مصطفی بهزادفر

The rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing complexities of urban management have highlighted the need for innovative and efficient tools in the field of urban planning and design. Today's urban planning and design community, in the information era, requires novel technology-driven systems to make better decisions and achieve improved results in the shortest possible time. CityEngine, as a city-scale data-driven smart system, offers significant potential for improving the quality of urban planning and design. This applied research aims to introduce and comprehensively analyze CityEngine in the context of urban planning and design, with the Narmak neighborhood of Tehran  as a case study. Data were collected using various methods, including document review, field surveys, and spatial data analysis. The findings of the study show that CityEngine can be effectively applied in various aspects of urban planning and design, including: Dynamic 3D visualization of urban space (detailed and comprehensive urban plans, zoning and design control planning, 3D cadastral planning, environmental planning and design, strategic urban planning), real-time reporting of urban data for quantitative analysis, evaluation and management of the urban environment along with providing a communication platform for public participation, and integration with other relevant urban application software. The results of this research demonstrate that CityEngine, as a novel and efficient tool in the field of urban planning and design, can contribute to the creation of smart and sustainable cities. In CityEngine for urban planning and design modeling, the following four main steps are presented in the paper: (1) data preparation and processing (2) Classification of urban elements (3) Creating and defining rules (4) Generating a model and modifying it. It can be comprehensively  acknowledged that CityEngine facilitates: the integration of scattered urban data and the creation of a smart two- and three-dimensional database, the reduction and intelligent monitoring of urban violations through the modeling of urban information (zoning regulations, density, etc.), increased  speed and less waste of time in planning, designing and managing urban projects, enhanced citizen involvement in addressing urban issues through online sharing of plans, the ability to intelligently model all types of elements and objects in the city, including buildings, streets, vegetation, urban furniture, support for integrated management city through the creation of manageable dashboards and real-time control, access to  information on smart 3D urban elements with the ability to view all features in 3D and update information, improved  city maps with interactive 3D visualization to help understanding of the urban environment for managers and citizens, production of past, present and future models of cities to observe and compare urban changes, designing city redevelopment scenarios and examining the effects of each  in real-time, analyzing the three-dimensional view of the city to accurately assess the effects of urban visual permeability, and conducting city simulation based on real geographic information system (GIS) data to improve 3D city perception making it effective and useful.

In the modern world, urban spaces, on the one hand, and contemporary citizens, on the other hand, are heavily influenced by the effects of smart and virtual spaces and technologies. Hence, it is pivotal to establish spaces that would simultaneously meet the health needs of contemporary humans and pay special attention to the smart dimensions of contemporary life. The concepts of a healthy city and a smart city are emerging ideas that were introduced towards the end of the twentieth century, driven by the rapid growth of urban populations and the resulting challenges, along with economic and technological changes brought about by globalization. The concept of healthy cities was developed within an initiative framework by the World Health Organization and was introduced in the wake of the search for promoting health by a general entity of the international sphere (Taylor, 2010). The concept of smart cities was also initiated by technological companies in the private sector and refers to the utilization of innovations and technological sources in urban infrastructure and services. Accordingly, just as there are a large number of innovative approaches, there are common indicators used both in healthy cities and in smart cities. Assuming a general health priority, the subject of smartization in urban space is regarded as a strategic objective, causing the fatality of pandemic and non-pandemic diseases to be fewer and thus helping to create a prosperous and competitive economy. The present study aims to explain the components affecting a smart and healthy urban space and to provide a general conceptual framework in this connection.

From a goal perspective, the study was applied, and from the nature of information and its analytical perspective, it was qualitative, falling under documentary research. The present study was also considered a mixed research method. In this direction, the dimensions and components of a healthy and smart city, raised by professionals and experts, were first collected and were then coded by using content analysis, leading to the determination of a general healthy and smart city framework. Next, the determined indicators were firstly incorporated and then scored and ranked by ten experts by using the five criteria of urban space scales, health and smartization relevance, easiness of access to information, measurability, and spatial diversity changes via the Goeller scorecard method. Because the five criteria are not equally important, the AHP method and Expert Choice software were used to assign weights to the criteria. To calculate the final score, the score of each indicator was multiplied by the weight of the relevant criterion, and then all the scores resulting from the indicators were added up, leading to a final score of 10. The indicators that received a score of higher than 5 were selected and the “general conceptual framework of a healthy city with a smart city approach” was explained. Finally, to control the quality of the extracted framework, the Cohen’s Kappa Index was used to compare the researcher’s view with an expert’s to finally provide an ID of indicators.

The explained conceptual framework consisted of 5 economic, social, managerial, physical and environmental dimensions, encompassing 12 components and 52 indicators of a healthy and smart urban space. The economic dimension consists of the component of economic prosperity and the indicators of strengthening local markets, tourism, and business diversity. The social dimension consists of the component of social communications with the indicators of social engagement, social and ethnic plurality, participation in social life, the component of social facilities with the indicators of accessibility and the awareness-raising of cultural events, accessibility and the awareness-raising of recreational events, access to sports amenities, access to welfare services, access to high-speed Internet, wireless coverage, and finally the component of health with the indicators of access to healthy food, promoting bodily exercises, awareness-raising and training health principles, and access to healthcare services. The managerial dimension consists of the component of urban management that involves the indicators of cultural heritage preservation (regeneration), citizens’ satisfaction with urban management performance, administrating the effective programs of garbage collecting and recycling and traffic management. The physical dimension consists of five components titled as accessibility with the indicators of access to public transportation, access to pedestrian zones, access to cycling paths, access to places of rest, access to green spaces, access to clean public spaces, access to washrooms, access to parking lots, safety with the indicators of the safety of cycling paths, the safety of pedestrian zones, traffic safety, the quality of urban pathways, security with the indicators of lighting and illumination of urban spaces, 24-hour land uses, the new generation of rescue police, social monitoring (urban smart cameras), transportation with the indicators of various and diverse options of vehicles, providing the Internet in public transportation, timers indicating the time of arriving at the destination, the applications showing the position of the public vehicles, the quality of public transportation (using sensors to improve public mobility), non-motorized public transportation (EVs, hybrids, and scooters), and environmental design with the indictors of land use diversity, design proportionate to peoples’ needs, diverse greenery, the quality of urban furniture, and place attachment. The environmental dimension consists of two components of energy with the indicator of using renewable sources and the environmental quality with the indicators of air, sound, and visual quality, water quality, and surface water collection and disposal.

According to the scores calculated, the environmental dimension with a score of 9.4 held greater importance than other dimensions and should be paid special attention in urban planning and designing. As all indicators of environmental quality received a score of 9.9, a key requirement for creating a healthy urban space with a smart city approach is to focus on air and water quality, reduce sound and visual pollution, and manage and collect surface waters effectively. The physical dimension with a score of 8.6 ranked second, followed by the social dimension (a score of 8), and economic and managerial dimensions with scores of 7.6 and 6.9, respectively.

