مریم یوسفی

The purpose of research was analysis of relationship between informational, utilitarian and value-expressive influences of reference groups with sport consumers’ purchase decision making process. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation nature. The research statistical population was all physical education students in Guilan University which were selected samples from random classification method. The standard Jin and Punpanich (2011) questionnaire was used to collect data and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts (12 people). Also, its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha (0.95) and combined reliability. For analyzing data and check fit model has been used structural equation modeling and PLS3 and SPSS24 software. The results indicated that informational influence (0.10), utilitarian influence (0.64) and value-expressive influence (0.22) have positive and significant relationship with purchase decision making process directly. Reference groups can be determinative in consumers purchasing behavior through informational, utilitarian and value-expressive influences. It is necessary that sport stores focus on the factors and paths that influence on consumer purchase behavior in marketing strategy and customer oriented.

As congenital gastrointestinal diseases are pretty common and can lead to fatal consequences when combined with congenital heart diseases, we conducted a study in Iran to explore the relationship and prevalence of these two conditions. Our objective was to identify the types and frequency of congenital heart diseases in children who also have gastrointestinal anomalies.

This was a cross-sectional analytical study. The research population was the patients referred to the Gastrointestinal Clinic of Hazrat Masoumeh Children's Subspecialty Hospital during the 2011-2017. In this study, the echocardiography in the patients’ files performed by a pediatric heart specialist was examined, and in the next step, the patients were divided into two groups with and without heart disorders. Gastrointestinal abnormalities were also recorded in the relevant checklist. Finally, the recorded information was entered into SPSS software version 22, and Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the qualitative findings. The significant level for all tests was considered to be 0.05.

The average age of the children in this study was 7.93±7.74 months. 105 boys (54.7%) and 87 girls (45.3%) were examined. 167 children (87%) had cardiovascular abnormalities and 25 children (13%) had no abnormalities. The most common types of cardiovascular abnormalities were 69 (35.9%) septal defects, 36 (18.8%) atrial septal defects, and 22 (11.5%) pulmonary valve stenosis. The least frequent abnormalities were cardiomyopathy in three (1.6%) and ventricular inter-atrial septal defects along with atrial septal defects in one (0.5%) patient There was not a significant correlation between congenital heart diseases and frequency of closed anus, rectovaginal fistula, Hirschsprung, anal stenosis, rectal prolapse, perianal fistula, esophageal atresia, pyloric hypertrophy, intestinal obstruction, annular pancreas, biliary atresia, diaphragmatic hernia, Meckel's diverticulum.(P>0.05). A significant relationship was found only between omphalocele and pyloric hypertrophy with the presence of cardiovascular disorders (P<0.05).

The results showed that congenital heart diseases have a high prevalence in infants with gastrointestinal anomalies, so cardiac examination is mandatory in all infants with gastrointestinal anomalies.

Students' negative attitude toward teaching and learning, especially in elementary school, is a fundamental problem for parents and teachers, affecting the future of the individuals and society. One of the reasons for this attitude is the use of conventional methods. These types of classes hinder students' dynamism and make them tired and unmotivated. But today, technology can be used to enrich our classrooms. Virtual reality is a technology that has helped to change students' attitudes and made classroom environments more dynamic. In fact, it can be defined as the simulation of a situation, and the attitude consists of a person's beliefs, feelings, and behavior. In the early period, the first attitudes are achieved in a person, and this attitude plays an important role in the motivation and behavior of a person. On the other hand, technologies play an essential role in human life today, and it is necessary to use them in different areas of life with correct and purposeful planning. One of these critical fields is education. Regarding education and training, the choice of media is a fundamental issue. The selection of media should be made according to factors such as the characteristics of the learner in order to be effective. If the media are not selected and designed correctly, they will cause financial losses and waste of time. So how to design the media, which is the virtual reality here, is very important in influencing the attitude. On the other hand, according to Howland's message learning theory, the three factors of source, message, and audience characteristics are among the factors that should be taken into account to change the attitude. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to review the studies conducted in the field of using virtual reality in terms of attitude in the elementary course was in line with the answers to these questions: a) What factors play a role in choosing virtual reality technology for use in elementary classes in terms of students' attitudes? b) How is the design of virtual reality content to improve the attitude of elementary school students? And c) How are the educational activities in the classes based on virtual reality to improve the attitude of elementary school students?

