechanism were significantly higher in East Azerbaijan. The average resilience of rural households in the Urmia Lake Basin in coastal and non-coastal villages was not significantly different (t=1/486, p=0/138) from each other, but the average buffer capacity (t=3/563, p=0/000), social capital, natural capital and knowledge of opportunities and threats were significantly higher in coastal villages. The mean indicators of self-reliance, local laws and customs and network were significantly higher in non-coastal villages.

Fluctuations in oil revenues and the exhaustibility of oil resources have made the country's policymakers and planners believe that development of non-oil exports and diversify the country’s export income is essential in order to reduce the vulnerability of economic development goals. Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran's natural resources. So that if they are used properly and pay attention to their export position in the world, can be useful in the goal of developing non-oil exports. Due to the importance of medicinal plants in Iran non-petroleum export, the the present study was conducted to determine the effective factors on the supply of selected Iranian herbs.

In this study used Auto Regressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model. Band test was used to check the existence of long run relationship between variables. Cumulative sum of residuals (CUSUM) and cumulative sum of squared residuals (CUSUMSQ) tests were used to check the stability of the model. The study period of this research is 1978-2016. The data of this study has been collected from different sources, including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Central Bank.

The results of the variables' stationarity showed that all the variables are stationary of degree I(0) or I(1). Therefore, the ARDL model can be used to examine the short-run and long-run relationship. The results of the band test showed that there is a long-run relationship between the variables. The results of long term ARDL model showed that the variables of exchange rate fluctuations, oil exports, and herbs export of rival countries had a negative and significant effect, and the indices of domestic production of Iranian herbs, real exchange rate, the prices of Iranian herbs and the trade liberalization variable had a positive and significant effect  on the amount of herbs export

With the increase of oil revenues during the period under review, the export of medicinal plants will decrease. The reason for this could be the government's less attention to the agricultural sector in the conditions of booming oil revenues. Paying attention to the export potentials of the agricultural sector and medicinal plants can be considered as one of the gradual solutions for the exit of the country's economy from the export of crude oil products. Considering the negative effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the supply of medicinal plant exports in the long term, it is necessary to adopt appropriate policies to reduce exchange rate fluctuations and also provide financial support to exporters against exchange rate fluctuations.

Promoting a culture of sacred defense in society increases the strength of values ​​and spirituality and can meet the needs and threats in various fields. The main purpose of this article is to find the most appropriate way to promote the culture of sacred defense among students of the University of Tehran.The type of research is applied in several stages. In the first stage, documentary information was collected by library and filing method and in the next stage, field information was collected through the statistical community (using a questionnaire technique).In order to spread the culture of sacred defense among the students, four methods were identified, which are: the method of promoting reasoning, the method of promoting motivation, the method of promoting cultural-moral and the method of promoting authority.Considering that the most central element in this institution (University of Tehran) is "rationality", so it can be said that the optimal method in this research is the reasoning and rational method. In addition, the culture of sacred defense pays special attention to social, cultural and political issues, and the university, which is an important social institution, "rationality" and "rationality" play a very important role in it.

Attachment styles play an important role in personality development and ability of individuals to regulate emotions, coping with stressful situations and how to respond to threatening conditions. Previous studies have also shown an association between insecure attachment styles and disease and illness progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of attachment styles in the relationship between perceived stress and hypertension in patients with hypertension.

The present study was a descriptive correlational research method that was conducted in 2020. The samples included 350 patients with hypertension referred to Imam Reza, Valiasr and Razi hospitals in Birjand who were included in the study by simple random sampling. Data were collected using demographic information form, childhood attachment to each parent scale and perceived stress scale by interview method. Also, blood pressure was measured with a standard hand sphygmomanometer in the same way for all patients. In order to investigate the causal relationships between the variables, the structural equation modeling method was used with AMOS software.

The results showed that with the presence of insecure attachment mediator variable, there was a significant relationship between perceived stress and blood pressure (p<0.05). However, there was no significant relationship between perceived stress and blood pressure without the presence of the mediator.