Cities increase urban stress despite their many benefits. This issue is many times more important in Tehran, the sixth most stressful city in the world. However, given its importance, the impact of various aspects of the city on stress has yet to be well known. For this purpose, this study was conducted to identify and structurally analyze the dimensions of stress relief urban planning in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the applied research's purpose. In fact, after analyzing the content of previous studies, the structural analysis of the mentioned dimensions has been done based on the opinion of experts familiar with the subject, using software (MICMAC). The research findings indicate that the environmental dimension is the most influential, and the individual characteristics dimension is the most influential. In fact, environmental, economic, transportation, cultural, land use, social, political, physical, personal, and housing dimensions are important in the stress relief urban planning in Tehran, respectively. Also, environmental and economic dimensions are the most important and key ones of stress relief urban planning in this city. As a result, paying attention to all these dimensions by emphasizing the environmental and economic ones can reduce urban stress in Tehran to a great extent

Mental health disorders pose a significant threat to human well-being, particularly affecting urban populations. Despite the paramount importance of addressing urban mental health, effective strategies for improvement remain elusive. This concern has garnered heightened significance in Tehran, a city with a pressing need for viable solutions. This research aims to identify key strategies to enhance the mental health of the city. Employing a descriptive-analytical research method, the study utilizes content analysis and structural analysis to pinpoint crucial solutions. The findings reveal that three primary strategies — the formulation and execution of a comprehensive mental health plan, the integration of aesthetically pleasing urban design to promote mental well-being, and the adoption of innovative approaches such as mobile health programs and online services — are deemed pivotal variables. Consequently, the implementation of these solutions holds the potential to significantly enhance urban mental health in Tehran.

Aims :

The complexity of today`s urban issues are such that researchers and urban designers can not manage to to focus on all topics simultaneously and explain the consequences of their decisions and their designs in urban spaces. Space syntax logic, which is one of the mechanisms that can help in overcoming these types of problems, uses software that has high accuracy in mathematical calculations and presentation of graphic maps. The purpose of this research is to investigate the qualities of the spatial dimension and the experience of pedestrians in Resalat Square, Tehran.

Methodes:

 in this study, while using DepthMap software due to observations and interviews with residents, retailers and pedestrians and observing the problems of citizens' access to different parts of the square, the technical weaknesses of software related to space syntax logic were identified and the strengths and weaknesses were achieved through SWOT technique.

Findings:

 After reviewing the preliminary results and observing the methodological contradictions, the field survey was renewed inorder to reveal the additional requirements. The results can be considered in two aspects. Firstly, raising additional awareness to refine space syntax logic, mathematical cognition, and DepthMap software, and secondly, achieving comprehensive cognition of Resalat Square in spatial structure.

Conclusion :

The human experience of the city can be different from the quantitative results obtained. The final results indicate that the south and southwest areas of Resalat Square have the best state of integration and connection with other urban spaces and consequently have the greatest potential for development.

Urbanization is growing rapidly in this world (Evans et al., 2020a, 1). In 2007, half of the world’s population lived in cities (Chinomnso, 2014, 4). This ratio will reach 70% in 2050 (Adli & Schondorf, 2020, 2). Cities are exposed to many issues and problems due to the many advantages they have (Mahmoudzadeh and Harishchian, 2017, 60). For example, urban life affects mental health (Kyriakou & Resch, 2019, 1) and exposure to stress is the most important factor in increasing mental disorders in cities (Streit et al., 2014, 352). In fact, the stress of modern urban life or urban stress can be a basis for mental disorders (Kennedy & Adolphs, 2011, 452). Urban stress is one of the important causes of physical and mental diseases, moral anomalies, reduction of security and waste of human capital in cities. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to pay special attention to this issue in their plans and projects. The location of land uses also has a great impact on the quality of life and the efficiency of related services, and one of the basic tasks of urban planners is to allocate land to different uses (Javadi et al., 2013, 23, 24). Today, with the expansion of new urbanism, smart growth and sustainable development approaches, the application of land use mixing as one of the important principles of these approaches in urban planning in advanced countries has increased (Pourmohammadi et al., 2014, 34) and land use mixing has become one of the important cases in the model Spatial planning has become. which includes many benefits such as reducing intra-city trips and reducing dependence on cars, increasing productivity in land use, strengthening the efficiency of land use and increasing social relations of citizens (Javadi et al., 2013, 25). Also, mixing of uses reduces the cost of providing infrastructure in the city (Zarafshan et al., 2019, 175) and improves the sense of belonging of citizens (Kotharkar & Bahadure, 2012, 1). But even though in recent years, many studies have separately dealt with urban stress and mixed use, no study has been done to explain the relationship between the two. For this purpose, this research has been conducted with the aim of explaining the relationship between urban stress and land use mix in district 8 of district 1 of Tehran municipality, which is the most stressful district of this district based on the conditions of Tehran city and the opinion of experts. Considering the importance of the subject, this research has been done with the aim of measuring the amount of mixed use and urban stress in the studied sample and explaining the relationship between these two subjects.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose of applied research. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data and regression analysis method was used to analyze them. First, in order to select the sample to be studied, Delphi method was used and by summarizing the opinions of a group of experts in district 8 of one district of Tehran municipality, it was selected as the sample to be studied. For the overall analysis of the research, 37 urban stress indicators have been identified, of which information on 15 cases has been collected through questionnaires and surveys from area residents, and others through quantitative methods such as field sampling, spatial analysis, and library studies. Also, the information related to the mix of uses has been obtained through the entropy coefficient method. According to the population of the area in the last census (59,429) and Cochran’s formula (with a confidence level of 95%, an error of 0.05% and a normal variable rate of 1.96), the minimum number of questionnaires was 381, and finally 413 questionnaires that provided information about It questions 20 measures, distributed in blocks as a simple random sampling. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, which was calculated as 0.73. Finally, in order to measure the relationship between mixed use and urban stress reported by citizens, regression analysis has been done. In fact, the analysis used in this article is a simple linear regression analysis. In this analysis, the degree of dependence and the direction of the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable are examined.

The findings of the research indicate that the value of the correlation coefficient between the independent and dependent variable is 0.738, which shows that there is a high correlation between mixed use and urban stress. Also, the adjusted or modified coefficient of determination shows that 54% of the total changes in the stressfulness of people’s living environment are related to the mix of uses of their living areas, and the remaining 46% of the changes are related to other variables. In other words, the mix of uses predicts 54% of the variance of the dependent variable. These two variables have an inverse relationship with each other, and the greater the mix of uses in a block, the less urban stress. In fact, it can be said that the user mix index is able to predict changes in citizens’ stress.