The study was conducted in a systematic review from August to November 2022. The search was carried out in the Wiley, Scopus, Springer link, and Web of Science databases with the keywords Virtual reality, Attitude, and Primary students, along with the relevant word groups. The criteria for the entry and acceptance of the research included these items: related to virtual reality and the use of this technology in teaching and learning, in relation to primary school students, in relation to attitude, research in English or Farsi, and field articles. Finally, according to the inclusion criteria, the data from 12 cases were extracted, described, analyzed, and inferred from 233 studies.

According to the research questions, data were extracted, such as research countries, subjects, educational level, explanations of virtual reality, and activities from the cases (articles) that have been chosen for analysis. After analyzing and combining their findings, more studies have been taken in countries like Taiwan, China, and Korea and in fifth and sixth grades. Subjects have worked on science, social studies, English language, and physical education. In fact, according to these findings, the use of virtual reality in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school and subjects such as sciences had the most significant impact on the students' attitudes. Also, after combining and putting together the data related to virtual reality content and features such as sense of presence, content, repetition, practice, problem-solving, animation mode, use of real images, and educational factor. These findings show that these elements in virtual reality may play a role in students' attitudes. The activities performed in the classes included viewing the content, examining and exploring the content, doing homework, working in groups, listening to the teacher's instructions, and questioning and answering. These characteristics and elements were gathered from putting together the information of previous research, but only mean the existence of all these factors in some of the studies.

From the explanation and conclusion of the findings, it can be said that: 1) an important criterion in the use, selection, and application of technologies, including virtual reality, is to pay attention to the characteristics of learners, including their age and 2) the characteristics of the subject that must be paid attention to. When the learner is in the abstract stage, this technology can improve learning and attitude. In fact, from their findings and analysis, it was concluded that age is an important factor in paying attention to attitude, and the use of virtual reality when the learners are in the abstract stage is effective. Also, the use of virtual reality in subjects such as sciences, which has features such as spatial and temporal limitations and abstract content, can be effective. Designers of virtual reality content should design it in such a way that is possible to check and explore the content, interact, repeat the content, and practice and solve the problem. Based on the finding related to inferences of classroom activities, it can be concluded that teachers must group students before viewing virtual reality and add additional explanations after viewing it. In fact, the group is an essential factor that affects learners' attitudes. Also, they must provide tasks and assignments per the objectives and content and allow them to ask questions and answers. Finally, according to these factors, virtual reality technology can be used to create, change or improve the attitude of elementary school students.

Any test as a measurement tool must have sufficient validity and reliability to measure the desired attribute. Multiple-choice tests are the most common types of tests in medical education, which have a high degree of reliability, and this study was conducted with the aim of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of four-choice questions in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2021-2022.

This descriptive study was conducted on all General and specialized courses in the two academic years of 2021-2022 at the Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. For the quantitative evaluation of the questions (difficulty index and discrimination index), the Hamava system was used and for the qualitative evaluation, the 14-item checklist of Millman was used.

This study showed that out of 5000 examined questions, 2569 questions (51.4%) had a simple difficulty coefficient and 2500 (50%) had a suitable clean coefficient. And the average standard deviation of the degree of difficulty was 0.700±0.314 and the degree of cleanliness was 0.625±0.247, also 330 questions (48.5%) of taxonomy two and 190 questions (27.9%) were without defects. The most types of defects were the absence of most of the information in the question stems of 196 questions, the presence of negative words in the question stems of 136 questions, and the presence of options for all items in 121 questions, none in 45 questions, and combined options in 34 questions. And in the structure of question 398 (58/1%) was the most type of defect.

To improve the quality of tests and use the results of quantitative and qualitative analysis of questions, practical solutions should be thought of, and professors should be trained in designing and using appropriate questions and preparing for-choice question banks.

