فهرست مطالب مریم صالحیان

The purpose of this research was to compare the quality of life, positive thinking and psychological capital of girls from single-child families with those from multi-child families. The present study was in the category of causal-comparative descriptive researches in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method and nature. The statistical population of the study was girls aged 15 to 18 years in Semnan city, where 300 questionnaires (150 questionnaires among girls with one child and 150 questionnaires among girls with multiple children) were distributed by available sampling method. Ingram and Weissnicki (1988), Luthans psychological capital (2007) and World Health Organization (1996) quality of life questionnaires were used to collect information. Collected data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multivariate variance analysis and covariance analysis. The findings of the research showed that there is a difference between the psychological capital of girls from single-child families and from multi-child families. So that the components of hope, resilience, self-efficacy and optimism are higher among girls from families with several children (p<0.05). There is a difference between the quality of life of girls in single-child families and those in multi-child families. So that the components of mental health, physical health, health of the surrounding environment are higher among girls from single-child families (p<0.05). There is a difference between the positive thinking of girls from single-child families and from multi-child families. So that positive thinking is higher among girls from families with several children (p<0.05). The obtained results can be used by the guardians of the family system.

One of the many complications and problems that the elderly experience due to the aging process is dependency in activities of daily living and also a decrease in the sense of hope. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of leisure time physical activity program on activities of daily living and hope in the elderly.

This study is a randomized clinical trial type intervention on 60 elderly people randomly selected from two health centers in Mashhad who met the inclusion criteria and the health of the participants to participate in the intervention was approved by the medical group of the health center. It was done. For this purpose, first, before the intervention, questionnaires of demographic information, independence in performing daily activities of Barthel and Snyder hope scale were completed from the samples in person and through interviews.Then group leisure activities were performed in 8 sessions, once a week (8 weeks), and each session lasted at least 45 minutes. Two weeks after the completion of the intervention in the experimental group, questionnaires were completed by someone other than the researcher in both groups. The collected data was analyzed and reported using SPSS-V25 software and relevant statistical tests.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of the research units in the intervention group was 68.30 ± 3.31 and in the control group was 68.33 ± 2.85 years. The demographic and main variables of the study were compared and tested in the two intervention and control groups, and the two groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables, the amount of hope and the amount of activities of daily living.In the post-intervention stage, the mean and standard deviation of the hope score in the intervention group was 49.36±3.12 and in the control group was 46.96±5.32. The independent t-test showed that after the intervention, the hope score in theintervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.03). The average score of activities of daily living in the post-intervention phase was 95.33 ± 4.40 in the intervention group and 92.36 ± 5.86 in the control group. The independent t-test showed that after the intervention, the score of activities of daily living in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.031).

The results of this study generally indicate that the physical activities of the elderly in their free time can play a significant role in the state of their activities of daily living and hope, therefore, it is recommended to the relevant planners and officials to provide The facilities increase the level of functional independence and hope among the elderly in the community.

Based on high prevalence of sexual dysfunction in menopausal woman, this research was performed to investigate the effect of the medicinal plants on sexual function in menopausal women.
In this systematic review of clinical trials, Persian relevant articles  were identified through a systematic search of databases from 2000 to 2021 ,using  the keywords of (female sexual dysfunction, sexual function, sexual satisfaction, sexual behavior, sexual activity, menopause, Post menopause, Herbal medicine , Medicinal plants, herbal materials, phytoestrogens, phytotherapy, Randomized Clinical Trials.The Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of the retrieved articles
In final twelve articles were analyzed. The studied plants were ginkgo biloba, fennel, st johns wort, palm pollen, fenugreek, afrodit, , hop, black cohosh, lavender, ginseng, saffron, red clover, Tribulus terrestris, nigella sativa and vitex agnus castus and hybrid aromatherapy (fennel, Heracleum persicum, salvia officinalis, bergamot, lavender and geranium) that were studied on different dimensions of sexual function.
Based on the results of studies, most plants were effective in improving sexual function. Although due to the limited number of studies performed for each plant, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis in this study, so it is recommended to conduct more studies in relation to each plant to provide sufficient evidence to decide on the use of each Herbs are offered as less dangerous and less expensive treatments to improve sexual function in menopausal women.