As a result, by improving the mix of uses in urban blocks, urban stress can be significantly reduced and the mental health of citizens can be improved. In order to improve the mix of users, effective solutions can be used such as: 24-hour users, or the placement of compatible users in floors, etc. Also, conducting this study in other study samples can be very effective. Considering that the measurement of mixed use and stress in this study was investigated in one area, it seems that conducting this study in other areas or at the city level will clarify the hidden aspects of the relationship between these two variables.

The negative consequences of the use of private cars have been the focus of attention of researchers and activists in the field of sustainable urban development. The approach of small-scale transportation (micromobility), which has become widespread with the use of new technologies in recent years, is proposed as a suitable solution to reduce the excessive reliance of citizens on private cars and to improve the capacity and efficiency of public transportation. which can leave positive effects on environmental sustainability. Nevertheless, the impact of this mode of transportation, with its unique coordinates, on the three dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) still needs further investigation and, in addition, requires a separate investigation. In this research, by examining the characteristics of sustainable urban transportation and the dimensions of micro-scale transportation, based on the review of theoretical literature, review of executive experiences and interviews with the elites of the academy, the profession, and the police force, a theoretical framework was created to investigate the impact of micro-scale transportation on Each of the three dimensions of sustainability will be prepared. In the following, these criteria will also be evaluated by the interviewees in the city of Tehran. This study will show that the success of this method of transportation in Tehran is vulnerable in terms of economic and social aspects, and therefore it is necessary to create social culture, the presence of innovative companies to create an efficient operating model, create appropriate physical infrastructure and financial support and specific legislation. On the part of urban management institutions, it is necessary for small-scale transportation to be effective in strengthening the sustainability of Tehran city in the medium and long term.

Tehran metropolis is not an exception to this rule and like many municipalities in the country in the past years and today, it is dependent on unstable incomes, and due to the ever-increasing development and expansion of Tehran metropolis, the duties of the mayors are increasing and they need to earn more income. But the lack of a comprehensive approach to the revenue sources of the municipalities in the form of the macroeconomic system of the country, case changes and interventions, the implementation of the self-reliance and self-sufficiency policy of the municipalities, has put the revenue department of Tehran municipality in an unstable situation, the limitation of the legal and reasonable areas of earning the municipality's income has led to The revenue sector of the municipality is heavily dependent on urban constructions and the sale of excess density. In such a way that the continuation of this situation will have adverse effects and consequences and social, cultural and infrastructure costs for the city of Tehran and urban management.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of method. According to the available data in this research, the library method and reliable reference sources were used. The data collection tool is a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale. In this research, the dimensions and number of indicators have been used to analyze the findings (Table 1). The statistical population in this research is 384 specialists and experts in the municipalities of Tehran metropolis, using a simple random sampling method. In this regard, structural equations and multi-criteria decision making (cocoso) were used to analyze the findings. Discussion and research findings In this regard, according to the multiplicity of independent variables, which include five independent variables of economic policy, social investment, information and communication technology, physical-environmental, managerial-institutional and the dependent variable of sustainable urban income. The estimation of the coefficients of the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable has been measured and evaluated. In this regard, in order to confirm and reject the hypotheses of the research, the estimation of the path between the variables has been stated and the coefficients of the relationships between the variables have been used in the Regression Weights output table. Data analysis shows the fact that if the critical coefficient is greater than 1.96, the relationship between two variables is significant with 95% confidence. Also, p-value can be used instead of the critical coefficient to determine the significance of the relationship if the p-value of the test is smaller than 0.05. The relationship between the two variables is significant, according to these cases, all hypotheses have been confirmed. Conclusion and suggestions One of the important issues for municipalities is to earn stable income to cover the cost of urban services. Currently, the excessive reliance of many municipalities on unstable incomes has made them face financial problems. Paying attention to sustainable income can be suitable in various economic, social, physical, environmental, etc. dimensions in metropolitan cities to achieve optimal and sustainable development. Stable income should be sustainable in such a way that it does not reduce urban services in cities and does not reduce their quality of life. The purpose of this research is to analyze and explain the redefinition of sustainable income in the municipalities of Tehran metropolis. Structural equations and multi-criteria decision-making have been used to examine the findings. The research results based on structural equations show that sustainable urban income is caused by a set of factors such as physical-environmental, information and communication technology, managerial-institutional, social investment, economic policy; Next is the economic policy, each of these factors has a favorable effect in redefining sustainable urban income. Among the mentioned factors, economic policy has taken a more prominent role in redefining urban income. In addition, the measurement and evaluation of absolute and comparative fit indicators such as; Chi-square, CMIN, SRMR, CFI, IFI, NFI in the research model show that the model has a good fit. On the other hand, the results of multi-criteria decision makers show that indicators such as revision of municipal laws are in the first place with a score of 1.942, which shows its importance compared to other indicators. Therefore, with the limitation of the legal fields, the increase in the dependence of the municipalities' income on urban constructions and sales has increased, and the resulting consequences will increase the social, cultural, physical, etc. costs for the Tehran Metropolitan Municipality and its urban managers. The second index is the smartening of urban infrastructures (implementation of smart urban growth policies), which according to the cocoso method has a score of 1.85 and is in the second place. If this index is ignored, it will multiply the costs of the Tehran metropolis municipality. Finally, the third important indicator in the field of redefining sustainable income is the proper use of public revenue tools (such as sales tax and income tax share, real estate tax, etc.) have

Traditionalism as an approach in contemporary philosophy has a highly critical stance towards modernity. The opinions and critical views of traditionalists towards modernity in various fields, including the philosophy of art, have caused their views to be taken into account in the urbanism and architecture. Although almost none of the famous traditionalist theorists were architects or urban planners, their serious criticisms of modernity, has helped to shape the concepts such as the desanctification of the city space and the "secularization" of space and time. Also, Burkhart and Seyed Hossein Nasr works on Islamic art and the pathology of Islamic civilization have been created seriously prominent and influential in urbanism and Islamic architecture, especially in Iran. At the same time, the opinions of traditionalists have faced serious criticism. This article tries to make an assessment of the achievements and shortcomings of this school, especially in the field of Islamic Iranian urbanism, by examining the traditionalist viewpoints and the criticisms leveled at theme and analysis of the effectiveness and capability of traditionalist viewpoints in the process of realizing the Islamic-Iranian city. This article reviews traditionalism according to its terminological definition. The above-mentioned traditionalists have suffered extremes and excesses. In this article, it is tried to introduce other approaches of fundamentalist traditionalists who have expressed the comprehensive and deeper relation between Islam and the creation of artworks, architecture and urbanism. It is also necessary to introduce these approaches for further and complementary of this research.  This research came to the conclusion that a large part of the achievements of traditionalism in contrast with modernity is in the position of criticism of modernity, using the method of library documents in the information gathering stage and the method of logical reasoning in the analysis and inference stage. In such a way that the pathology of the adverse consequences of modernity in urbanism and architecture has been able to inspire and motivate many thinkers, experts, professors and decision-makers; However, in practice and in terms of realization and achieving the Islamic city, it has not been very successful. In this text, an attempt was made by exploring and examining this issue to reach an approach for the realization of the Islamic city.