The stakeholders and natural resources are not discrete and independent. Therefore, natural resource management needs to explore the dependency on natural resources. One of the best methods for the study of social relations is social network analysis. Kalaleh village is in the Arasbaran biosphere reserve, which is one of the sensitive and unique regions in Iran. The natural resource management plans of this region were incompetent as yet and so the rate of deforestation is high. The main goal of this study was Social Network Analysis in the highest level of users for Planning and Forest Co-management in the Kalaleh village of Arasbaran region. For implicating this study based on quantitative network analysis methods, network analysis questionnaires and linkages of interpersonal trust links, collaboration, kinship, and neighborhood were gathered. The results of the present study showed that density, magnitude, transferring and bilinear indices of collaboration and trust level of bonding ties are low and very low. Statistical results showed in the highest level of users, collaboration and neighborhood links have a significant and high correlation. Finally, the results of this study indicated stakeholders of Kalaleh village are not good enough about cohesion and stability, and before management plans in this village, collaboration and trust level of bonding ties have to be amplification.

As dynamic and live systems, heritage spaces and historic sites should be receptive to changes and growth in order to adapt to contemporary society and demands. The main issue in this respect is how the new structures and spaces coexist with their surrounding historic and heritage sites.The historic site of Ardeshir and Dokhtar Castles are among Kerman’s significant archaeological and historical sites. However, the site’s generalist and vague protection codes and the definition of multiple preservation areas have not only failed to protect the site against new developments, but also caused an insecure, unfavourable urban and social environment resulting in many preservation challenges. In response, this article explores the design strategies to revitalise the environment and to create a suitable and efficient urban space around these historic monuments.The method is based on comparative studies of existing local site protection regulations against their national and international counterparts. As a result, the protection strategies of the site have been redefined, with design strategies extracted from analysing international preservation projects with almost similar goals. Finally, the design strategies for the preservation area of Ardeshir and Dokhtar Castles have been presented to contribute in sustainable preservation.On top of responding to the requirements of Ardeshir and Dokhtar Castles, these strategies can be adopted for designing in the vicinity of the other historic sites with similar protection goals, as well as in other pre-design-stage studies.

In this study, the genetic diversity of 63 hazelnut genotypes was evaluated using 10 ISSR primers, two retrotransposon markers and seven combined ISSR and retrotransposon primers, which of the seven combined primers, only three showed scorable bands and other primers did not form a band. The 15 primers used in this study were able to create a total of 116 polymorphic bands. The UBC822 produced the highest number of polymorphic bands with 14 bands, the UBC814 with 3 bands had the least number of bands. The polymorphic information content and marker index of primers ranged from 0.18 to 0.44 as well as 0.50 to 11.31 respectively. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the first three components were able to explain a total of 37.12% of the total variance. COMPLET cluster analysis divided 63 studied genotypes into seven groups, which were 8, 13, 7, 3, 3, 13, 16 genotypes, respectively. The accuracy of grouping obtained from cluster analysis was confirmed by the Fisher linear focal detection function with 0.81 percent. Overall, primers UBC822, UBC813, TOS-2 and TOS-1+TOS2 can be introduced as useful and desirable for separation of genotypes and cultivars of hazelnut.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nonverbal learning disorders in female students. The research method was descriptive and cross-sectional. Participants comprised 354 female students from fourth, fifth, and sixth grades in elementary schools in Karaj and were selected by stratified random sampling using the Children Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Scale (Goldstein, 2002). 13 students who got ≥30 points on the Scale were diagnosed at-risk to a nonverbal learning disorder. Then, they answered to Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-3rd revision (Woolger, 2001). 3 students were diagnosed as having a nonverbal learning disorder according to their total intelligence quotient equals to ≥85, ≥10 point difference between their verbal intelligence quotient and practical intelligence quotient. Data were analyzed by The Mann-Whitney U test. The results indicated that 0.85% of female students had a nonverbal learning disorder. The findings suggested that regarding the almost high prevalence of nonverbal learning disorders in elementary students, we can accomplish early intervention programs to prevent their academic, behavioral, and occupational problems in the future.

The issue of attributing evil and goodness to God is considered as a kind of branch of the issue of predestination and authority and has been considered by many Quranic scholars and commentators. On the other hand, in some verses, good and evil are expressed by God; For example, verse 78 of Surah An-Nisa ', but in some other verses, a distinction is made between these two and they consider the good from God and the evil from man; For example, in verse 79 of Surah An-Nisa ', which we are discussing in this article. This difference in attribution has become a challenge for commentators and scholars of Quranic sciences. Sahib Tafsir "Mafatih al-Ghayb". During this discussion, it will be stated that from the point of view of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, all goodness and evil are from God Almighty, and since God is the source of all goodness and mercy, charity is not only from God but also from God, but Evil is only from God (Min Andallah (78 / Nisa)) but it is not from God Almighty, but the cause of those actions is man himself; While Fakhr-e-Razi, by accepting the view of business, considers the documents of good and evil to God as real and considers the documents of evil to man as "observance of politeness" or "denial inquiry".