In-service training courses are essential for empowering and developing organizational human capital. This study aimed to determine the effect of in-service training of employees (health care providers and health workers) on their organizational performance.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all health workers in the village (88 people) and health care providers (55 people) in the comprehensive health service centers who attended in-service training courses in Kashmar, Iran. These training courses have been held from May to the end of February, for about 80 hours and about 77 hours for health care workers, for ten months. The research tool was Hersey and Goldsmith's Organizational Performance Questionnaire, which included XMRin-service training courses. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.

In-service training courses could significantly improve the average score of organizational performance (P <0.03). In-service training of employees was effective on the components of environment and evaluation, but it had no significant effect on other features.

Based on the results, in-service training courses for employees are effective in increasing the performance of employees, their skills, and capabilities and can be used by managers to improve organizational performance.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections in both outpatients and inpatients worldwide. Due to the widespread use of empirical antibiotic therapy, the resistance rate to bacteria causing UTIs has significantly increased. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the pattern of drug resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with UTIs referred to the educational centers of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 100 urine samples completely randomly were taken from patients with UTI. Patient characteristics including age, gender, outpatient and/or inpatient were collected from patients' clinical records and laboratories data services. After confirmation of E. coli strains, antibiogram was performed by disk diffusion method according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) instructions.

Out of 100 positive urine culture samples, the highest prevalence of E. coli causing UTI was seen in the female (83%) and outpatient (53%) groups. The age range of the patients was between 0 (6-month-old) and 95 years. The highest resistance was reported against ampicillin (66.6%) and the lowest resistance to imipenem (1%), followed by cefoxitin (1.2%) and gentamicin (1.7%), while resistance to amikacin and tobramycin was not found. Of 100 E. coli isolates, 44% were associated with multidrug resistance phenotype; 32 cases of which were women and 25 cases were for hospitalized patients.

Following the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, drug resistance is increasing over time. Due to high rates of resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and cephalosporins, especially cefazolin and cefotaxime, the use of these drugs in the treatment of UTIs will not be a good option. Our data show that carbapenems and aminoglycosides should be considered as an option for first-line treatment of hospitalized patients with UTIs, in the study area.

Considering that recognizing the experiences of professors and students is important in improving the quality of Virtual educationthe present study aims to explain , the understanding and experience of faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences of virtual education during the covid-19 epidemic. 

This qualitative study was conducted with a content analysis approach atMashhad University of Medical Sciences. B participants were selected from the faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Sampling was continued until saturation of the data. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis method. The validity of the data was also confirmed according to Lincoln and Guba criteria.

Data analysis led to the emergence of three main categories: 1. "advantages of Virtual education " With the sub-categories "Reducing economic costs, the flexibility of Virtual education and creating a suitable teaching-learning environment" and 2. "Disadvantages of Virtual education" With the subcategories "Lack of sufficient skills in using virtual training, Insufficient space, facilities and infrastructure, Lack of effective interaction and sufficient motivation, lack of ethics and information security, Impossibility of quality evaluation, Lack of proper software support, Impossibility of assessing proper attendance" and 3. "Virtual education promotion strategies" With the subcategories " Strategies to promote Virtual education in policy and incentive policies, Perform an effective evaluation, improving teaching skills, Combining online and offline training and infrastructure development and technical support" 

Aid, management, and support of Virtual education structures, and promotion of cultural, motivational, and economic infrastructure, can help in the development of designing virtual education environments in universities and achieving educational goals at all levels of education

One of the most important aspects of corona disease is the psychological and social spheres. Fear and worry about this disease can lead to social stigma towards people, and even their places of residence. This study was designed to explain the perception and experience of community members of social stigma in the face of coronary heart disease.

This qualitative study with content analysis approach was performed on 21 patients with corona disease, patient companions, non-patients and staff of COVID-19 reference hospitals in Covid 19 reference hospitals in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Sampling was continued without any restrictions until the data were saturated. Text analysis based on content analysis approach was done by setting the initial code, compressing the code in the sub and main classes and finally abstracting more general themes and concepts. The validity of the data was confirmed according to Lincoln and Guba criteria. 

From the qualitative analysis of the data, two main categories emerged: "from self-stigma to social stigma" including: Secrecy, Affected person's distance from others, Social rejection, External stigma , "emotional numbness" including: Non-supportive behavior of the medical staff with the affected person, coldness of marital relations following the infection of one of the spouses, unemotional behavior of the family with the affected person and the final theme of "corona stigma more destructive than corona disease",.