Health socialization and the practical adherence of citizens to the norms and values of the collective health system is one of the most important types of socialization, which is more important and necessary to pay attention to, especially in times of collective challenges and crises, such as the recent conditions that have emerged in the world due to the spread of the Coronavirus. Finds. For this reason, the current research, with a practical goal, positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach, seeks to measure the health behaviour and socialization of citizens during the Corona epidemic and identify the factors affecting it. In this regard, the literature and the theoretical framework of the research have been compiled using library studies and based on the integration of the KAP model with the theories of Keyes, Bourdieu and Schwarzer. Data collection has also been done through a survey method (using a questionnaire). While confirming the validity and reliability of the tool, the sample size was determined cross-sectionally and online with the help of Cochran's formula and the sampling process in the statistical population (residents of Tehran and Karaj cities). Finally, the sufficiency of the number of high-quality samples (667 samples) was confirmed using KMO statistics and the data analysis was done in a statistical manner (including descriptive and inferential analyses with the help of chi-square and Spearman coefficients and multivariable linear regression model in the SPSSv26 software environment) and the inference mechanism was realized. Is. Descriptive findings show a higher than average level of adherence of citizens (average 3.86) to complying with health and care recommendations considered in public spaces, and according to inferential findings, the level of health socialization of citizens directly depends on the state of awareness (the level of risk perception and its consequences) and Their attitude (perceived self-efficacy level and level of acceptance, cohesion, solidarity and social participation) is affected.

Today, cities face many challenges such as poverty, social injustice, environmental degradation through pollution, and in order to prevent occurring such problems, a well-planned plan is really needed more than any time. The city of Bandar Abbas with an area of 71 square kilometers and a population of 526645 people known as Iran’s gateway. Also, it is considered as one of the sensitive and strategic places of the country. In recent decades, the city of Bandar Abbas has faced challenges such as unbalanced development, weak service sectors, mismanagement of water and soil resources, and the suburbs of the city, which makes the importance of strategic planning even more. The present study is descriptive-analytical research in terms of applied purpose and methodology. In this study, first, through a questionnaire with the participation of 350 randomly selected citizens, the problems of Bandar Abbas city were extracted and based on that, a SWOT analysis was performed. In this study, to assign the importance coefficient to each of the external and internal factors, the PRA model has been used, which was completed by 20 experts in this field during the meetings. The IE matrix was prepared according to the final coefficients of internal and external factors, which were equal to 2.77 and 2.74, respectively. Also, the position of the intersection of internal and external factors in the 5th raw in the Table, indicates that with more proper planning and continuation of the program's procedure, it is possible to develop and improve the performance. The expected strategies in this section are contingency strategies.Today, cities face many challenges such as poverty, social injustice, environmental degradation through pollution, and in order to prevent occurring such problems, a well-planned plan is really needed more than any time. The city of Bandar Abbas with an area of 71 square kilometers and a population of 526645

Cities and their surrounding areas provide the ground for creating opportunities. Moreover, these places reveal systematic socio-economic fault lines, gaps, inequalities, and structural poverty. Cities are centers where ecosystems cross their functional thresholds and reinforce inequalities and vulnerabilities with increasing demands and pressures on limited natural resources. Therefore, it is time to move quickly from the extraction-based model in the last century to a renewable, flexible, and nature-based model which accepts the limitations of our world.

Therefore, this study aims to identify the concept of productive city as a novel concept in the theoretical field of urban planning using the systematic review method based on a four-stage model via formulating the search strategy of papers and search process considering terms of productive city, productive urban planning, urban productivity and nature city in the top citation databases. In total, 214 papers were identified from 2013 to 2022 in the initial search, 68 of which were selected as eligible for deeper investigation and response to the research questions.

This research indicate since adapting to the effects of climate change and resilience against environmental hazards requires a long-term perspective based on understanding nature.

applying the concept of the productive city as a nature-based approach, guaranteeing social regeneration, economic and ecological sustainability, and functional-spatial continuity of cities in facing the upcoming challenges and environmental hazards, and reduce the pressures on natural resources. Furthermore, this seems necessary in contemporary urban development plans.

Smart cities are realized through complex processes in which actors and decision-makers make policy and implement it. Meanwhile, harmony is another goal for smart cities, as is creating balance and harmony within their complexities. To identify and analyze the smart city actors in Tehran and to assess their effectiveness, one of the methods of conducting this study was to apply actor-network theory to the smart city in Tehran to develop a normative framework for the realization of harmony. A mixed methodology has also been utilized in this research, in addition to the theoretical framework of the actor-network serving as a conceptual framework for analyzing the social relations and interactions among activists in the smart city in Tehran, which provides the framework for identifying the network's complexity. The first step, using questionnaires and interviews, was to identify the main actors, their goals and importance, and their connections with other actors in the network. Then, ucinet6 software was used to explore the correlation indicators of the actor-network in Tehran. In this regard, measuring indicators and criteria of actor-network connection, including Betweenness Centrality, Centrality Degree, Closeness Centrality, and Proximity Prestige, have been used to determine the effectiveness and importance of each of the actors. In addition, the translation of actor-network theory has been applied to the analysis of constant transformation to show changes resulting from present and past social and material conditions. Therefore, the paper enables urban planners and designers to propose solutions to the transformation of smart cities based on understanding reality as a set of network connections. Finally, by providing a model of effective solutions in the realization of the Harmonious smart city in Tehran, the position of each of these actors can be stabilized, promoted, or redefined by identifying three levels of actors based on their level of influence