The problem of energy efficiency is one of the key pillars of economics, especially agricultural sector. In term of energy efficiency, a similar estimation for human actions and their consequents can be applied to the landscape system, which first introduced by Hall et al. (1986), and now referred to Energy Return on Investment (EROI). Many energy analyzes have been done, take into account a social system boundary and an input and output approach. This approach will inevitably hide the system's internal performance inside a black box. Recently, Tello et al. (2016) have proposed a novel approach for analyzing energy at the agricultural landscape scale with the aim of evaluating energy sustainability under multiple EROIs that views the landscape as a set of energy cycles between nature and society.The proposes of this study have been to consideration the theory and methodology of multiple EROIs, to investigate the efficiency of energy flow in Qazvin agricultural landscape and, to examine the relationship between energy efficiency and landscape heterogeneity in order to describe the interaction of landscape structure and energy efficiency.

The database of this case study was prepared from 46 counties of Agricultural Organization of Iran and land use map. Agricultural database was created based on agriculture, livestock, and pasture subsystems. Agricultural yield for each crop, number of agricultural, and horticultural labors, number and type of agricultural machinery, amount of fertilizers, herbicides and fungicides, used fossil fuels, electricity, and agricultural waste belonged to the agricultural sub-sector. Census of livestock, livestock and poultry production, livestock and poultry feed, livestock and poultry production, workers and machinery, fossil fuel and electricity needed and livestock waste were collected for the livestock sector. Pasture production used for livestock grazing, amount of livestock manure going back to rangelands were belong to pasture sector.All energy flows were converted to gross caloric value following research by Guzmán et al. (2014). In this method, the calculation of multiple EROIs has replaced the conventional methods of energy efficiency calculation. Landscape heterogeneity calculated using landscape metrics. Correlation coefficient was performed using SPSS between EROIs and heterogeneity.

The highest value of FEROI was found in Bashariyate Sharghi with 0.25 and the lowest was in Kharghane Gharbi with 0.018. EFEROI, which is the most similar to the conventional method of energy efficiency, had the highest rate with 0.666 in Bashariate Gharbi and the lowest rate with 0.020 in Kharqan Gharbi. IFEROI was 0.95 in Narjah and the lowest was in Shahidabad with 0.168. Lower IFEROI indicates a higher return biomass in the production system, which seeks to maintain reproduction in the system by closing the biophysical cycles. The highest NPPEROI were reported by Bashariate Gharbi at 1.122 and lowest by Kharqan Gharbi at 0.173.In this study the relationship between the EROIs index and the heterogeneity of the landscape structure was shown. The results have showed the inverse correlation between heterogeneity and energy efficiency, indicating the heterogeneous impact of landscape structure on these indicators. It can be deduced that the heterogeneity created by human in Qazvin province has reduced energy efficiency. To explain this inverse correlation between energy efficiency and the heterogeneity of the landscape, it should be noted that one of the factors affecting efficiency is that may final production come from land uses that needed more input energy and produce less output. By examining the relationship between these indices with land use and land cover of each county, it was found that these indices had their lowest level in dry farming. It means that in Qazvin province, energy efficiency in dry farming is low, and relay on external inputs, which was mainly fossil fuel.

This study has explained how the calculation of several energy efficiency coefficients provides more complete information than conventional methods for decision making. The results of this study can be applied in land use planning to integrate energy considerations in planning and comprehensive agricultural development plan.

Nepeta is one of the most important genus from the fam. lamiaceae with more than 280 species. In this study, N. haussknechtii Bornm. was collected at the flowering stage from Ardabil province, Iran and its chloroform extract was prepared. The chloroform crude extract was subjected to the successive column chromatography on the silica gel using n-hexane–ethyl acetate solvent gradient to yield 29 fractions. Further purification of the fraction No.5 resulted in the isolation of one known steroid namely β-sitosterol (1). In addition, the known triterpenoid oleanolic acid (2) was identified from the purification of the more polar fraction No.9. The compounds were assigned by the mass spectrometry, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, and 1H1H COSY. Finally, the structures of compounds were confirmed by comparison of the spectral data with those described in the literature.