Parents' insecure attachment styles act as mediator in the relationship between perceived stress and hypertension. Screening patients with high blood pressure in terms of attachment styles and planning to include this concept in related programs and interventions can help control blood pressure in stressful situations

The purpose of this study is to estimate the environmental and technical efficiency of grape production in Bijar County. In this research, stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method used to estimate input-oriented technical and environmental efficiency. Chemical fertilizer, pesticides and sulfur inputs were considered as environmentally detrimental inputs for estimating environmental efficiency. data were collected from 170 grape orchards at year 2018. The average technical efficiency (70%), shows that orchards under consideration can increase their efficiency up to 30%. The minimum and maximum technical efficiencies were 26% and 93%, respectively, which indicates a large gap (67%) between the efficiencies. While the average environmental efficiency is 92%, the lowest and highest efficiencies are 49% and 99%, respectively. Based on the results, it is possible to increase environmental efficiency on average by 8%. Due to the high average environmental efficiency of this grape orchards, it is concluded that environmental impacts of detrimental inputs were considered when using fertilizers and pesticides. So, encouraging these grape producers and introducing them to other producers can play a positive role in sustainable development in this county.

Training is one of the main and important priorities in military universities. The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces (Modzaleh Al-Ali) has a lot to say about the importance of these universities. Identifying the educational characteristics of professors and educators is essential for the continuous and accurate movement of those involved in the field of education. The purpose of this article is to enumerate the educational characteristics of professors and instructors of a military university. The research method is descriptive-survey and the method of collecting library information is also prepared by examining the votes and opinions of 100 university commanders and managers. Based on the research findings, the educational indicators of professors and educators are strengthening and excellence of basic knowledge and insight, upgrading the level of Islamic knowledge and insight, upgrading the level of political knowledge and familiarity with methods of cultural aggression, further familiarity with the roots of the Islamic Revolution And revolutionary is the strengthening and excellence of the spirit of cooperation in cultivation, learning and piety, strengthening and excellence of practical development, righteous action, mastery and skill in the ways of communication between people and Basijis and familiarity with the cultural achievements of 8 years of holy defense.

Ecological footprint is used as an indicator to assess the use of natural resources or natural capital; The higher the amount, the greater the utilization of resources to meet human needs and the disposal of waste produced by them. The purpose of this study is to estimate the technical efficiency of Iran economy using ecological footprint.

For this purpose, data related to inputs (ecological footprint and population) and output (GDP) for the period 1961-2017 were collected and analyzed using data envelopment analysis.

The results show that there is an ecological deficit in the years before 1980 and an ecological surplus in the years after 1980. The average technical efficiency in the period of ecological deficit and surplus and for the whole period were 0.97, 0.65 and 0.75, respectively. There is also a statistically significant difference between technical efficiency in the period of ecological deficit and surplus. Suggestions: It is recommended that appropriate policies be adopted and implemented to reduce the ecological footprint and increase the biological capacity so that the ratio of the ecological footprint to the biocapacity decreases over time and the economy becomes sustainable. It is also suggested that either the population be reduced or that the knowledge and awareness of population about the consumption and use of natural capital be increased, in order to reduce the consumption of natural capital. Also,, it is suggested that the use of renewable sources replace non-renewable sources and that renewable sources be used efficiently.

Extension and education of farmers in the innovative use of production resources plays an important role in the optimal use of resources. The main purpose of this study was to compare the technical efficiency of wheat production between the provinces implementing the new agricultural extension system and other provinces in Iran. The required data were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture's website for the period of 2015-2019 and their analysis was performed using data envelopment analysis method. The results showed that the mean of input-oriented technical efficiency under constant and variable efficiency in the provinces implementing the new agricultural extension system was 0.59 and 0.75 and in other provinces was 0.56 and 0.72, respectively. Also, the amount of technical efficiency under constant and variable efficiency in the provinces implementing the new agricultural extension system is 0.58 and 0.66 and in other provinces was 0.55 and 0.62, respectively. Since the technical efficiency of input-oriented in two group of provinces has been statistically different, it can be said that the implementation of the new promotion system has reduced the consumption of wheat production inputs. Considering the success of the implementation of the new extension system, it is recommended that the government pay attention to the implementation of this system in all provinces and not unilateral support for a limited number of specific provinces.