An accurate understanding of the relationship between mental health and the city is necessary for urban planning and design and is essential for promoting health and quality of life in urban environments. Indeed, a better understanding of the relationship between urbanization and psychological problems may help to develop coping strategies and shape future cities in a better way. The importance of this relationship is such that the World Psychiatric Association has established the Scientific Mental Health Division for further study. But so far, studies on the urban environment and population health have focused mainly on physical health, and mental health has received less attention. Therefore, this study was conducted to summarize previous studies and present a conceptual model showing how the relationship between the city and mental health. The research method in this research is a review, and for data collection from documentary and library studies and for their analysis, the qualitative content analysis method has been used. In fact, this study uses an interpretive approach to analyze library documents and, based on the extracted textual codes, tries to analyze and describe the relationship between the city and mental health. Findings indicate that 25% of researchers in this field consider birth and life in the city as independent factor that reduces mental health. Of course, some other researchers have addressed this issue in more detail and introduced influential urban factors. In fact, social factors, with 44% repetition, are the most critical factors affecting mental health, followed by economic factors, with 13.2% repetition; environmental factors, with 12.4% repetition; various factors, with 10.4% repetition; factors related to Housing with 9.2% repetition, physical factors with 7.6% repetition and transportation-related factors with 3.2% repetition are essential, respectively. Also, population density, with 7.2 per cent repetition and then environmental pollution, with a repetition percentage of 6, are the essential urban factors affecting the mental health of citizens. As a result, thinkers in this field consider social factors such as population density and environmental factors such as environmental pollution as the most important factors reducing the mental health of citizens. As a result, the city has direct effects on mental health as well as through social, economic, and environmental stressors, various factors, housing-related factors, physical factors and transportation, which are essential, respectively, leading to stress and health. Reduces the psyche. Of course, the city also affects mental health by lowering public or physical health because the areas of health and mental health are highly interdependent. Mental health also affects the city, both directly and through stress and public health. As a result, urban stress and physical health can mediate the effects of urbanization on mental health and the impact of mental health on the city. A better understanding of this relationship and the result of mediation and trying to reduce the harmful effects of cities on mental health will significantly help in the development of coping strategies, better planning of future cities and maximizing the benefits of urban life.

Introduction :

Hasty management decisions, non-specialist urban management, and the lack of detailed studies in development plans in cities and especially metropolises have led to the creation of neighborhoods with inefficient textures. One of the consequences of these decisions is the creation of a problem called segregation in urban neighborhoods, which has resulted in the separation of different population groups, which can reduce the socio-economic interactions of the residents of the neighborhoods. Around it, there is a decrease in the entry of the investment sector for the development of these contexts, a change in the attitude of most citizens towards choosing their residential space, the migration of the main residents, and the entry of non-native population into the context and creating many problems for the residents of the said context. As a result of this separation, the contacts between the members of this poor class are high and inter-class communication decreases, and with the decrease of the middle class living in the inefficient context, the social anomalies in the neighborhoods become severe. The dilapidated fabric located in Qaitarieh neighborhood with a population of more than 3 thousand people is located in the old fabric of this neighborhood. The reason for choosing Qaytarieh neighborhood is the existence of fabric deterioration in a part of the neighborhood and its central core and the existence of the same socio-economic characteristics in two parts of the neighborhood (inefficient fabric area and the rest of the neighborhood). Of course, paying attention to the importance of the neighborhood as the basic element of the urban planning system in the basics and issues of urban planning and the level of satisfaction of citizens with their residence and their participation in the improvement process of neighborhoods and the lack of sufficient attention in this field, multiplies the importance and necessity of doing this research. In this regard, despite the existence of many problems in these contexts, investigating the relationship between these types of contexts and the issue of social-spatial segregation can be considered one of the most important issues of urban neighborhoods. Therefore, in this research, physical and social separation is investigated in the worn-out and inefficient context of Qaitarieh neighborhood of Tehran.

Materials and Methods :

The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The information available in the statistical blocks of Tehran city in 2015, detailed plan data, and the questionnaire were used to collect the research data. Different models have been defined to investigate the distribution of social and physical-spatial phenomena in the geographic information system environment. The nearest neighborhood average model, Moran’s local spatial autocorrelation model, and hot and cold spot analysis model are the models that are used in this research. The spatial autocorrelation analysis tool of Moran’s statistic also evaluates the spatial distribution pattern of complications and phenomena by simultaneously considering the spatial location and internal characteristics of these complications. The nearest neighborhood average model is one of the clustering tests used to determine phenomena’ distribution patterns. Based on this method, an index called Rn (proximity rate) is obtained, the range of which varies between zero and 2.15. This index of dispersion expresses the manner and pattern of the spatial distribution of phenomena and elements in the study area.

In this part of the research, 30 indicators have been used in three economic dimensions with six indicators, a social-demographic dimension with 15 indicators, and a physical dimension with nine indicators. The indicators used to measure the separation of the economic dimension from the statistical blocks of the population and housing census of 2015 are employment rate, sponsorship burden, activity rate, rental rate, ownership rate, and employment sex ratio. In order to measure the classes of the economic dimension, the TOPSIS model has been used, the output of the model was added to the statistical blocks in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, and by using the quantitative classification method, the classification of the population groups was done, which included 34.6 blocks in the lower class, 32.7% in the middle class, and 32.7% in the upper class. According to Moran’s model, in general, the distribution pattern of the economic dimension is clustered, and the index value is equal to 0.142. 15 indicators have been used to separate the social dimension, of which four indicators of the sense of belonging, peace, and tranquility, social relations, and trust were calculated through a questionnaire and 11 other indicators (literacy rate, household dimension, sex ratio, population density, immigrant ratio, Divorce ratio, sex ratio of literacy, sex ratio of the student population, percentage of the elderly, sex ratio of the elderly, the proportion of female heads of households) were calculated by calculating the indicators on the statistical blocks of the population and housing census. In order to measure the socio-demographic classes, the TOPSIS model has been used, and the output of the TOPSIS model is connected to the statistical blocks in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, and by using the quantitative classification method, the demographic groups have been classified, which is 34.6 blocks per class. Below, 32.7% are in the middle class and 32.7% are in the upper class. The global Moran index is equal to 0.007 and the distribution pattern is also random. In order to measure physical-spatial dimension classes, the TOPSIS model has been used, and the output of the TOPSIS model is linked to the statistical blocks in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, and population groups have been classified using the quantitative classification method; 34.6 blocks are located in the lower floor, 32.7% in the middle floor and 32.7% in the upper floor. According to the global Moran’s model, the distribution pattern of the physical-spatial dimension is clustered and the Moran’s index is 0.008. 