Pollination is an ecological service with high economic values related to human and ecological wellbeing. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between landscape complexity and pollination service (bee) in Qazvin province at the landscape scale. Landscape pattern metrics (Number of Patches (NP), Patch Richness (PR), Edge Density (ED), and Shannon Index (H)), as a proxy of landscape complexity, were calculated by the model builder in the ArcGIS and pollination service was generated by InVEST. The correlation between landscape complexity and pollination service was evaluated by SPSS software. Results of the correlation between landscape metrics and pollination service, using Linear regression, showed that H has the highest and the most significant relationship with pollination at the 0.01 level (0.420**). Correlation between other metrics and pollination was found to better explauned by Quadratic regression, showing a significant correlation with NP (0.171**) and PR (0.352**) at the 0.01 level and a non-significant relationship with ED (0.002). It was concluded from our results that in the low NP and PR, correlation is high and positive, and in the high NP and PR, correlation is negative, indicating the effect of fragmentation on pollination service. The results of this study can be used in agricultural system planning and biodiversity management to preserve the ecological processes.

Landscape fragmentation is one of the consequences of the increasing socio-economic pressures that many parts of the world are facing today. This situation is more likely to occur in areas where socio-economic development leads to increase communication networks. Qazvin province has become more sensitive due to its proximity to the city of Tehran and the role of the province as a socio-economic passage through the northwestern connection of the country to the center passes, as well as its role as a bio-corridor on a national scale. Also, the existence of 5 areas under the management of Department of Environment in Qazvin province has made Qazvin as interesting landscape for researchers. Various approaches and methods have been developed to quantify fragmentation in landscape ecology studies as Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size. These methods are based on the ability of two randomly chosen animals, which placed in the different areas in the landscape, to find each other. in other word, the chance that two randomly chosen places in a landscape will be found in the same patch type. Effective Mesh Size (EMS) is one of the most widely used landscape metrics in the worldwide and was first developed by Geager (2000). The aim of the present research was to investigate the new Cross-Boundary Connectivity (CBC) methodology using GIS software to measure the Effective Mesh Size (EMS) that presented by Moser et al. (2007). this method eliminates marginal effects, which has been evaluated in Qazvin province with emphasizing on protected areas that is being implemented for the first time in Iran. On the other hand, in order to make an optimal comparison, the results of the CBC map and the traditional methods were compared. Also, we evaluated protected areas by overlaying them with the results of EMS. Finally, the typological analysis of the province has been performed. This measurement can give more accurate results than similar indices due to the elimination of the marginal effects in the calculation.

In this study, in order to calculate the Effective Mesh Size (EMS) index, Qazvin province was divided into 1354 study sample units. The size of each unit is 1100 hectares. In addition to the sample units, Implementing the EMS calculation model requires selecting the type of landscape elements that have been disconnected. To distinguish landscape elements, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) map have been prepared. LULC types, which provide the resource for biodiversity needs, such as agriculture, rangelands, and etc., have been identified as potential habitats. LULC types, which have led to destruction of habitats or limit wildlife moves, have been identified as material and energy flow barriers. To apply the model, the Cross-Boundary Connections (CBC) method has been used, which presented in Moser et al. (2007), to consider the area of all patches located wholly or partially in the reporting unit (hexagon), as well as, the area of some patches spread beyond the reporting unit borders. The result of multiplying patches within the reporting unit and the total area of the same patches have been divided by reporting unit area to calculate EMS.
Finally, by overlaying the results of the EMS with the Qazvin protected areas, the qualitative status of the protected areas has been evaluated.