Fear of being in the community, isolation, unemotional reactions and stigma are in the circle of the Corona label. Trying to maintain a physical distance should not lead to an emotional or human distance between us and others.

Micro algaes have a major role in food chains and aquatic ecosystems. Among the mono cellular algaes in the paddy fields which locted in Mazandaran state, Chlorella vulgaris is an important species in Chlorophyta phylum. Influence of herbicides as the most serious particle of pesticides on the algaes is very considerable. Thererfore this study is performed in orther to determination effect of pertilachlor on the some properties of Chlorella vulgaris. Nine treatments (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 300 mg herbicide per 1 liter) prepared in one litter bottle, then 100 cc algae solution and stock culture was added, next this system aerated. Treatments with three replications during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were investigated. After treating, effect of pretilachlor on the desity, chlorophyll a concentration, activity of catalase, peroxidase, ascorbat peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase enzymes and lipidic peroxidation were examined. Herbicide increasing at the all times resulted in significant reduction about cellular density (p < 0.0001). Maximum and minimum cellular density was measured in the control (without herbicide) and 300 mg pertilachlor treatment, respectively. The less Chl a consentration was obsereved in the most dose herbicide. Activity rate of quadruple enzymes in long term (9 days), indicated significant loss with increasing herbicide dose. Also lipidic peroxidation in all treatments was more relative to control. In this study was shown enzymes activity in high pretilachlor concentrations was not enough that can prevent the reactive oxygen species and this material was targeted by herbicide.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and the second leading cause of nosocomial infections, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU), and is responsible for high mortality rates. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility and prevalence of multiple drug resistance strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized patients in Mazandaran province, Iran 2020.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 80 strains of P. aeruginosa were collected from different clinical specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by disk agar diffusion method according to the instructions of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Finally, based on the resistance pattern, multi-drug resistant (MDR), extensive-drug resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) isolates were identified.

Out of 80 P. aeruginosa isolates, the highest number of samples was collected from ICU (58.75%). The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against ticarcillin-clavulanate (95%), meropenem (80%), and ceftazidime (75%). Piperacillin-tazobactam and cefpime showed the highest inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa isolates with 57.5% and 51.25% sensitivity, respectively. Altogether, 88.75% and 46.25% of the isolates were categorized as MDR and XDR, respectively. In this study, PDR phenotype was not observed among our tested strains.

This study showed that P. aeruginosa strains are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. Given the role of this bacterium in nosocomial infections, especially in ICU, it is necessary to take immediate measures for timely identification, definitive treatment with appropriate antibiotics, and preventing the spread of resistant strains of this bacterium.

Present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on cognitive abilities of students with type D personality.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest, posttest and follow-up design with control group. The research population was students with type D personality of institute applied science higher education of Semnan Jahad University in 2017-18 academic years. After examining type D personality among students number of 70 people were selected and from them 30 people were selected by simple random sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups. The experimental group 12 sessions of 90 minute underwent group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and the control group did not see any training. Data were collected by type D personality scale (Denollet, 2005) and cognitive abilities (Nejati, 2013) and analyzed with chi-square, repeated measures and post hoc Bonferroni test in SPSS-19 software.

The findings showed that the experimental and control groups did not significant difference in terms of marriage and education level (P>0.05). Also, the group therapy based on acceptance and commitment improved cognitive abilities and all its dimensions including memory, inhibitory control and selective attention, decision making, planning, sustain attention, social cognition and cognitive flexibility and the treatment results were maintained in the follow-up stage (p < 0.05).

According to the results, planning is necessary for the use of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment to improve the characteristics of students with type D personality. As a result, therapists and clinical psychologists can use group therapy based on acceptance and commitment along with other treatment methods to improve cognitive characteristics

Nowadays, widespread use of automated teller machines (ATMs), has increased the possibility of contamination of hands due to contact with the surfaces of these devices. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolated bacteria from the keyboard of these devices in Sari, north of Iran.

In this descriptive-analytic study, the keyboards of 200 ATMs were sampled by sterile swab and transferred to the laboratory. The samples were inoculated in TSB medium and, after 24 hours of incubation at 37 ° C, were cultured on specific solid media and incubated. Then, the isolated bacteria were identified and their antibiotic resistance pattern was examined by disk agar diffusion method.