In the economic aspect, among the six indicators studied, the weight of the rental rate equal to 0.354 has the highest weight and the activity rate with the weight of 0.052 has the lowest weight. According to the economic indicators, 34.6 blocks are in the lower class, 32.7% are in the middle class, and 32.7% are in the upper class. Also, according to Moran’s model, the distribution pattern of the economic dimension is generally clustered and the amount of the index is also equal to 0.142. Based on the weighting output of the AHP model, among the investigated indicators in the socio-demographic dimension, the proportion of immigrants with a weight of 0.171 has the highest weight and the index of the household dimension with a weight of 0.019 has the lowest score. In the physical dimension, 11 indicators were investigated, the wear index of the parts has the highest score and its effect is equal to 0.224, and the household in the residential unit with a value of 0.028 has the lowest value in selection. From the total blocks of the neighborhood, 34.6 blocks are located on the lower floor, 32.7% on the middle floor, and 32.7% on the upper floor, and according to the global Moran model, the physical-spatial dimension distribution pattern is a cluster, and the Moran index is equal to 0.008. The selective segregation of the socio-demographic dimension of single-group indicators in the uniformity dimension is equal to its average at the neighborhood level of 0.6, in fact, it is located on the border of high segregation. In terms of the level of separation, the middle class is in first place with a score of 0.6964, the upper class is in second place with a score of 0.6776, and the lower class is in third place with a score of 0.658. In general, the average of this index for all three classes is equal to 0.67. According to Iceland et al.’s classification, it is located on the upper floor. However, since it is slightly away from 0.6, it is slightly beyond the threshold. Also, according to the entropy index, whose average is equal to 0.18 and because it is less than 0.3, separation has occurred at a low level. The Gini index is also equal to 0.683 and because it is higher than 0.6, separation has occurred at a high level. The highest level of separation is in the middle class with a score of 0.697, in the second place in the upper class with a score of 0.68, and in the lower class with a lower degree of separation its value is equal to 0.66 and in all levels of the Atkinson index, high-level separation has occurred and the average index is equal to It is 0.678.

Introduction :

Cities are expanding at a very fast pace, especially in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia [1]. In 2007, the world’s urban population exceeded 50% for the first time in history, and this ratio is constantly growing [2]. According to predictions made in 2050, about 70% of the world’s population will live in cities [3] and about 90% of this growth will happen in Africa and Asia [4]. Although infrastructure, socioeconomic conditions, nutrition, and health care services are better in cities than in rural areas, living in an urban environment has long been recognized as a risk factor for mental illness [5]. Considering the mentioned advantages, creating a balance between these two issues requires a better understanding of the interaction between urban life and mental health [6]. The impact of urbanization on mental health is very significant and due to the forecast of the increase in the urban population, it is likely to increase in the next few decades [1]. Considering its role as an essential component of public health, mental health is a very important issue and has profound effects on individuals, societies, and the economy [7], and its promotion is necessary to increase the quality of life and resilience of society [8]. According to the World Health Organization report, mental health disorders have become one of the biggest threats to human health in 2020. This also has consequences for economic prosperity, because stress, depression, and anxiety have a great impact on people’s work efficiency [9]. Also, one out of every five adults in the world suffers from a mental disorder [10] and 13% of global diseases have a mental origin [11]. The importance of the relationship between urban life and mental health is so great that the World Psychiatric Association has established a scientific department of urban mental health to study it further [12]. According to the national survey of mental health in Iran, 23.6% of people who have been investigated need psychological interventions and 14.6% of people suffer from anxiety disorder [13]. While few studies have addressed the potential links between aspects of the built environment and mental health, studies in this area have mostly focused on physical health [14].Exposure to high stress and the resulting injuries are the most important factors in increasing the risk of mental disorders [15]. City residents are exposed to higher levels of stressful factors, and exposure to more stress may cause the prevalence of stress-related mental illnesses among city residents [16]. In fact, the stress of modern urban life can be a basis for developing psychosis and mental disorders [17]. In addition to being one of the important causes of physical diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases) and mental diseases (such as depression, schizophrenia, and isolation of people), urban stress also increases the number of moral abnormalities and reduces the security of citizens. Besides, the stress of the imposition of high medical costs on citizens also causes the loss of human capital in the city. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the mental peace of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs and to avoid actions that fuel this mental confusion. In fact, considering that creating a healthy urban environment is the main priority of policy-makers [18] and urban stress is increasing in the cities of the world [19], it is necessary to formulate planned urbanization to prevent the negative effects of urban life[20]. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many studies have investigated the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches. But so far, no study has been done in the direction of urban planning that treats stress in a way that takes into account all the indicators that affect urban stress, discovers the most important indicators based on the connections between them, and presents a conceptual model that affects it. For this purpose, this research has been conducted to analyze the content of previous studies and identify the most important indicators, and present a conceptual model of urban planning that treats stress.

This research is a review and the research method is qualitative. Documentary and library studies were used to collect data and a content analysis method was used to analyze them. In fact, this research analyzes library documents in four basic steps using an interpretive approach and tries to identify, analyze, and explain the connections between stress-relieving urban planning indicators based on the extracted text codes.

The research findings indicate that urban mental health and urban stress have direct and indirect bilateral effects. The indicators extracted from theoretical studies are classified into two groups. The first group increases urban stress and consequently reduces urban mental health and includes cultural and mental deprivation, building density, sensory overload, modern architectural style, traffic density (busy roads), stressful urban design, air pollution, immigration, crime, social deprivation, violence, economic deprivation, being an ethnic minority, population density, amount of time pressure and waste of time and noise pollution. The second group reduces urban stress and consequently improves mental health and includes access to resources and services, social support, social capital, spatial diversity, social diversity, social interactions, local integration, green space and access to it, sense of belonging, identity, justice in the city, social cohesion, participation level, residential stability, vitality, degree of resilience, control, and prediction of the environment and visibility to the city environment (up to 10 meters). It should be mentioned that finally, after examining the final effects and consequences of urban planning, the stress treatment of improving the quality of life in urban environments has been identified as the most important and comprehensive effect of this planning.

As a result, by reducing cultural and psychological deprivation, building density, sensory overload, modern architectural style, traffic density (busy roads), stressful urban design, air pollution, immigration, crime, social deprivation, violence, and economic deprivation, being an ethnic minority, population density, the amount of time pressure and waste of time, noise pollution, increasing access to resources and services, social support, social capital, spatial diversity, social diversity, social interactions, local integration, green space and access to it, sense of belonging, identity, justice in the city, social cohesion, level of participation, residential stability, vitality, level of resilience, control, prediction of the environment, and visibility to the city environment (up to 10 meters) can greatly reduce urban stress and improve the urban psyche health. These indicators were selected after a comprehensive review of the theoretical literature and they cover all the identified indicators according to the effects they have on other indicators and the effects they get from them.

Urban rivers are public spaces whose relationship with humans has been the focus of renewed attention in the 2000s and are considered a suitable opportunity for local communities. The experiences of the cities such as Dezful, Isfahan, Shushtar, etc., show that rivers have played an effective role in locating and expanding cities, providing water and energy, ventilation and climate comfort, creating social spaces and spending leisure time, and have been a part of the residents’ lives. However, their current situation indicates oblivion and ignorance of the links between people, cities, and rivers. So, rivers have faced many challenges, such as instability, pollution, habitat destruction, and malfunctions with the rapid development of urbanization. In urban design, this situation has weakened the spatial quality and turned rivers into wetlands with various problems. Therefore, any effort to preserve and restore these water sources is very important. In this regard, urban design can play an important role by re-establishing the links between the city and the river. For this purpose, the current research seeks an integrated approach of “river regeneration as a sustainable public place”; A natural-urban area that brings the river from the peripheral regions to the urban context to be effective in the quality of urban life. The latter approach of “sustainable waterfront urban regeneration” seeks to revive them as “sustainable places” in balance with the category of ecological protection. The current research is trying to explain how to revive the river as a sustainable public place while investigating people’s assessment of the measures taken on rivers and their macro quality as public places.