The size of habitat patches within the sample of study, as well as the size of the same patches, regardless of the boundary of the sample of study, are the two main indicators used to calculate the Effective Mesh Size (EMS) index. Therefore, size of the habitat patch inside the sample of study shows the amount of human impact and change in the landscape structure. The result shows that 26 sample areas are in the very high level and have suffered the most damage and structural change by humans. in other words, those areas that have been severely fragmented by communication network, urban and industrial development. 15 samples are in the high level and 99 samples have been changed on average (medium level). Low and very low levels have occurred in 179 and 620 units, respectively.
According to the results of the LULC map, 96% of the case study is covered by potential habitats, some of which are natural, such as forests, pastures, semi-deserts and riverbeds, and some man-made ones such as irrigated agriculture, dry farming and groves. The northern and the southern strip include most natural and the central plain includes most man-made habitats. The results of the EMS showed that 310 and 425 samples are in the very low and low range of EMS respectively. The reason of these values is man-made barriers as communication networks that are mostly located in the center of Qazvin plain. Many studies including Zebardast et al. (2011), Girvetz et al. (2007) and Pătru-Stupariu et al. (2015), mentioned that communication networks have high effect in fragmentation and the most important reason for the low EMS. 352 samples have a moderate value, most of which have been covered by traditional agriculture and areas under average human influence. 153 and 115 samples have high and very high values of EMS respectively. These samples have been covered by continuous rangeland and semi-desert that are far from centralized human developments.
Meanwhile, Alllah-Abad hunting prohibited region, with only 4% fragmentation, has the smallest fragmentation among the protected areas in the Qazvin province. Alamoot Protected Area with 22% of medium and high fragmentation, is in relatively good condition. Also, the Abgarm and Avaj hunting prohibited region has more than 50% of the units with high fragmentation. The Tarom and Bashgol protected areas with 92% and 96% of the fragmented units respectively, are in poor condition. The last three zones are fragmented more than others. Thus, to compare the protected areas in Qazvin province, Allah-Abad hunting prohibited region has the most favorable and Bashgol protected area has the most unfavorable situation in terms of EMS index.

The results of this study showed Qazvin province’s landscape has been fragmented in the center, where the communication network has developed. We highlighted the need to pay attention to ecological process and the matter and energy flows in the center of the study area. Protected areas should have a high EMS index due to their nature.
This study also considered the role of communication network on habitat fragmentation, which is emphasized the attention should be paid to the issue of habitat fragmentation before roads and railroads projects are implemented. Also, by ranking the protected areas based on the EMS index, it was founded that some protected areas are severely fragmented, and special attention needs to be paid to these areas in management programs.
The overall results of this study can be used for planning and protecting the biodiversity and identifying the new protected areas or also changing the protection levels, in addition, it can be used for land use planning and regional planning at the upper province level.

The functional graded Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite was developed by horizontal centrifugal casting method and the effect of mold speed on the microstructure and hardness was investigated. The microstructure assessment and identification of the resulting phases was performed using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that ternary in-situ Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite microstructure was consisted of four phases α-Al, Al2Cu, θCr(Al7Cr) and ζ-Al-Cr-Cu. The centrifugal force caused the separation and movement of the intermetallic particles containing chromium (θCr(Al7Cr) and ζ-Al-Cr-Cu) toward the outer region of the composites with a decreasing trend to the middle region. The Al2Cu particles distributed toward the inner region of the specimens and were evenly distributed from the inner region to the middle region. As the mold rotation speed increased, the observed separation gradient increased so that the maximum area fraction of intermetallic particles in the outer region increased from 17% at 600 rpm to 36% at 1800 rpm. The results showed that the in-situ Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite has a higher hardness than the binary Al/Al-Cr composite at the same conditions. So that an increment of 80 percent in hardness was observed for the Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite compared to the Al/Al-Cr composite in their outermost region. As the rotational speed increased from 600 to 1800 rpm, the maximum amount of hardness which was associated with the outermost region of the centrifugally cast Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite increased from 51 to 76 Brinell.

Sustainability as a turning point in the reciprocal and harmonious relationship between society and nature has made the environment as a third dimension to play the role, alongside with economics and society. One of the important problems for scientists at present is to identify the suitable indicators to make decisions and to study the relationships and interactions between society and nature. Material and Energy Flow Accounting (MEFA) based on socioeconomic metabolism approach provides an important analytical framework for the interaction of society and nature. This research aimed on evaluating the human disturbance using Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) and its methodology as well as the effect of landscape structure on energy flows which effects landscape function. HANPP as one of the MEFA indicators has gotten more attention of various researchers due to its function on a variety of global to local scales. The results of this study showed that Qazvin province has 90.658 million GJ Net Primary Production potential (NPP0) and from this potential, the real production is only 34.552 million GJ NPPact. As a matter of fact, only 9.446 million GJ remain in nature as NPPuh to meet the biodiversity needs from NPPact in Qazvin province, and the rest are harvested by humans and entered in the social system as NPPh. As a result, just 10.42% of Qazvin's potential net primary production is spent on biodiversity and the rest is either destroyed or consumed by humans. The results of this study can be used to gain a systematic insight into landscape and socio-ecological system analysis in order to preserve biodiversity needs, along with human needs.