Bacterial contamination was observed in 97% of the samples. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent identified bacteria (36.08%), while Bacillus cereus was the least frequent bacteria (1.54%). K. pneumoniae showed a high resistance rate against Tetracycline (91.42%) and a low resistance rate towards Imipenem (2.85%).

Regular disinfection of ATM keyboards has a significant role in reducing and controlling bacterial contamination. Also, due to increased antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria, it is possible to combat this problem by precise monitoring on the performance of antimicrobial stewardship programs.

There have been made lots of attempts to design curricula based on conceptual frameworks. The aim of this study was to reform the bachelor nursing curriculum on the concept of caring in education.

 This study was done in 5 parts based on Leana Uys

1. Establishing the context and foundations which consists of two steps: In the first step (i.e. designing the framework), the concept of caring in nursing education was analyzed with principle-based concept analysis methodology introduced by Hupcey & Penrod (2005). Then, the caring experience of the faculty and students in Nursing Faculty of Mashhad were analyzed by content analysis. Finally, the findings of two studies (concept analysis and content analysis) were integrated and an advanced theoretical definition of the caring concept in nursing education was introduced, using Template Comparison methodology introduced by Penrod and Hupcey (2003). In the second step (i.e. designing the context) the situation of Nursing Faculty of Mashhad was analyzed. 2- Defining the curriculum vision and mission based on the concept of caring in nursing education. 3- Developing a macro-curriculum and the curriculum outcomes. 4- Developing an instance of a micro curriculum. 5- Planning for curriculum evaluation.

 An integrative and advanced definition of the concept of caring in nursing education was presented. Then in macro and micro-curriculum parts, proposal and comparative courses were suggested and described, and finally the internal and external evaluation for assessing the curriculum were recommended.

The bachelor nursing curriculum has been designed and revised based on the concept of caring in nursing education and the results of the conceptual and situational analysis. Integration of the concept of caring in education is recommended for designing and reforming all courses and levels of nursing.

Regular physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and depression. Regular physical activity is a priority of a healthy lifestyle and is one of the ways to strengthen the immune system and prevent non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior on promoting physical activity of female health workers in Kashmar.

The quasi-experimental study was performed on 61 female health workers. The units were randomly assigned to the control and intervention groups. A researcher-made physical activity questionnaire was used to collect the data. Four weeks of intervention for the target group and the control group did not receive any intervention. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software using chi-square and independent t-test.

After intervention, there was a significant increase in the mean of the abstract normative, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention and physical activity in the intervention group compared to the control group (p <0.05). The mean score of attitude before and after the intervention did not increase significantly (p< 0.05).

Educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior promoted physical activity of employed female health workers. It is recommended to use this theory in early prevention educational programs.

The vast expanse of the oceans and high biodiversity of such ecosystem, especially in microorganismchr('39')s community has been known as a huge source of marine natural products. Marine natural products are natural compounds derived from the marine organisms which are used in diverse fields of industries, food industries, pharmaceuticals, beauty products, health products and etc. Due to natural source of such compounds, they are environmental friendly and have fewer side effects compare to synthetic compounds. Today, there is an especial look for these great sources in many countries and also several researches have been conducted to study the extraction of these compounds and their diverse effects. Marine microorganisms are a huge part of marine bio-richness, and for this reason they make a suitable source for extraction of marine natural products. In present study, there is a brief introduction to marine natural products whit emphasis on the compounds extracted from marine microorganisms.

Type D Personality or helpless personality with two components of negative affectivity and social inhibition is cause of psychological disorders. The research question is  that whether the group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment with group therapy based on Mindfulness  is effective on behavior patterns of students with type D personality? The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment with a group therapy based on Mindfulness of psychological disorders and behavior patterns of students with type D personality and assessment of the permenante effect of the two therapeutic approaches. The research design is "pre-test-posttest-follow-up with expanded control group". The sample group consisted of 45 students with type D personality, which were selected randomly assigned and arrangement. To collect data structured clinical interviews (SCID-5), DS-14 (Denollet- 1993) and DASS-42 (Lavibond & Lavibond- 1995), questionnaires were used. The effectiveness and the permanent effect of the two interventional group therapy on psychological disorders and type D students was in one level (P < 0/01). The results showed that two interventional group therapy led to reduction of psychological' disorders and behavior patterns of students with type D personality.