The philosophical foundation of the research is pragmatism. Therefore, the research approach is combinational, and the research method is based on the case study of the rivers in Isfahan, Ahvaz, Ardabil, and Rasht. The concepts and methods of sustainable revitalization have been analyzed through literature review and similar experiences and have been completed through field surveys based on content analysis and contextual theory.

“Sustainable revitalization of the river as a sustainable public place” is a comprehensive and integrated approach and a strategic and synergistic program in the framework of sustainable development (with a priority on the environmental dimension) in line with connecting the river with the city’s life system and returning it to the context of citizens’ lives. So, this framework is introduced along with revitalizing the river and paying attention to its challenges, with minimal physical interventions and changing the instrumental view of humans, through the processes of bed creation, place-making, exploitation, place ownership, and place cultivation, as a “sustainable public place” focusing on the urban rivers to emerge, play a role in the social life of citizens and compete with other economic sectors. Using the latest aspect of sustainable urban regeneration, i.e., creating a “sustainable place” that relies on the dimension of social sustainability as a certainty of development, this approach has made the public space of urban rivers centered on the river a criterion of action and the relationship between the city and its residents. It establishes a close relationship with nature. In fact, the attraction and access of the city people to the river by relying on the social aspect of nature, such as spending leisure time, their common interest, the protection of the river in the minds of the citizens, etc., leads to a balance between economic interests and environmental goals and provides public access to the river. 

The geospatial information of the case studies shows that from people’s point of view, the quality of public places based on Karun and Zarjoub is at a medium to a low level, Balgholi Chai of Ardabil is at a medium level, and Zayandehrood of Isfahan is at a medium to a high level. Nevertheless, corrective measures have improved the condition of the rivers and their public places to some extent. The sustainable revitalization of urban rivers seeks to revive them in the form of a “sustainable public place”. The macro mechanisms of this approach include the balancing of the river dimensions, an active and comprehensive consideration, the facilitation of various functions, a holistic approach to the river, the priority of the river sanitation condition as an open biological system full of diversity, simultaneous focus on “input, process, output, qualities, effects”, river integration, grounding the human presence to experience the place, redefining the place of the river in macro-environmental, social, economic systems, balancing the process with the life cycle of the public place and relying on its formations, paying attention to the expectations of the citizens in the process and facilitating the communication of the city, the citizens, and the river.

Urban development has affected the quantitative and qualitative decline of water resources. Due to the high subsidence in the southwest of Tehran (about 25 cm per year) because of groundwater depletion and bad water resources management, the Kan basin was considered as a case study. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and explain the position of institutional stakeholders in water resources and cycle management and urban development of the geography of the catchment area from a social perspective and the role of water-sensitive urban design in resolving inter-institutional conflicts.

In this paper, first, urban geography will be studied from the perspective of stakeholder analysis. Then, by studying and presenting a framework, changes in the position of stakeholders in an urban environment over time are investigated. The conflicts between stakeholders in urban geography will be studied regarding the management and engineering of urban water resources. Stakeholder Analysis (SA) and Likert scale (1-5), stakeholders' position and Social Network Analysis (SNA) in Gephi software, institutional relationships' type, and intensity were estimated.

The SA results showed that the power and interest parameters of the Tehran Regional Water Authority (4.026 and 4.282) and Tehran Municipality (3.42 and 3.78) were higher than the other organizations. Besides, the proximity of the values of these two institutions with different utilities indicates a potential conflict. The results of SNA also showed that in the cooperation network, the highest and lowest degrees (Degree) have the Tehran Water and Waste Water Co. and the Tehran Municipality, respectively, which indicates the low interaction of development institutions, especially the Tehran Municipality. Also, in the conflict network, Tehran Regional Water Authority, and Tehran Municipality have the highest degree, and Roads and Urban Development and Health and Medical Education Authority have the lowest degree. Therefore, the high inter-institutional conflict between municipal development and regional water protection institutions indicates the actualization of the conflict ground that was potentially identified with the SA approach.

In this paper, the conflicts between stakeholders in urban geography are studied regarding the management and engineering of urban water resources. Then, using a case study, namely the western part of Tehran, some of the most important conflicts in an urban environment are identified using social network analysis. In other words, in this study, the reasons for the conflict between developing and protecting stakeholders in an urban environment using stakeholder analysis are presented, social network analysis is considered to identify and determine the level of conflict, and Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)- based approaches are introduced as an essential approach not only to solve the physical problems related to urban water cycle but also as a conflict resolution tool in an urban area. The applicability of the presented approach is studied in the western part of the Tehran metropolitan.

The evidence shows that Tehran as the capital and the most populous city of Iran is exposed to consequences of climate changes but proper measures are not taken to deal with such consequences. Considering the increasing threats and consequences of the climate changes, adaptation is among the most important issues in urban management. This study firstly identified the barriers to climate change adaptation in Tehran metropolis urban management and then assessed the impact of the barriers. A mixed method was applied in this study for data gathering and analysis. Focus group discussion (FGD) was used to identify the barriers. Then the identified barriers were assessed quantitatively by rapid impact assessment matrix and qualitatively by assessing the impacts of the themes to specify their impact and the way each barrier affects the climate change adaptation. The FGDs were held by participation of 59 experts and resulted in nine main themes and 31 sub-themes. The main themes were: structure and culture of research, awareness, education and knowledge, social factors, resources and its management, laws and regulations, communications and interactions, economic factors, institutional and administrative factors, and planning. The rapid impact assessment matrix showed that the impact of planning, laws and regulations, structure and culture of research barriers are bigger than other barriers. The qualitative assessment showed that the impacts of most of the barriers are regional, long-term, irreversible, permanent and certain. Among the sub-themes, the biggest impact belonged to lack of a higher institute or center for research and policy development on climate change adaptation which had the score -72. The average score of the impacts of the barriers was calculated to be -32.32. This score is placed in the -C region and means that the average impact of the barriers is negative. Findings of this study may help the decision makers and policy makers of urban management to have better understanding of the barriers to climate change adaptation, to better cope with, and to overcome them.