Habitat and ecosystem fragmentation and, consequently, the loss of landscape connectivity are major causes of biodiversity destruction, leading to disruption of material, energy, and information flow at the landscape scale. Given the importance of this issue, the current study aimed to evaluate the ecological connectivity and spatial planning of Qazvin Province, in order to re-establish and protect material, energy, and information flow corridors, using a landscape ecology approach. With that in mind, land use/land cover map was used to identify ecologically functional areas and to map barrier effect and ecological connectivity indicies by mathematical modeling techniques using model builder algorithms in Geographic Information System (GIS). Appropriate patches were, then, spatially selected for restoration and conservation across the landscape. The results showed that 90% of the province has the ecological function, but 10% of the area lacks the function. Three percent of the area has lost its ecological function by physical barriers such as road networks and industrial and residential expantions, and 7% of the area lost its functionality due to anthropogenic effects. In this research, four corridors were identified for spatial planning. Results of this study can be used for management of protected areas and land use planning, as well as environmental impact assessment and envuronmental strategic assessment.

The non-verbal learning disorder is considered as a specific syndrome in learning, even in reasoning. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of non-verbal learning disorder in primary school male students in Karaj City.

In this descriptive-analytic study, a stratified sampling method was used to select 286 male students who were studying in the 4th, 5th and 6th grades of primary schools in Karaj City. All students were individually assessed by using Children Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities Scale. Then, 8 students who got 30 points and higher in the Scale were diagnosed at-risk to non-verbal learning disorder. They were individually assessed by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd revision). Five male students (including 3 persons in 4th and 2 persons in 6th grade respectively) were diagnosed as having non-verbal learning disorder which their verbal intelligence quotient was differed 10 points and higher from their practical intelligence quotient and got 85 points and higher for the total intelligence quotient. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS (version 22).

The results showed that 1.8% of male students have nonverbal learning disorder. In fact, 2.6% and 2.4% of male students in 4th and 6th grades were diagnosed with nonverbal learning disorder respectively.

Regarding to almost high prevalence of non-verbal learning disorder in students, we can accomplish early training interventions and providing professional services to prevent ongoing behavioral and academic, and probably occupation problems in them.

Embryo echocardiography is a technique for the detection of embryonic anomalies. The aim of this study was to Evaluation of referral indications for fetal echocardiography in pregnant women referred to Echocardiography unit of Masoumeh Hospital in the winter of 2018.

This is a cross-sectional study. In this study, 230 pregnant women entered the checklist. Data was then analyzed using SPSS software version 22.

The most common indication of referral for embryonic echocardiography, suspicion of CHD in ultrasound (heart failure) (21.7%) was the dominance of focal ecchymosis and the lowest incidence of maternal diseases (2.2%). 91.7% of the diagnosis was reported after normal echocardiography and 8.3% abnormal. There was a significant correlation between fetal heart rhythm and normal or abnormal diagnosis after echocardiography (p = 0.02). Among maternal age variables (p= 0.22), pregnancy time (p = 0.97), fetal age (week) =0.76), fetal sex (p= 0.30), fetal heart rate (p = 0.08), NT size (p = 0.24), maternal diabetes mellitus (p = 0.98), condition status (p = 0.93), history of congenital the family (p= 0.13) and specific disease in the mother (p= 0.98) were not associated with the diagnosis after echocardiography.

Embryonic echocardiography is a non-invasive method suitable for early diagnosis of congenital heart disease, which is suitable not only for high-risk pregnancies, but also for low-risk pregnancies.