The variations in the number of six parameters of the landscape metrics in Arasbaran forests were explored in this study. Landsat 8 images from August 2015 were utilized for this purpose. For both protected and non-protected regions, forest and non-forest land use maps (kappa coefficient 0.9) were created, and necessary values were estimated using this map. According to the results, forest covers 34.98% of the protected area and 48.33% of the non-protected area, based on the index of the ratio of the area of the forest class to the surface of the land. In terms of the index of the larger patch of forest class, it was discovered that the largest patch of forest covers 22.0207% of the land in the protected region, while 41.3870% of the area in the unprotected area. In addition, the value of the index of the average area of a patch of the forest class in the non-protected area (8.4947 hectares) is more than twice that of the protected area (18.2241 hectares), and the value of both indicators patch density and edge density in the protected area is higher than in the non-protected area. According to the findings, the presence of processes of forest surface fragmentation is more visible in the protected area than in the non-protected region.

One of the most important strategies for restoration of Urmia Lake is to manage agricultural water resources, and in this regard, installing smart flowmeters on groundwater wells can help reducing water consumption in this sector. The aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of installing smart flowmeters and the factors affecting it. To achieve this goal, a generalized ordered logit model was used, which required data collected using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews from 250 farmers by cluster sampling method in 2019. The results showed that 38.8% of respondents had less than moderate satisfaction, 25.2% had moderate satisfaction and 36% were more satisfied than the average level of installing smart flowmeters. Factors affecting satisfaction are income from non-agricultural activities, increase in the value of agricultural land after flowmeter installation, proximity to the main source of irrigation, government support in flowmeter installation and time passed from flowmeter installation. Estimating the marginal effect of these variables shows that by increasing the amount of these variables, the probability of being in the group with high level of satisfaction increases. Adopting appropriate policies to increase the revenue agricultural products and financial and advisory support of the government in installing smart flowmeters can help reduce water consumption in agriculture and increase the likelihood of satisfaction with the installation of smart flowmeters

The relationship between rationality and events such as holy defense is one of the basic questions in political thought and philosophy, especially in the new era. Certainly, political action based on rationality and events as foundations of society has always been on the focus of political thinkers from past to present. Since the beginning of the Islamic revolution, some people have been trying to interpret the victories, especially during the war, as equivalent to a kind of extremism and radicalism, as well as contrary to rationality. In the meantime, Imam Khamenei (Madazla Al-Aali) as a sage and scientist of the Islamic world, believes that the holy defense from the beginning to the end was one of the "most rational and resourceful movements of the Iranian nation". The present article tries to show the function of reason in the brilliant passage of the Iranian nation from the era of holy defense. The necessary data has been extracted through library and document study and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of hope for the future in the thought of Imam Khamenei (as). The main issue of the research is what are the dimensions and components of hope for the future in the thought of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution?

This research is an applied type, which has been done quantitatively and qualitatively by the library method as well as by using the content analysis and data theorizing methods of the foundation.

Based on the categorization, 45 categories were finalized. Due to the large number of finalized categories, they were re-analyzed. These categories were defined as the central category and the core of hope, which include patience and perseverance, trust in God's promise, overcoming difficulties, a bright future, effort and indefatigability, and recognizing enemies.

In Imam Khamenei's system (Modzaleh Al-Aali), hope for the future in dimensions and components: pillars (patience and perseverance, trust in divine promise, overcoming problems, etc.), principles and direction (clear horizon, principles Hopeful, religious teachings, etc.), obstacles and challenges (colonialism, tyranny, arrogance, weakening of internal construction, etc.), goals (progress day by day, paving the way for the emergence and Islamic civilization, etc.) to achieve independence, It facilitates freedom, unity, progress, the dignity of Islam and Muslims, and the defeat of enemies.