Background and Increasing resistance to Quinolones in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia in Sari, has caused many problems in treatment. Mutation in gyrA gene lead to changes in amino acids and resistance against Fluoroquinolones in E. coli and K. pneumonia. This study aimed at identifying remarkable mutations in E. coli and K. pneumonia isolates using PCR-SSCP analysis.
Antibiotic sensitivity test (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid) was performed using Agar Disk Diffusion method. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was confirmed by E-test. (MIC experiment). We used PCR-SSCP method to detect mutation in gyrA (ser83 – asp 87) genes. Then, the PCR products were randomly sequenced.
From 103 isolates, 65 (63.2 %) were E. coli and 38 (36.8%) were K. pneumoniae. In all E.coli isolates resistant to Ciprofloxacin, at least one mutation was observed. Also, in all K. pneumoniae samples resistant to Ciprofloxacin, at least one mutation was seen and in 14 samples two mutation points were observed, but in 5 samples that were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin no mutation was observed.
This study showed that the mutation in gyrA genes is closely related to quinolones resistance. High prevalence of quinolones resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates requires more appropriate infection control programs.

Background and Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common complications of diabetes. Asymptomatic bacteriuria or frequent symptomatic urinary tract infection are common in diabetic patients. Study of bacterial factors of UTI in these patients and the antibiotic resistance pattern and resistant strains are necessary.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 302 urine samples of diabetic patients attending Sari diabetes clinic (in 2015) were used. The specimens were cultured in Blood agar and McConkey and incubated at 37° C for 24 hours. Biochemical tests were done to identify the pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion.
Among the samples, 22.5% were positive for urinary tract infections including 76.4% of the females’ samples and 32.6% of males’ samples. The most prevalent bacteria isolated were group B Streptococcus (25%). According to antibiogram testing, the most sensitive antibiotic was chloramphenicol (70%) while cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin were found to be highly resistant.
The study showed that the third generations of cephalosporins commonly used in treatment of UTI are not appropriate in diabetic patients. So, Chloramphenicol is recommended for treatment of these patients.

In contemporary modern life, it's difficult to imagine a world without an internet connection. This leap in information technology has a profound impact on human communication behavior, and because of the higher level of Internet use among young people, carers / parents have less understanding of Internet functioning than their children. For this purpose, this article aims to inform mothers about the causes of children's tendency to use the Internet and the potential risks of using it. Then, he will provide the necessary training to prevent possible harm caused by the use of the Internet in children and how to monitor their mothers, and will conclude with a brief discussion and conclusion.

By-product of fisheries processing plants applicable protein. In this study effect of papain (plant origin), Trypsin, Pepsin (animal), Alkalaz, Prvtamks, Flavrzaym (microbial), and temperatures of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes on the hydrolysis of rainbow trout waste were examined. The recovered peptone in the media as a source of bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Aeromonas hydrophila was evaluated in the present study. Effects of enzyme and time and their interactions on degree of hydrolysis and peptone yield was significantly different. The protein content and degree of protein hydrolysis increased by 90 minute and then decreased from 90 to 120 minute, and henceforth was almost constant by 180 minute. The results showed that the protein content and the degree of protein hydrolysis using Alkalaz was better than the other enzymes. Bacteria showed better growth rate in media containing peptone as compared with TSB and MRS as commercial media (control).

Chewing gum is a type of false nutritional capillaries of the nerve between the brain, and it stimulates the stomach and speed s the return of bowel function. This study investigated the effects of chewing gum on postoperative bowel movement after cesarean. In this clinical trial, 92 pregnant women who have had cesarean section in Bent-al-Hoda hospital Bojnoord, were included in the study. Inclusion criteria included cesarean section without complications and emergencies. The subjects were randomly assigned in to two groups; consumer group Gum n=46, and control group n=46. Mothers receive d the sugar free chewing gum three times a day at 8, 14, 20 o’clock, the control group received a routine normal diet postoperative. All women marked in a check list their first feel of the movement of Prytalysm, their first feeling of flatus and sense of first stool. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 16. The mean age was 29 years, 46/6% of mothers didn’t graduate from high school,, %80/7 were housewives, 53/3% had female newborns and % 46/7 had male newborns. T test based on the time of bowel movements were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.04). The new approach to the use of non-pharmaceutical medicine can be safe. Since chewing gum is a low risk method comparing to the complicated equipment s and training s.

Caring is a core value and a basic principle in nursing practice. But this concept still is remained vague. A better and comprehensive understanding of this concept allow for identifying more accurate territory, caring behaviors in a more borders sense and for distinguishing professional role of nurses among other members of the healthcare team.