Ibuprofen, 4-isobutyl-propionic acid, is an important well-known member of NSAIDs which is widely utilized in inflammatory therapy like treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and various degrees of analgesic. Despite the high medical activity and low toxicity of ibuprofen, it is supplied as a racemic mixture. In this research enantioselective resolution of (R, S)-ibuprofen by immobilized preparations of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) on silica and silica nanoparticles was investigated. For this, chemical modification of silica and silica mesoporous nanoparticles was performed by the simultaneous use of two coupling linkers; Octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) for hydrophobic interaction and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxylsilane (GPTMS) for covalent linkage of RML. The results showed that immobilization of RML on octyl-functionalized supports produces specific activity almost 1.5-2 folds greater than the specific activity of the free enzyme. The observed hyper-activation decreased with increasing epoxy groups on the supports confirming the enhancement of covalent nature of the attachment. Regarding the specific activity of the immobilized preparations and desorption percentages of RML from each support, the most suitable carrier obtained from the functionalization of the supports in the presence of GPTMS and OTES in the ratio of 1:1. The selected biocatalysts were then used for enantioselective resolution of (R, S)-ibuprofen by esterification reaction at different conditions. The results revealed that the most suitable biocatalysts are those prepared by immobilization of RML on SBA-15 and silica modified with GPTMS and OTES in the ratio of 1:1 which produced high E values at ambient temperature.

Reflecting on different societies and despite the claim of progress in the fields of education, technology, society, etc., there are still many problems in human relations, civil relations and inefficiency of individuals. With this explanation, the question arises as to whether various advances have not been able to be used in practice. Has the development of education and technology not been in the public and real interests of human beings? Is education not adapted to the needs of society? Have various developments not found operational ground? And perhaps there are many other questions that can be asked about this. But with a little care it can be seen that each of these factors is rooted in a major cause, and that is the type of education and educational goals. The widespread objection of educational theorists is that learners in traditional systems seldom have the opportunity to learn something in-depth through the transfer of subject matter. At the present time, however, efforts should be made to lay the foundation for children's intellectual skills in the very early years of childhood and to shape their personalities so that they can look to their future with an open, independent and selective attitude. To this end, all available potentials and facilities such as teachers, students, parents, peers, learning environment and community around the school should be used to provide the desired indicators as much as possible. The goal of this article is about explain and analysis of project based curriculum. This study has considered rationale of project based learning in different aspects.

In attention to the main goal of research and also rational of curriculum that is defined based on its basics, principles, and messages, so the fivefold questions of research include how defined the philosophical, psychological, and social basics of project based learning and the same time it considered its message and principles. In order to reach to analyze and explain of above aim applied research syntheses in which selected, contextualized, and categorized researches related to project based learning with a regular method. In the next step selected 101 researches which had objective criteria, then based on syntheses principles, rethinking, data rearrangement presented combination of their findings.

Researcher with the help of research and with identifying of philosophical, psychological, and social basics of project based learning and drawing of message and principles of this kind of learning tried to analysis and explain rationale of project based curriculum.

A study of previous research has shown that a direct study of project-based learning has not been conducted in the form of a curriculum. Most project-based research has been in the fields of agriculture, architecture, or project management. Although it has been considered in a few cases in formal education, it has been studied more as a teaching method and has dealt with only one element and not the whole curriculum.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of quantitative indicators of corporate social responsibility on financial and economic performance volatility in firms at Tehran Stock Exchange. By reviewing internal researchs related to corporate social responsibility and because of the importance of this area for developing economies to attract foreign investments, this study examined the impact of corporate social responsibility on financial and economic performance volatility in the financial reporting environment of Iran, by means of quantitative indicators extracted from the financial statements. For this purpose, ten hypotheses developed and data on 105 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange gathered and analyzed for the period between the years 2010 to 2017. The regression model using panel data with fixed effects approach was tested. The results showed that the ratio of the number of employees to total assets and the ratio of tax to total assets as indicators of corporate social responsibility would reduce the company's corporate financial and economic performance volatility. On the other hand, the results indicated that the ratio of fixed assets to total assets of the company, the ratio of the cost of R&D and advertising to sales and the ability of corporate governance as indicators of corporate social responsibility, have Insignificant effect on the company's corporate financial and economic performance volatility. Therefore, given the contradictory results obtained for the impact of corporate social responsibility on volatility of financial and economic performance, this area requires more research.