Contingent valuation is one of the standard methods is utilized to estimate the value of non-market goods and services. Recently, this method is used in Iran frequently. Much more studies were designed using DBDC but analyzing their data was done using logit model that is suitable for analyzing SBDC data. Also, there are some studies designed by SBDC and analyzed using logit model. The main purpose of using DBDC is to increase statistical efficiency of the estimates, but efficiency does not increase when logit model is used for its data analysis. The main goal of this paper is to analyze SBDC data using logit model and DBDC data using seemingly unrelated bivariate probit regression (SURBP) and compare statistical efficiency of these estimates. The results showed that the variance of the coefficients of all variables in the SURBP model is less than the logit model. Also, the amount of willingness to pay in SBDC and DBDC methods was estimated 6524 and 6437 Rials, respectively; and the estimated confidence interval of the willingness to pay in the DBDC method is less than the SBDC. It is suggested that if the DBDC elicitation method is used to estimate the willingness to pay, the data be analyzed using the SURBP model.

The main objectives of this study are to estimate the input-oriented environmental efficiency of sugar beet production in Urmialake basin and the economic loss of its production.

The statistical population of this study was sugar beet farmers in the Central and Nazlu Chay distrcits of Urmia County, and the required data were collected randomly and through face-to-face interviews with 100 questionnaires from sugar beet producers in 2017-2018. To estimate the environmental efficiency, in which fertilizers and chemical pesticides were considered as detrimental inputs, the stochastic frontier function was used as a Translog functional form. Then, the economic losses of sugar beet production were calculated.

On the base of research findings, the average environmental efficiency was 58%, explaining that producers of sugar beet can keep consumption of other inputs constant, reduce the consumption of chemical inputs (fertilizers and chemical pesticides) by 42% and produce a constant level of product. The estimated average environmental damage value was 5.53 million Rials per hectare. In other words, due to the environmentally inefficient practice of sugar beet farmers, damages equal to 5.53 million Rials are imposed on the society through environmental polluting.

Suggestions:

 It is recommended to adopt appropriate policies that can limit the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in the production of sugar beet, which will reduce production costs and farmers will benefit from this way.

Reaching the pinnacle of Islamic civilization cannot be achieved except through scientific agnosticism through the transformation and evolution of society based on science and knowledge. Ayatollah Khamenei believes that science is the means of human happiness and the cause of human growth and prosperity, and the goal of research and education in the country should be the production of science. They consider removing science from the hands of the cruelest people and scientific resurrection and reaching scientific and religious leadership and the depth of knowledge as essential. In order to understand this proposition, we must answer the question, what is the model of theorizing, production of science and scientific authority in the thought of Ayatollah Khamenei? Replied This research is of applied type and with a mixed approach, which was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively by the library method and with content analysis and data theorizing of the foundation. According to the intellectual system of Ayatollah Khamenei, the production of science in its dimensions and components: pillars (theorizing, scientific independence, scientific authority, etc.), foundations and orientation tools (Quran, Ahl al-Bayt hadiths, Islamic principles, religious teachings, etc.), obstacles and challenges (petrification, dogmatism and scientific dogmatism, etc.), goals (scientific exclusion, theorizing in the field of science, etc.) to achieve independence, freedom, unity, progress, honor of Islam and Muslims, authority, Islamic civilization, vitality Facilitates science and ijtihad.

However, the undisputed role of people's attention in the political sphere of the country is undeniable. But its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is not very clear, an issue that has not yet been addressed on the basis of democracy. To address this ambiguity, one has to ask how does the opinion poll (independent variable) affect the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran (dependent variable)? The answer said. The political polling system can help by correcting the process of errors and empowering the right programs by producing information relevant to people's views on various political issues, and by providing them with the necessary accuracy and speed. The author seeks to show that having a stable security and preventing security crises requires paying attention to the public opinion and consequently having a strategic model of the political polling system to enhance the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this research, the data base research method is used. To answer the questions by referring to the statistical population of the research, 42 research interviews were conducted with 24 experts and subject elites. Discovering the strategic pattern of the political polling system to enhance the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the main finding of this article.

Among the goals of the political polling system in Iran, it is possible to produce information related to the views of the people on various electoral political issues, with the accuracy and speed necessary for users and stakeholders to put it, as well as the establishment, maintenance and expansion of public confidence in the polling system. named.With the advances made, the political polling system in Iran is still facing a lot of problems. The Pathology of the Political Polling System in the Islamic Republic of Iran is the main question of the research that the researcher has examined with regard to the status quo.In this research, the research data of the foundation data has been used. To answer the questions by referring to the research community, 42 research interviews with 24 experts and elites were conducted.The results of the research show that the damage of the political polling system in Iran is considered by the internal and external factors of this field. Internal injury factors directly affect survey work, but external factors are influenced by the political environment of the community and are from social cultural factors. In sum, some of the problems in this area are state-owned and pessimistic about the majority of polling organizations, the small share of the private sector in the polls market, the lack of competition between polling organizations, the non-publication of poll results, the lack of scientific knowledge of managers and experts, and the lack of a critique of polling conditions.