This study used the method of Combinatorial Review and Ganng Cognitive method. Systematic searches of sources including MEDLINE, CINAHL, MagIRAN and SID were employed; Google search engine was also developed through the relevant keywords (in accordance with MESH) such as "caring", "taking care" and "nursing" from 1990 to 2012. Data were analyzed based on qualitative approach and Iteration process.

Caring is an extensive communication, a unique situation and a valuable action and it also allows the opportunity to express affection, humanitarianism, sympathy, and beyond them to manifest humanity and spirituality, and it provides a mutual and meaningful development and growth in a intrapersonal communication.

Caring serves as a building block in nursing practice. The value of nursing depends on ethical dimension of caring. Caring is able to manifest humanity and development. The goal of caring is met by making communication accompanied with ethics, which means service quality and patient's consent (satisfaction).

: using of effective communicative skills is unavoidable part of caring process in cancer patient and their families. It is clear that good communication with cancer patients can have important effect on patient satisfaction with all nursing cares. In other hand there are not any information concern to communication skill between nurses and cancer patient and its relation to quality of this communication with patient satisfaction of nursing services. Therefore the aim of this study is assessment the nurses and cancer patient communication and its relation to satisfaction with nursing services.

this is a descriptive and correlation study that done on 131 hospitalized patient in oncology wards in Shahid Ghazi Tabatabaei hospital in Tabriz. Nurse- patient communication assessed with interaction quality nurse- patient that its scores is variable 24 to 144 and patient satisfaction with nursing services assessed with La-Monica satisfaction with nursing care questionnaire that its scores is variable 41 to 287. Data were analyzed by SPSS and presented with descriptive statistic.

results showed the average score of nurse- patient communication and patient satisfaction with nursing care was respectively 94/7 and 203/2. There was correlation between nurse- patient communication and patient satisfaction with nursing care..

Given that important role of communication between nurses and cancer patients on patient satisfaction of nursing services، it is necessary improvement of quality of nurse- patient in oncology wards.

Background and Ice cream is a frozen dairy product which is contaminated easily due to its nutrient environment and could endanger people’s health through food poisoning. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial contamination in traditional ice cream and factors affecting it. This study was carried out in summer of 2012 using 50 samples of ice cream، row materials، scoops، containers، and staff’s hands. The samples were transported in sterile conditions to the Food Quality Control Laboratory. The results showed that 84% of traditional ice cream were contaminated. The contaminations included Staph aureus (28%)، Escherichia coli (52%)، Bacillus cereus (4%)، Listeria monocytogenes (2%)، Enterococcus spp (14%)، microorganisms (74%)، and enumeration of enterobacteriaceae (70%). There was also a significant correlation between contamination in ice cream and row materials، scoops، containers، and staff’s hands (P<0. 05). The main sources of contaminants for traditional ice cream were raw materials such as milk، sugar، salep، vanilla، utensils and staff’s hands. High levels of contamination in traditional ice cream and the risks of consumption indicates a serious need for greater control over production units and encouraging the public to use pasteurized ice cream through mass media.

Clinical practice is an indispensible component of nursing students' education. Recognition of their real experiences and understanding of their clinical training difficulties in this area may help to develop a better clinical instruction strategies and improvement of education. This study was aimed to get a betterperception regarding nursing students' clinical experiences assuming qualitative method. To gain access to nursing students' views about their clinical experiences, focus group approach was employed. 30 of the whole 120 nursing students of Bojnord Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery were [purposefully selected and according to their entry year divided into three groups each of which including 10 students. Each group was interviewed separately by focus group method. Using content analysis to extract concepts and themes, data were coded in three levels. At the first step, the meaning units were recognized and coded. Then the meaning units were categorized in second level of data; and finally the themes as the third level of data were derived. Three main themes were evolved from qualitative data analysis: "anxiety", "motivation", and"theory practice gap". Study revealed the feeling of discouragement and reluctance among students. Also fear and anxiety as consequences of knowledge insufficiency, improper reactions of instructors in case of students' errors, and unfair evaluation were among experiences verbalized by nursing students. With regard to undeniable role of psychological factors, internal and external motivations of nursing students in acquiring I clinical skills, findings of this study may help educational managers and clinical instructors in planning nursing clinical courses and improvement of teaching-learning processes.