Due to the growing population and increasing urbanization and human desire to be in cities, problems have been created about living conditions in the urban environment that urban planners sought to provide solutions to improve urban living conditions and introduce approaches such as smart cities. Pedestrian orientation is also one of the principles that can be applied in a smart city. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical of the applied type that the required data has been collected using the library data of valid articles. In this study, first, the desired indicators were extracted by the Goler method, then by Delphi method, 10 copies of questionnaires were completed by experts to determine the scores of factors, and by using the method of cross-impact analysis to analyze the effective components related to the pedestrian orbit. In the smart city. A total of 24 factors were finalized and finally factor analysis was performed with tables and graphs extracted from this software. The results of this study show that among the indicators and factors that were examined, the rate of use of non-motorized means of transport, separate pedestrian and bicycle path, variety of means of transport, the culture of using smart facilities, rate Scattered surface, pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, environmental density and diversity, cleanliness and environmental quality, desirable urban furniture are of special importance that should be paid special attention in the process of smart city planning and sidewalks.

People's need for places for social interactions and to meet psychological needs is one of the necessities of urban life. By understanding the relationship between environment and behavioral patterns (synapomorphy), it is possible to help architects and urban designers to design suitable spaces. For this purpose, Enghelab square of Isfahan has been selected for the case study as a joint-maker area of two valuable and historical elements (Siosepol Bridge and Chahar Bagh Street) on the border of Zayandehroud. The research method in this research is based on quantitative and qualitative methods or a mixed one. Fieldwork, photography, observation, and questionnaire were accomplished to recognize the area, and the Delphi method and SPSS were used to evaluate synapomorphy criteria and indicators. The obtained results illustrated that four aspects (social interaction, images, environmental facilities, and space function) were the most significant factors in forming behavioral settings. According to the analysis, the indicators like activity variety and attractiveness activities, the easiness of accessibility to spaces, the possibility to sit and talk, the diversity of utilization, and arbitrariness with scores of 0.0909, 0.0866, 0.0823, 0.0799, and 0.0736 respectively have the most effect on synapomorphy of behavior and physical environment.

This study identified cultural factors and resources affecting the place, factors and potentials that have the ability to regenerate and revitalize neighborhoods in the cultural field and by presenting a conceptual model has shown how to use these factors in urban regeneration policies. Culture as a social event needs a context to be studied, so it is important to study the structure of urban space; Urban space is a kind of geographical space that is formed due to the interaction of natural environment features and socio-economic structure; This study aimed to improve the structure of the worn-out texture of urban neighborhoods qualitatively and the Walcott method based on the interpretive paradigm of previous studies and concluded that cultural heritage resources include natural heritage, tangible heritage, intangible heritage and art. Cultural products and activities are defined that can be used to treat the worn-out tissue of urban neighborhoods by using them in creative industries and the pattern of production and consumption.

The city of Tehran will face various challenges in the coming years due to population growth and increasing complexity, making the tasks of urban management more complex. Most of the tools and methods available in the field of urbanism are based on static approaches and involve a limited number of stakeholders in relevant decisions. In this regard, one of the main requirements to reach the smart city is to have a digital model of the city, which is discussed in the world as "Digital Twin". Digital transformation makes more parts of planning, decision-making, and design processes clearer and more understandable to the general public. An important approach to this transformation is the digital twins of Tehran. In this regard, the main purpose of this article is to focus on introducing the concept of digital twins as a necessity in the era of smart cities and also to implement a practical way to achieve this concept in Tehran.The main research tool of this article is CityEngine software. In this research, a part of Tehran has turned into a digital model that is in line with the concept of digital twins. To achieve this, procedural modelling algorithms have been used in the CityEngine software environment. Initially, a database of descriptive data was collected to generate Tehran digital twins. Then, descriptive data are modelled by programming in the CityEngine software environment. This digital twin of Tehran with different levels of detail, in the level of urban planning, urban design, and urban management, has been programmed as a smart code that with each change in the current data, existing models and reports from the city will change immediately and will be updated with new data.

Stress in urban life can be a breeding ground for mental disorders. In addition to being an important cause of physical and mental illness, urban stress also increases the rate of moral anomalies in the city and reduces the security of citizens. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the peace of mind of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs, and to avoid actions that cause this mental disorder. However, although many studies in the last century have examined the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches, so far no studies on urban planning stress therapy to consider all the indicators affecting urban stress and there is no effective strategic planning based on the results. Moreover, Tehran is the sixth most stressful city in the world, according to the Zipjet Institute. For this reason, it is very important to conduct theoretical studies in this field and formulate urban planning for stress therapists in this city. But due to its large scope, doing such research requires a lot of time and money. For this purpose, in this study, after determining the general indicators, using the Delphi technique, District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality has been selected as the study sample. The research method in this research is descriptive-explanatory and is based on the purpose of applied research. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect information and factor analysis was used to analyze them. Then the urban stressors have been identified and a strategic document has been presented.The findings of the research indicate that the stress factors caused by the access system, poor social and economic status, low security, lack of cohesion and social support, differentiation and social isolation, lack of resilience of the urban environment, lack of vitality of the environment, negative feelings of residents, discrimination and social displacement, stress caused by crowding, low sense of identity and belonging are the most important stressors in the study area. As a result, by considering these factors as micro-objectives, urban planning can reduce urban stress in the studied area to a great extent. This research develops the theoretical and empirical findings of previous studies. As a result, with the implementation of this research, the psychological pressure that is imposed on the citizens of this area can be reduced to a great extent. This research provides a suitable method for measuring and identifying urban stressors to urban planners who seek to reduce urban stress.. Applying the factor analysis approach in recognizing and analyzing urban contexts in terms of stress and developing a strategic document corresponding to stressful factors in other parts or the whole city of Tehran and developing a comprehensive mental health program in this city can be very effective in this field.

Today, the optimal way of managing cities is the application of the productivity management system as cities undergo physical expansion under the influence of management forces and processes. Controlling the growth and development of cities in terms of physical and population requires an organized efficient management that can organize all the effective factors and elements in the city administration in a favorable way to meet the needs of the citizens. Cities are considered as a source of development and productivity management has a very important and decisive role in the process of city development and the improvement of urban settlements. In this research, the components of the smart city and its relationship with productivity management in the metropolis of Tabriz have been investigated. The statistical population of the research included the municipality of ten districts of Tabriz and people living in the areas of Tabriz municipality in 1400. A total of 120 people (80 men and 40 women) were interviewed; the majority of the respondents were men (67 percent), and the data collection tool included a questionnaire. The findings of the research were based on AHP and TOPSIS analysis. The results revealed that regions 7, 5 and 10 are not in a good state in terms of smart productivity management and need reconsidering the productivity management system, the infrastructure of strategic management, as well as training human resources, service staff and operators for the establishment of electronic municipality in Tabriz municipality.