Drought as a natural shock can potentially reduce the livelihood and well-being of rural households and encourage them to migrate from the Villages. The possible drought of Lake Urmia along with the drought will intensify the phenomenon of migration of villagers. Having a correct understanding and insight of this issue will play an important role in policy making. This descriptive and correlational study was conducted to design a model of effective factors in the migration intention of farmers in the Urmia Lake Basin. The statistical population was all rural households in East and West Azerbaijan provinces, 495 of which were selected and studied by multi-stage random sampling. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts of Zanjan University and Urmia Lake Studies Research Institute and its reliability was obtained by conducting a pretest and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient greater than 0.7 for composite indices. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the tendency of men to work migration is the most important factor in the tendency of households to migrate. Having a house in the city, understanding the risk of the lake drying up on family life, share of income from the agricultural sector were other factors affecting household migration. Understanding the risk of lake drying on rural life, the percentage of income from agriculture, the amount of social capital, attitudes toward drought and its management were also factors influencing men's willingness to migrate. Given the important role of earning income and employment of men in the family, proper government policy in creating employment for villagers and starting non-agricultural businesses have an important role in preventing the migration of villagers in the region.

Regarding the scarcity of water resources in arid regions of the world, using more efficient irrigation systems is essential in agriculture. Possible option for improving agricultural water productivity is the irrigation method using steam- pottery system. This study introduces a new method of pottery irrigation system that is capable of transferring moisture and nutrients into the soil. The experimental system consisted of two clear plexiglasses with the dimension of 130 × 40 × 40 cm. The clay pipes were used in each of the boxes had the same dimensions (length 90 and diameter 5 cm). Perlite-coco peat is used as a soil. The volumetric moisture content of the soil was measured by using an analog moisture meter. The data recorded by the sensors were analyzed in both the steam-pottery system, and the water-pottery system. The results show that the distribution of moisture is uniform for both of them, in terms of time and space. However, the amount of moisture in the steam-pottery system is less than water-pottery system. The result is that in the steam-pottery system, the water demands of the plant are met, with total water use less than it was in the water-pottery system.  Other advantages of the steam-pottery system over the water-pottery system are that the pipes are not clogged and their service life is greatly extended

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate that the strategic declaration for the second stage of the revolution functions as a road map for the Islamic Revolution and as a theory of expectation in Grand Ayatollah Imam Khamenei's philosophy (as). This essay is exploratory in nature, and through studying the substance of Ayatollah Khamenei's (as) utterances, it has found and elucidated this critical topic. This study takes an inductive strategy, employs a qualitative approach, and employs a data-based research technique. According to Ayatollah Khamenei's (as) viewpoint as an Islamic thinker, the ultimate purpose of the Islamic Revolution is to "create a new civilization" via a logical and continuous chain built on the four pillars of "faith, reason, science, and ethics." To accomplish this, the five phases of "Islamic Revolution, Islamic system, Islamic state, Islamic society, and Islamic civilization" must be completed in order to pave the way for Imam Asr's appearance (as). Indeed, the expectation is to give precursor measures that, if achieved, would unmistakably pave the way for the arrival of the human world's savior.

Estimating irrigation water technical efficiency (IWTE) is one of the basic measures to manage water resources. In this study, using data from 100 sugar beet farms in Urmia Lake basin, Irrigation Water Technical Efficiency (IWTE), Irrigation Water Technical Cost Efficiency (ITCE), Output-oriented Technical Efficiency (OTE) and Input-oriented Technical Efficiency (ITE) are estimated using Stochastic Frontier function. The results showed that the share of irrigation water cost is less than all other inputs and is equal to 7.57%. The average IWTE, ITCE, OTE and ITE were estimated to be 56.65, 96.53, 98.77 and 52.87%, respectively. These results imply that the observed quantity of sugar beet (62.91 tons) could be maintained by using the observed values of other inputs while using 43.35% less irrigation water (3607 m3/ha). The average ITCE, which is equal to 96.53%, suggests a potential reduction of 3.47% of the total cost if irrigation water is adjusted to its efficient level. Correlation coefficient between IWTE and ITCE (67.20), ITE (31.14) and OTE (16.44) indicates that ITCE, OTE and ITE would increase by improving IWTE. If the price of irrigation water in sugar beet production increases by 39.88%, the amount of water used and the cost of irrigation water will decrease by 43.35% and 3.47%, respectively. It is suggested to increase IWTE by developing irrigation technologies and water pricing policies.

Diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus face many health-related problems. One of the therapeutic methods derived from positive psychology to reduce health-related problems is the well-being therapy method. As a result, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of well-being therapy on fasting blood sugar, depression, happiness, and optimism in diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The research population includes diabetic patients rescued from the Coronavirus who were members of Mashhad diabetes association in 2020. Forty people were selected by purposive sampling technique and randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group was trained 10 sessions of 90 minutes with the well-being therapy method (two sessions per week) and the control group was placed on the waiting list for training. The research tools were the blood sugar test and questionnaires of depression, happiness, and optimism. Data were analyzed using tests of chi-square, independent t, and multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the groups in the pretest stage were not significantly different in terms of fasting blood sugar, depression, happiness, and optimism (p<0.05), but in the posttest stage there was a significant difference in terms of all four variables (p<0.001). In other words, the well-being therapy led to a decrease in fasting blood sugar and depression and an increase in happiness and optimism in diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus.

Based on the results of this research, health experts and therapists can use the well-being therapy method along with other treatment methods for health-related interventions.

The statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution as a roadmap and the prism of the revolution in the second is its life, and includes many overseas to address each of them and must initiate a new season in the history of the Islamic Revolution. To explain the more favorable statements of this strategic statement, what is the question of what is the prism of Mahdism based on a strategic statement of the second step of revolution? Answered. From the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei, as an Islamic thinker, the ultimate goal of the Islamic Revolution is to achieve modern civilization in the logical and continuous chain, and to realize it, the five stages of the Islamic Revolution, the Islamic State, the Islamic State, Islamic Community and Civilization Islam is left behind to prepare for the emergence of Imam of Age (Aj). In this research, the research method of the Foundation data has been used. Discovering what and how the new Islamic civilization is in accordance with the second step statement of the revolution in the direction of the emergence of Hojjat (AS) can be found.

The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses.

In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indicator of natural resources degradation, factors affecting it is investigated in the form of natural resources degradation model for the period 1965-2011 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model; and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Pollution Haven hypotheses were tested. In this study, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), free trade index, urbanization, human development index, development of financial markets index were used as factors affecting the ecological footprint.

Results show that per capita GDP, free trade, development of financial markets and urbanization have positive and significant impacts in long and short term periods, but human development has negative and significant impact on ecological footprint. These results confirmed Pollution Haven hypothesis; but the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed and the relationship between income and ecological footprint is in the form of N. The coefficient of Error Correction is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.99 meaning that ecological footprint corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 99% annually to reach at the steady state.

According to the results of this study, economic growth in Iran leads to more natural resources degradation. Therefore, governments should pay special attention to development programs in order to be sustainable.

Willingness to pay (WTP) of environment users, determines the value of those resources. But WTP values for environmental goods tend to display heterogeneity among individuals and spatial heterogeneity. The downward trend in the environmental status of Lake Urmia during last years expresses the fact that its functions will not continue without collective measures and activities. Thus in this paper, partial ranking (best-worst) data analyzed using multilevel latent class model which provides the possibility of classifying individuals based on personal preferences and geographic location. Results showed to better fit the data, a heterogeneous model with three classes and two grand classes is required. Calculating prediction errors for best-worst choices suggests a reduction in the estimated model than the usual homogeneous model. Estimating willingness to pays diagnosed climate regulation and prevention from salt storms as the most important attribute for the respondents.